PopulationPopulation

What is Population?What is Population? The collection of people living in a given The collection of people living in a given

geographic area, or space, usually measured by geographic area, or space, usually measured by a censusa census

DemographyDemography The study of human populationsThe study of human populations

Various aspects of human behavior in Various aspects of human behavior in populations are studied in Sociology, populations are studied in Sociology, Economics, and GeographyEconomics, and Geography

The study of populations is almost always The study of populations is almost always governed by the laws of probability governed by the laws of probability

www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

Worldwide Population GrowthWorldwide Population Growth

Earth’s population hit 1 Billion in the early Earth’s population hit 1 Billion in the early 1800’s1800’s

As the world industrialized, people grew As the world industrialized, people grew more and better foodmore and better food

Also, people improved their sanitation Also, people improved their sanitation methodsmethods

This combination enabled the population This combination enabled the population to boomto boom

Rank Country Population Density (people/ km²)

— World 6,661,208,350 43

1     China 1,315,844,000 136

2     India 1,110,000,000 328

3     United States 300,000,000 30

4     Indonesia 222,781,000 126

5     Brazil 186,405,000 21

6     Pakistan 164,000,000 202

7     Bangladesh 145,000,000 1,002

8     Russia 142,800,000 8

9     Nigeria 131,530,000 139

10     Japan 127,000,000 337

11     Mexico 107,000,000 54

Birth RatesBirth Rates

Birthrate- the number of Birthrate- the number of live births per 1,000 live births per 1,000 populationpopulation

In 2000, the highest In 2000, the highest birthrate in the world was birthrate in the world was more than 54/1000 in more than 54/1000 in NigerNiger

Lowest = 8/1000 in LatviaLowest = 8/1000 in Latvia World Average = 22/1000World Average = 22/1000

Fertility RateFertility Rate

Shows the average number of children a Shows the average number of children a woman of childbearing years woman of childbearing years wouldwould have have in her lifetimein her lifetime

A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary just to A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary just to replace current populationreplace current population

Today, the worldwide average fertility rate Today, the worldwide average fertility rate is about 3.0is about 3.0

Mortality RateMortality Rate Also called the death rateAlso called the death rate Number of deaths per Number of deaths per

1,000 people1,000 people Generally, a society is Generally, a society is

considered healthy if it considered healthy if it has a low mortality ratehas a low mortality rate

However, some healthy However, some healthy nations have higher nations have higher mortality rates because mortality rates because they have large numbers they have large numbers of elderly peopleof elderly people

Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate

For this reason, geographers also look at For this reason, geographers also look at infant mortality rates infant mortality rates

Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate Shows the number of deaths among infants Shows the number of deaths among infants

under age 1 per 1,000 live birthsunder age 1 per 1,000 live births

In the 1800’s, the worldwide I.M.R. was In the 1800’s, the worldwide I.M.R. was 300/1,000300/1,000

Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase

Birthrate – Birthrate – Death RateDeath Rate

B-D = RB-D = R A.K.A. = A.K.A. =

Population Population Growth RateGrowth Rate

Human Population Growth Rate

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid

Another way to analyze populations is to use a Another way to analyze populations is to use a population pyramidpopulation pyramid

PP = a graphic device that shows sex & age PP = a graphic device that shows sex & age distribution of a populationdistribution of a population

Allows geographers to examine how events in Allows geographers to examine how events in society, such as wars, famine, or epidemics, affect society, such as wars, famine, or epidemics, affect the population of a country or regionthe population of a country or region

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution

Of the billions of people in the world, most Of the billions of people in the world, most are not distributed equally across the earthare not distributed equally across the earth

Some lands are not suitable for human Some lands are not suitable for human habitationhabitation Examples?Examples?

Almost 90% of the world’s population lives Almost 90% of the world’s population lives in the Northern Hemispherein the Northern Hemisphere N.H.- ½ of the planets surface, which is north N.H.- ½ of the planets surface, which is north

of the equatorof the equator

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution

1 in 4 people in the world 1 in 4 people in the world live in East Asia, and 1 in live in East Asia, and 1 in 2 people live in either 2 people live in either East Asia or South AsiaEast Asia or South Asia

Factors:Factors: ClimateClimate AltitudeAltitude Access to waterAccess to water All influence where people All influence where people

livelive

Urban-Rural MixUrban-Rural Mix

Currently, more than ½ of the world’s Currently, more than ½ of the world’s population lives in rural areaspopulation lives in rural areas

