Poorya Ghafoorpoor Yazdi 105003Mohammad Zerrat Talab 105081

Masoud Toughian 115089Maziar Movahedi 085131

Definition about sensor node

Comparison of WSN with Ad Hoc Network

General Application of the wireless sensor networks

Manufacturing Application of WSN

Definition about Localization of WSN

Specific application of localization in manufacturing

Definition about wireless sensors

Wireless Sensor Networks

Application of WSN

Application of WSN in Manufacturing

Localization – What? Why?

Classification of Localization Algorithms

Examples of Localization Techniques

Transceiver

MemoryEmbeddedProcessor

Sensors

Battery

128KB-1MBLimited Storage

1Kbps - 1Mbps, 3-100 Meters,

Lossy Transmissions

66% of Total CostRequires Supervision

8-bit, 10 MHzSlow Computations

Limited LifetimeEnergy Harvesting System

Node Hardware

Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner.

These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results.

Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

◦ Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point communication.

◦ Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability.

◦ Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.

Military applications:

Monitoring friendly forces,

equipment and ammunition

Exploration of opposing forces and

terrain

Battlefield surveillance

Battle damage assessment

Nuclear, biological and chemical

attack detection

Health applications:

Tele-monitoring of human

physiological data

Tracking and monitoring patients

and doctors inside a hospital

Drug administration in hospitals

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Example of Products Applicable for Example of Products Applicable for Health careHealth care

Pulse Oximeter Glucose Meter Electrocardiogram (ECG) Social Alarm Devices

Smart Buildings

Sensors and sensor networks are used in multiple smart building applications:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems Lightning Air quality and window controlSystems switching off devices Standard household applications (e.g. televisions, washing machines)Security and safety (access control)

Example of Smart buildings

The headquarters of the New York Times is an example of how different smart building technologies can be combined to reduce energy consumption and to increase user comfort. Overall, the building consumes 30 % less energy than traditional office skyscrapers.

Environmental Monitoring

This sensor measures light, temperature, and humidity, and can be equipped to do soil-moisture measurements.

The system takes measurements every second and transmits over 40 meters.(about 3cm diameter)

It was developed for planetary monitoring by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

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Some Interesting Applications

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor

It can detect 400 species of gases and

transmit a signal indicating the level to a

central control station

MIT d'Arbeloff Lab – The ring sensor

Monitors the physiological status of the

wearer and transmits the information to the

medical professional over the Internet

Investigate behavior of children/patient Features:

◦ Speech recording / replaying◦ Position detection◦ Direction detection / estimation(compass)◦ Weather data: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Light

WSNs can be used advantageously for rare event detection or periodic data collection for manufacturing applications. In rare event detection, sensors are used to detect and classify rare and random events, such as alarm and fault detection notifications due to important changes in machine, process, plant security or operator actions. On the other hand, periodic data collection is required for operations such as tracking of the material flows, health monitoring of equipment/process. Such monitoring and control applications reduce the labor cost and human errors.

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Likes Mobility Compactness Flexibility Low cost Capability to monitor rotating

equipment Short range (security) Ease of installation High reliability Impetus to enhance electronics

support

Dislikes Change to status quo Complexity High cost for coverage in large plants Security issues Portability issues (power) Unproven reliability Too risky for process control Lack of experience in troubleshooting

(staff) Restricted infrastructure flexibility

once implemented Lack of analysis tools

Inventory Tracking

In-Process Parts Tracking

Customer Tracking

Plant Equipment Maintenance and Monitoring

What?

◦ To determine the physical coordinates of a group of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN)

◦ Due to application context, use of GPS is unrealistic, therefore, sensors need to self-organize a coordinate system

Why?

◦ To report data that is geographically meaningful

◦ Services such as routing rely on location information; geographic routing protocols; context-based routing protocols, location-aware services

In general, almost all the sensor network localization algorithms share three main phases

DISTANCE ESTIMATION

POSITION COMPUTATION

LOCALIZATION ALGHORITHM

StartStart

Exist an Unknown Node which has at least three reference node in its

coverage area

Exist an Unknown Node which has at least three reference node in its

coverage area

Select an Unknown NodeSelect an Unknown Node

Estimate the Distance to the Reference Node

Estimate the Distance to the Reference Node

Obtain a Vague PositionObtain a Vague Position

Select Reference NodeSelect Reference Node

Drive local Position for reference Node

Drive local Position for reference Node

Any Selected Reference Node Without Estimated Distance

Any Selected Reference Node Without Estimated Distance

Calculate the Position of the Selected Unknown Node

Calculate the Position of the Selected Unknown Node

Unknown Nod Selection

Distance Estimation

Position Computation

EndEnd

The distance estimation phase involves measurement techniques to estimate the relative distance between the nodes.

The Position computation consists of algorithms to calculate the coordinates of the unknown node with respect to the known anchor nodes or other neighboring nodes.

The localization algorithm, in general, determines how the information concerning distances and positions, is manipulated in order to allow most or all of the nodes of a WSN to estimate their position. Optimally the localization algorithm may involve algorithms to reduce the errors and refine the node positions.

There are four common methods for measuring in distance estimation technique:

ANGLE OF ARRIVAL (AOA)

TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA)

TIME DIFFERENT OF ARRIVAL (TDOA)

THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGH INDICATOR (RSSI)

ANGLE OF ARRIVAL method allows each sensor to evaluate the relative angles between received radio signals

TIME OF ARRIVAL method tries to estimate distances between two nodes using time based measures

TIME DIFFERENT OF ARRIVAL is a method for determining the distance between a mobile station and nearby synchronized base station

THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR techniques are used to translate signal strength into distance.

The common methods for position computation techniques are:

LATERATION

ANGULATION

LATERATION techniques based on the precise measurements to three non collinear anchors. Lateration with more than three anchors called multilateration.

ANGULATION or triangulation is based on information about angles instead of distance.

According to the ways of Sensors implementation, we classify the current wireless sensor network localization algorithms into several categories such as:

Centralized vs Distributed Anchor-free vs Anchor-based Range-free vs Range-based Mobile vs Stationary

Range Based Centralized Localization using Neural Networks

2 2( ) ( )

i i

i i i

r kd

d X x Y y

(1,1) (4,3) (2,7) (5,5) (7.5,7.3) (9,5)

Anchor node 1 -47 -66 -73 -72 -70 -69

Anchor Node 2 -74 -75 -63 -72 -75 -70

Anchor Node 3 -74 -71 -70 -72 -74 -66

Anchor Node 4 -75 -73 -75 -72 -63 -66