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Project

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Science


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Science

What is Earth?

Earthis the third planet from the Sun. It is the densest and

fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System.

It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial

planets. It is sometimes referred to as the world or the Blue

Planet.

Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within its first

billion years. Earth's biosphere then significantly altered the atmospheric and other basic physical

conditions, which enabled the proliferation of organisms as well as the formation of the ozone

layer, which together with Earth's magnetic field blocked harmful solar radiation, and permitted

formerly ocean-confined life to move safely to land. The physical properties of the Earth, as well asits geological history and orbit, have allowed life to persist.

Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the

surface over periods of many millions of years. Over 70% percent of Earth's surface is covered with

water,with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and

other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice

that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The

planet's interior remains active, with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the

magnetic field and a thick layer of relatively solid mantle


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What is Moon?

The Moonis the onlynatural satellite of theEarth[d][7]and thefifth

largest moon in theSolar System.It is the largest natural satellite

of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of

itsprimary,[e]having 27% the diameter and 60% the density of

Earth, resulting in 181(1.23%) itsmass.Among satellites withknown densities, the Moon is the second densest, afterIo,a

satellite of Jupiter.

The Moon is insynchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face with itsnear side marked

by dark volcanicmaria that fill between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominentimpact

craters.It is the mostluminous object in the sky after theSun.Although it appears a very bright white, its

surface is actually dark, with areflectancejust slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its prominence in

the sky and its regular cycle ofphases have, since ancient times, made the Moon an important culturalinfluence onlanguage,calendars,art andmythology.The Moon's gravitational influence produces

theocean tides and theminute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty

times the diameter of Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to

cover the Sun nearly precisely in totalsolar eclipses.This matching of apparent visual size is a coincidence.

The Moon's linear distance from Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.820.07 cm per year, but this

rate is not constant.[8]

The Moon is thought to have formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago, not long after Earth. Although there havebeen several hypotheses for its origin in the past, the current most widely accepted explanation is that the

Moon formed from the debris left over after agiant impact between Earth and aMars-sized body.

f S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Morais2002-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Morais2002-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Charon_and_Pluto-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Charon_and_Pluto-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Charon_and_Pluto-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_marehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Name_and_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_in_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_tideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_tideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_in_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Name_and_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_craterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_marehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Charon_and_Pluto-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#cite_note-Morais2002-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite


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What is Sun?

The Sunis thestar at the center of theSolar System.It is almost

perfectly spherical and consists of hotplasma interwoven

withmagnetic fields.[12][13]It has a diameter of about

1,392,684 km (865,374 mi),[5]around 109 times that ofEarth,

and its mass (1.9891030kilograms, approximately 330,000

times the mass of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the totalmass of the Solar System.[14]Chemically, about three quarters of

the Sun's mass consists ofhydrogen,while the rest is mostlyhelium.The remainder (1.69%, which

nonetheless equals 5,600 times the mass of Earth) consists of heavier elements,

includingoxygen,carbon,neon andiron,among others.[15]

The Sun formed about 4.6 billion[a]years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a

largemolecular cloud.Most of the matter gathered in the center, while the rest flattened into an orbiting

disk that wouldbecome the Solar System.The central mass became increasingly hot and dense,eventually initiatingthermonuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that almost all starsform by this process.

The Sun is aG-type main-sequence star (G2V) based onspectral class and it is informally designated as

a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of thespectrum,and

although it is actually white in color, from the surface of the Earth it may appear yellow because

ofatmospheric scattering of blue light.[16]In the spectral class label, G2 indicates itssurface temperature,of

approximately 5778 K (5505 C), and V indicates that the Sun, like most stars, is amain-sequence star,

and thus generates its energy bynuclear fusion of hydrogennuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses

620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.

Once regarded by astronomers as a small and relatively insignificant star, the Sun is now thought to be

brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way most of which are red dwarfs [17][18] The absolute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-Woolfson00-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-Woolfson00-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-Woolfson00-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-basu2008-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-basu2008-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-basu2008-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-short-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-short-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-short-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-short-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-basu2008-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-Woolfson00-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star


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Movementof the


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Movement of the Earth around the Sun

Inastronomy,the Earth'sorbitis the motion of theEarth around theSun,from an averagedistance of149.59787 million

kilometers away. A complete orbit of the Earth around the Sun occurs every 365.2563666 mean solar days (1 sidereal year).

[nb 1]

Thismotion gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1/day (or a Sun or Moon diameter every

12 hours) eastward, as seen from Earth. On average it takes 24 hoursasolar dayfor Earth to complete a full rotation about its

axis relative to the Sun so that the Sun returns to themeridian.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_in_hydrostatic_equilibrium#Planetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_orbit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_orbit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_orbit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_orbit#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_in_hydrostatic_equilibrium#Planetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy


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Movement of the Moon around the Earth

TheMoon completes itsorbit around theEarthin approximately 27.32 days (asidereal month). The Earth and Moon orbit about

theirbarycentre (common centre of mass), which lies about 4600 km from Earth's centre (about three quarters of the Earth's radius).

On average, the Moon is at a distance of about 385000 km from the centre of the Earth, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii.

With a mean orbital velocity of 1.023 km/s,[1]the Moon moves relative to thestars each hour by an amount roughly equal to

itsangular diameter,or by about 0.5. The Moon differs from most satellites of otherplanets in that its orbit is close to the plane of

theecliptic,and not to the Earth'sequatorial plane.The lunar orbit plane is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5.1, whereas the

Moon'sspin axis is inclined by only 1.5.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_monthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_monthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon


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Phases of the

M

o

o


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Gibbous Moon

Waning and Waxing Gibbous Moon

A gibbous moonis one of the phases of the Moon, when the size of the illuminated portion is greater

than half but not a full Moon.


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New Moon

New moonis the firstphase of the Moon,when it lies closest to the Sun in the sky as seen from the

Earth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_of_the_Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_of_the_Moon


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Full M oon

A full moonis thelunar phase that occurs when theMoon is completely illuminated as seen from

theEarth.This occurs when the Moon is inopposition with theSun (when it is on the opposite side of

the Earth from the Sun; more precisely, when theecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180

degrees).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase


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Last Quar ter

A l st qu rter moonlooks half-illuminated. It rises around midnight, appears at its highest in

the sky at dawn, and sets around noon.


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Half Moon

First and Last Quartersoccur when the Sun and Moon are about 90 degrees apart in the sky. In fact,

the two "half Moon" phasesare called First Quarter and Last Quarter because they occur when the

Moon is, respectively, one- and three-quarters of the way around the sky from New Moon.


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Crescent Moons

Waning and Waxing Crescent Moon

A crescent is the shape of the lit side of a spherical body (most notably theMoon)that appears to be

less than half illuminated by theSun as seen by the viewer. Eastward pointing horns (pointing to the left,

as seen from the Northern hemisphere) indicate a waxing crescent, whereas westward pointing horns

(pointing to the right, as seen from theNorthern hemisphere)indicate a waning crescent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon


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Solar Eclipse

Solar Eclipseis a type ofeclipse that occurs when theMoon passes between theSun and

Earth, and the Moon fully or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse


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Lunar Ecl ipse

Atotal penumbral lunar eclipse dims the moon in direct proportion to the area of the suns

disk blocked by the earth. This comparison shows the southern shadow penumbral lunar

eclipse ofJanuary 1999 (left) to the same moon outside of the shadow (right) demonstrates

this subtle dimming.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1999_lunar_eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1999_lunar_eclipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse

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