However, this number is changing rapidlyHowever, this number is changing rapidly More and more people are migrating to More and more people are migrating to

citiescities Particularly, cities with populations of more Particularly, cities with populations of more

than one million peoplethan one million people

MegacitiesMegacities

In 1950, New York City was the only World City In 1950, New York City was the only World City with more than 10 million residentswith more than 10 million residents

Today, 26 giant cities are home to a total of Today, 26 giant cities are home to a total of more than 250 million peoplemore than 250 million people

The largest of these is TokyoThe largest of these is Tokyo 34 million inhabitants34 million inhabitants

These huge cities struggle with overcrowded These huge cities struggle with overcrowded conditions and immense demand for water & conditions and immense demand for water & sanitationsanitation

Tokyo

MegacitiesMegacities

Mexico City, Mexico (22,800,000) Mexico City, Mexico (22,800,000) Seoul, South Korea (22,300,000) Seoul, South Korea (22,300,000) New York City, USA (21,900,000) New York City, USA (21,900,000) São Paulo, Brazil (20,200,000) São Paulo, Brazil (20,200,000) Mumbai (Bombay), India (19,850,000) Mumbai (Bombay), India (19,850,000) Delhi, India (19,700,000) Delhi, India (19,700,000) Shanghai, China (18,150,000) Shanghai, China (18,150,000) Los Angeles, USA (18,000,000) Los Angeles, USA (18,000,000) Osaka, Japan (16,800,000) Osaka, Japan (16,800,000)

Mexico CityMexico City

Seoul, South KoreaSeoul, South Korea

Shanghai, ChinaShanghai, China

MigrationMigration

The large-scale The large-scale migration of people from migration of people from one location to another one location to another also alters the also alters the distribution of populationdistribution of population

Reasons for migrating Reasons for migrating are referred to as: Push-are referred to as: Push-Pull FactorsPull Factors

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigration- the movement of people from Immigration- the movement of people from one nation-state to anotherone nation-state to another

Immigration implies long-term permanent Immigration implies long-term permanent residence by the immigrantsresidence by the immigrants Tourists are not considered immigrantsTourists are not considered immigrants

All of our ancestors immigrated to America All of our ancestors immigrated to America from a foreign countryfrom a foreign country

Push FactorsPush Factors

Push Factors-Push Factors- those that cause people to those that cause people to leave their homeland & migrate or leave their homeland & migrate or immigrate to another region or countryimmigrate to another region or country DroughtDrought Natural DisastersNatural Disasters Political – war, persecutionPolitical – war, persecution Religious ReasonsReligious Reasons Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity

Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

Natural DisastersNatural Disasters

Hurricane Katrina MigrationHurricane Katrina Migration

Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution

Pull FactorsPull Factors

Pull factors draw or attract people to another Pull factors draw or attract people to another locationlocation

Why would someone from Harlan, IA be “pulled” Why would someone from Harlan, IA be “pulled” to Chicago or Kansas City?to Chicago or Kansas City?

Why were our ancestors “pulled” to America?Why were our ancestors “pulled” to America? Countries with good economic opportunities & Countries with good economic opportunities &

high salaries are the likely destinations of high salaries are the likely destinations of migrants & immigrants migrants & immigrants

Favorable Climate is another pull factor.Favorable Climate is another pull factor. ““Snow Birds”Snow Birds”

Population DensityPopulation Density

The average number of people who live in The average number of people who live in a measurable area, such as a square milea measurable area, such as a square mile

The number is reached by dividing the The number is reached by dividing the number of inhabitants in an area by the number of inhabitants in an area by the total amount of land they occupytotal amount of land they occupy

Geographers use this to understand how Geographers use this to understand how heavily populated an area isheavily populated an area is

Population DensityPopulation Density This number can be misleading for an entire This number can be misleading for an entire

nationnation Why?Why?

Example: U.S. P.D. Example: U.S. P.D. 1990 1990 AlaskaAlaska= huge land area, small population = huge land area, small population

1 person per square mile1 person per square mile

New JerseyNew Jersey= small land area, large population= small land area, large population 1,098 people per square mile1,098 people per square mile

Total U.S. Population Density = 70.3 people Total U.S. Population Density = 70.3 people per square mileper square mile

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity The number of individuals The number of individuals

an environment can an environment can support without significant support without significant negative impactsnegative impacts

A region with fertile land A region with fertile land may be able to support may be able to support far more people than one far more people than one with land of poor quality with land of poor quality or with little land available or with little land available for cultivationfor cultivation

TechnologyTechnology Level of technology of a Level of technology of a

group living on the land group living on the land may affect carrying may affect carrying capacitycapacity

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity