pompeian plasters. buildings in regiones i, v, vi, vii and ix
TRANSCRIPT
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The Swedish Institute in Rome. Projects and Seminars 5:2
POMPEIAN PLASTERSBuildings in Regiones I, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.
Agneta Freccero
Rome 2012
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The Swedish Institute in Rome. Projects and Seminars 5:2
POMPEIAN PLASTERSBuildings in Regiones I, V, VI, VII and IX
Agneta Freccero
On-line: www.isvroma.it (publications)
Rome 2012
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Layout: Agneta Freccero
Unless otherwise noted all photos are by the author.
This project was funded by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet).
© The Swedish Institute in Rome and individual authors.
ISSN 1825-7725
The Swedish Institute in Rome will keep this document on-line on the Internet (or its possible replacementnetwork in the future) available and unchanged. The on-line availability of the document implies a permanent
permission for anyone to read, to print out single copies and to use it unchanged for any non-commercial
research and educational purpose. Subsequent transfers of copyright cannot revoke this permission. All other
uses of the document are conditional on the consent of the copyright owners. The publication also includes
production of a number of copies on paper archived in university libraries and by the copyright holders.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Background 1 Aims and Objectives 2 Problems 3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Design of the study 4
Research Methods 4
Studies of the context 4
Documentation and sampling 5
Qualitative analyses of samples 6
Laboratory analyses 7
Archaeological considerations 8
The Roman Context 9
Building constructions 9
The Roman house 10
Plastering technique 12
Wall paintings - the Four Pompeian styles 14
Style Zero 15
First style 17
The Second style 19The Third style 21
The Fourth style 23
Workshops and painters 25
Preservation and Conservation 27
Preservation and conservation at archaeological sites 27
Conservation materials 28
PLASTER INVESTIGATION 29
Insula I 9 31 Casa e bottega I 9, 8 33
Casa e bottega I 9, 10 35
Insula I 16: Casa I 16, 5. 37
Insula V1 39
V 1, 7 Casa del Torello 39
V 1, 24 Taberna 42
Insula V 3: Casa V 3, 8 45
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RegioVI: “Pompei. Progetto Regio VI” 47
VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius 48
VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni 49
VI 5, 5 Casa di Granduca Michele 52
VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro 55
Regio VII: VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio 58 Regio VIII: Temple of Venus 61 Regio IX 62
IX 3, 5.24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius 62
IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus 65
Insula V 1, plasters and phases. A study within the study 66 V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci 68
V 1, 13 Caupona 72
V 1, 14-16 Bakery and Shops 75V 1, 20-21 Taberna 77
V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus North House 79
V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus South House 84
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY 101
APPENDICES 105
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega, schedules 106
I 9, 10 Casa e bottega, schedules 122
I 16, 5 Casa, schedules 127
V 1, 7 Casa del Torello, schedules 130
V 1, 24 Taberna, schedules 140
V 3, 8 Casa 146
VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius 149
VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni 152
VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele 163
VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro 184
VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio 204VIII, Temple of Apollo, structures below the temple 215
IX 3, 5.24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius 219
IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus 235
V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci 240
V 1, 13 Caupona 252
V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop 261
V 1, 20-21 Taberna 270
V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North House 277
V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South House 287
TABLES 298
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INTRODUCTION
Background
The present study concerns materials used for Pompeian wall paintings.1 In focus are plasters
of the early period, related to the Samnite period and the so called First style. My earlier
experiences the field of ancient materials were studies of Roman plasters at the Villa of Livia
at Prima Porta and fragments of wall decorations from the demolished buildings underneath
the church San Lorenzo in Lucina in Rome. These studies led to the hypothesis that
technology reflects not only the natural (geographical) resources available but also the
ambitions within a society, a moment in time, and the economic potential of the
commissioner.2
Later, during two years within the Swedish archaeological project at Pompeii,it was my task to study the plasters used in one of the houses of insula V 1, an experience that
led to the perception that specific characteristics are linked to plasters used over time. In the
period 2003-2005, funding by the Swedish Research Council made possible to test the
hypotheses. The present method was developed at insula I 9 and the Forum of Pompeii with
the approval of the Soprintendenza archeological di Pompei and in collaboration with the
directors of two international archaeological teams.3 It became evident that plaster’s
composition changes over time, and eight groups of chronologically pertinent plasters were
identified and defined A-H. Based on these results, I assume there is a connection between the
typology and the relative chronology in which the plasters appear on the walls. I also believe
these factors are related not only in single buildings or quarters but over the site and that,
hypothetically, the variations observed are related to technology, craftsmanship and fashion.
At the very end of the research period some odd plasters were found at Casa del Centauro and
Casa del Granduca Michele, and similar peculiar plasters were observed at fragments found at
1
I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all those who have contributed to this project. First and foremost the SwedishResearch Council (Vetenskapsrådet) for funding the project, and institutions and persons which gave the fundamentalsupport: to the Soprintendenza archeologia di Pompei and its former Soprintendente Pier Giovanni Guzzo the presentSoprintendente Teresa Elena Cinquantaquattro, Dr Antonio Varone and Dottssa Anna Maria Ciarallo for most valuable help.At the Swedish Institute in Rome I have had constant backing from its Director Barbro Santillo Frizell and the staff StefaniaRenzetti, Margareta Olsson, Astrid Capoferro and Liv D’Amelio. I further wish to express my gratitude to Prof. FilippoCoarelli and Prof. Fabrizio Pesando and the archaeological teams of the universities of Perugia and Napoli L’Orientale, in particular to Dora D’Auria, Valentina Befani and Renata Esposito for explaining “their houses” to me, and to Dr. Susanna
Bracci, Dr. Fabio Fratini and Dr. Emma Cantisani at the CNR/ICVBC in Florence for stimulating discussions on the resultsregarding our complex investigations. I am indebted to the former Director of the British school at Rome, Prof. AndrewWallace-Hadrill and to the Director of the Pompeii Forum Project Prof. John J. Dobbins, for suggestions and inspiringdiscussions, collaborations that led to the development of this research method.2 Freccero 2000a, Freccero 2000b, Freccero 2000c, Freccero 2002, Freccero 2005.3
The study Pompeian Plasters, Insula I 9 and Forum was made in collaboration with Soprintendenza Archeologica diPompei, The British School in Rome and The University of Virginia, financed by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsrådet) and published in 2005.
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the level of demolished buildings below the Temple of Venus. These strange, grey/brown
plasters seemingly belonged to a period earlier than the First style.
In 2010 my project received new funding from the Swedish Research Council and it became
possible to complete the study, this time with focus on early plasters in Pompeii.
Thirty-two houses are now included in this two-phase study. The approach in the present one
is different to the investigation 2003-05 when the buildings were sampled to establish
decoration periods, to identify the plaster types, and to create a system of plaster groups.
During this second research period focus was set on the early period that is the First style and
earlier; late decorations were not sampled unless there was a specific reason. Therefore, only
few samples have been taken in few rooms and, at one occasion at one wall only. Fragments
found at demolished structures below the structures visible today have been studied as well.
Further, the present study includes the reference samples of the large plaster collection at
insula V 1, the Swedish archaeological research project, with the objective to provide possibilities to compare the results and to assemble all plaster samples into one data base.
That part of the investigation will be presented separately as “ Insula V 1, a study within the
study”.
Aims and Objectives
The aims of this study are to understand the development of ancient plastering technology, if
the components in the plaster can be linked to specific periods, to establish if technological
factors are linked to workshops, and if a connection between relative chronology and plasters’
composition over the site may be proved. If laboratory analyses confirm the results achieved
by macroscopic observations it indicates that specific plaster types can be identified and their
characteristics explained.
The objectives of this study are
a) to determine a relative chronology valid from the archaic period to the last days of
Pompeii,
b) to create a reference system that may be a complementary tool for the dating of
decoration layers even when the painting has vanished and thereby crucial for the
Pompeian construction history, and
c) if possible to establish if the quality of craftsmanship has had importance for the
preservation of decorations. Such knowledge may eventually be used to suggest
alternatives to modern conservation substances for the preservation of wall paintings.
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Problems
Earlier research has established that there is a notable distinction between plasters used at
Pompeii over time. If non-subjective methods of analysis confirm observations made under
the microscope, it would mean that specific plaster types can be recognized and their characteristics explained.4 If these plaster types appear in the same chronological order in
houses spread over the site, then it would be possible to create a reference system and use
ocular plaster analysis as a complementary tool for the dating of decorations and re-
decorations at Pompeii. Such a tool would be useful in cases when the painted decoration has
disappeared, or when traces of an early decoration are visible as seams behind later
constructions.
Problems that need to be answered area) Is it possible to establish a correlation between a specific type of plaster and a specific
period in time?
b) Is a link between typology and chronology valid within single houses or applicable to
houses within the area of Pompeii?
c) Is it possible to distinguish quality differences in the plastering technique used in
important buildings and private homes?
d) Are particular plastering and painting techniques distinctive for specific workshops or
solely distinctive for periods?
4 I do not believe there is a method, which in the end, is absolutely objective, since questions posed as well as interpretations of results achieved are subjective. Chemical-technical investigations produce, however, non-subjective facts.
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Design of the study
This investigation can be divided into four distinct areas: studies in situ, analyses of samples,
laboratory analyses and considerations on archaeological and art historical issues, aspects that
will be discussed under separate headings.
The study within any house is planned in concordance with the archaeologist in charge in
order to decide where and why to sample; there has to be a reason for sampling. The plaster
layers and existing stratigraphies are studied, followed by sampling and by observations of
small samples under the microscope. Documentation of the contexts, the sampling areas, and
the samples is integral part of the study. As soon as the plaster types have been identified anddesignated to plaster groups, art historical and structural issues are regarded too; these are
control instruments and, as a principle, it should be a correlation between the typology
(plaster type) the chronology (period) and the style in which the painting was made.
Petrographic and technical analyses in a scientific laboratory are performed separately, and
the results of the investigations compared.
Research Methods
The methods used, are
a) studies of the context
b) documentation and sampling
c) qualitative analysis of the components in small samples of wall plaster,
d) petrographical and technical investigations in the laboratory,
e) considerations on standing structures and Pompeian styles
a) Studies of the context
The context is the house and the wall. The house is, to start with, seen as the envelope of the
rooms and the walls which are at focus. After the general inspection of the context, the
documentation and main interest concerns a) the plaster layers, b) the walls and c) the rooms.
Areas relevant for sampling are selected and schedules for plaster samples made to contain all
key information. Characteristics of the walls such as the observable decoration periods and
sizes of sampled plaster layers, indications of rebuilding, the levels at the walls of sampling
areas and whether or not there are stylistically identified decorations are facts that are noted.
The level sampled at the wall may be of importance; plasters at socle levels often are water
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repellent and may have a different composition of filler and stucco. The main zone may be
characteristic of the plaster type while decorations at the upper zone may have more plaster
and stucco layers which may contain more lime. The size of the plastered area sampled is
important; it is either a layer applied over at least two stones, a small remain on one stone, or
it may be a spolium, a reused piece of plaster inserted into a cavity in the wall. The layer may be decorated and evidence of a decoration period or be undecorated. If there is a decoration
and the decoration is covered with a later period, we definitely have two periods. If an un-
decorated layer is covered by a decoration, that may be remains of an earlier decoration or
part of the painted layer on top of it – plastering was made in more than one layer.
Indentations by a pick-hammer are evidence of re-decoration; this was a common method to
make the new plaster adhere. A decoration could otherwise be torn down from the wall before
the re-decoration was made. In that case small areas of old plaster may be found at decayed
wall areas. The characteristics of the layers are also noted; there may be several plaster layersor only one or two, and the paint layer may be of white stucco or of cocciopesto, or
sometimes, just an application of lime. These factors may be indicative of the social status of
the owner, the type of room investigated, and of the period in which the decoration was made.
There are some secondary factors to consider, such as the impact of the environment. Plasters
in protected areas are generally in a better state of preservation than those found on
unprotected walls, and in particular on areas at, or below, the present floor level. Plasters may
be very frail and fall apart when touched, which excludes the possibility to obtain a solid
sample. Plaster from the same decoration may be perfectly solid at another area, indicating
that the frailty is due to decay, caused by environmental factors.
b) Documentation and sampling
Relevant plastered areas are documented on digital photos with the sampling spot indicated.
These photos are later used in the schedules. Plans over the house are used for indication of
sampling spots. All data has been collected in a data base as well, to which it will be open
access.
Sampling begins where there is a clear stratigraphy, possibly in connection to an ascertained
First style decoration with the objective of starting the study in each house at the earliest
possible phase. The samples, generally about 5 mm in diameter, receive identification
numbers by the initial letter of the house and the order in which it was taken, e.g., CA 1 (Casa
delle Amazzoni, sample no. 1). Number one, being the first sample and type, is a reference
sample. Sample no. 2 is, as a principle, removed from a layer that covers no. 1, and
assumingly of a later period. Therefore no. 2 is generally a reference sample too. Each
reference sample represents a type of plaster connected only with that building. The types
identified in single houses are compared to reference samples in other buildings. Those that
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are of the same kind constitute one group. The many plaster samples that may constitute one
group are, in a typological perspective, of the same kind.
c) Qualitative analyses of samples
The composition of small plaster samples are studied under the microscope during samplingin situ and afterwards. The variables studied under the microscope are,
i) the characteristics of the lime,
ii) the components in the filler (aggregate), and
iii) the proportions between lime and filler.
i) the characteristics of the lime
Lime plaster is composed of sand, slaked lime and water. Sand is the filler; lime and water
make the binder.5
Lime is produced by burning calcium carbonate (CaCO3), i.e. limestone or marble, to about 900-1000 degrees, transforming it into calcium oxide (CaO), i.e. quick lime.6
When water is added, a reaction starts, producing heat, resulting in calcium hydroxide (Ca
(OH)2), i.e. slaked lime. The slaking process continues for a long period, and to ascertain that
the process is completed, the lime should be kept in closed pots or caves for years. Slaked
lime can be smooth and even, but it may also contain lumps of lime that are residues of the
burning and slaking process. It is generally of a white or creamy white colour, depending on
the kind of limestone or marble that was used for making it. Also dolomite, (CaMg(CO3)2),
can be used to produce lime.
ii) the components in the filler
At Pompeii, the filler consists almost exclusively of volcanic particles, such as pyroxenes and
pumice.7 The components are linked to the area at the Somma-Vesuvius complex from where
it was taken. Hypothetically, different caves provided fillers at different periods. Some
aggregates are mainly black and grey others are many-coloured. The grains are shaped and
coloured in different ways, due to their chemical composition and connected to circumstances
during which they were originally created or later ground. The composition of volcanic matter
varies due to the different conditions prevailing at each eruption.8 Most particles are pumice:
opaque, dark grey, black or brown, rounded, with a more or less porous surface. Pyroxene
crystals appear in most aggregates and are of a high percentage in some. The pyroxenes are of
two kinds: ortopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes. The former are long black, rhombic crystals.
The latter are monocline, transparent and translucid. When the samples are studied under the
microscope they are described according to material type; compact grains which are fragments
5 1 part slaked lime and 2 parts sand is conventional but there are variations.6
On issues related to lime, see Bläuer-Böhm, Jägers 1997, Marchese et al 2001, 24, 27.7 Ehrhardt, Meyer-Graft 1998, 317; Grave 2002, 62; Sabbioni et al. 2001, 39f.8 Sigurdsen 2007, 43ff.
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of volcanic rock, limestone or marble, porous grains which mainly indicates cruma but
sometimes baked brick as well, and crystals which are pyroxenes or vitreous materials. The
colours of the particles are noted on the sheets. The compact volcanic grains are defined e.g. as
black, grey, brown, stones are beige, pale yellow, ochre, cruma is red, and the crystal group
contains particles that are generally uncoloured, yellow, green or grey, sometimes orange. Itwould be possible to describe the red grains for example in a variety from deep red-orange to
dark wine red, but that would bring the study far out of its limits. The stones are occasionally
rounded resembling river sand, and in that kind of filler are sometimes large bean-shaped
grains which are generally of beige-brown hues. Reused materials, such as paint flakes,
ceramics or glass can be observed under the microscope too.
Another aspect is the grain size but not in the sense of successive layers of finer plaster, as
recommended by Vitruvius.9 Some plasters have homogenously large grained fillers and a
lack of small particles that may cause cracks or voids in the plaster when it sets. Other plastershave very small grains. A well-balanced and solid plaster contains grains of various sizes,
where those of a smaller size fill the spaces between larger grains.
iii) the proportions between lime and filler
The proportion between lime and filler is yet another variable. Some plasters are made of
clean lime and are well proportioned. Others seem to be hastily made of reused materials,
mixed with fresh lime. In general, the top layer below the preparation for painting or stucco
contains a visibly higher percentage of lime than the rough coat.
d) Laboratory analyses
In order to understand the reasons for the variations noted and to explain in what these
distinctions exist, the method used in situ, which is a qualitative analysis, has been combined
with non-subjective methods such as petrographic and chemical investigations. Laboratory
analyses have been performed at the CNR/ICVBC in Florence.10 Several samples from each
group in all of the buildings investigated were examined during 2003-05, and thirty-one
samples have been analysed during this research period. The investigation consists of
stratigraphic analyses of thin sections in optical microscopy, photographed in polarized
transmitted light and under UV radiation.11 Analytical methods used were FTIR and XRD
and, in a few cases, samples were further studied with SEM.12 The chemical composition and
the mineralogical components of the samples have been investigated. Plasters as well as
preparations for painting (stucco) have been examined, but only the plasters are used for
9 Vitruvius VII, 3.10 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche//Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali. Analyses have been carried out by Drs Susanna Bracci, Emma Cantisani and Fabio Fratini. See: www.icvbc.cnr.it.11
An optical microscope Zeiss Eclipse 501, equipped with objectives from 1x to 40x, white light and with a high pressureUV lamp was used.12 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope.
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classification in this study, and the stucco layers are considered as additional information. The
grain size within the filler has been classified according to three variables: well-classed
(mainly of one size), medium-classed (varied grain size) and un-classed (all kinds of
dimensions). Its constituents, almost exclusively volcanic matter, were registered; the shape
of the grains defined and their dimensions noted, measured in m (100 m is 0.1 mm). The binder was defined according to the criteria of abundance, porosity, homogeneity, structure,
i.e. micritic or microsparitic, and in some case, the opacity was noted. Based on these
definitions, the plasters were placed into groups with the same characteristics. The groups of
plasters that had been identified by chemical and petrographic investigation were compared to
the groups identified by data collected in situ. The results have been compared and discussed
at several meetings. Eight pigments analyses were made as well and the thin sections
photographed in reflected light and electronic microscopy.
As an additional investigation aiming at ascertaining current observations, the aggregates of aselection of samples in group 0 and group A are now studied by a volcanologist to, if possible,
establish if the dissimilarities observed and determined can be related to different eruptions.
A separate investigation aiming at ascertainment was made in 2005 as well when a team from
Åbo University tested C 14 analysis on samples from identified and dated paintings in insula I
9 in Pompeii and insula Occidentalis I in Herculaneum within the projects of the British
School in Rome. The method which had been successfully used in other environments did not
function at these Campanian sites.
e) Archaeological and stylistic considerations
Wall constructions and decorated wall plaster are linked to phases of the history of Pompeii
and to phases within a house. Archaeological studies of standing structures provide
established dates; certain kinds of wall constructions did not occur until after a specific date.
A painted decoration is generally referred to as belonging to one of the four Pompeian styles,
a reference that automatically places the decoration within a limited period of time. The
periods to which Pompeian wall decorations belong are well-defined, even though there are
minor disagreements for example in the dating of the beginning of a style or specific
paintings. Therefore, information regarding construction methods and Pompeian styles is
valuable for the understanding of collected data. Taking these kinds of aspects into
consideration is of vital importance, they are all part of the same context.
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THE ROMAN CONTEXT
The Roman house, construction materials and building techniques, plastering and pictorial
styles are structurally parts of the same context. Houses, building materials and pictorial styles
have been thoroughly studied for centuries. The methods of ancient lime production are wellknown and mortars and plasters scientifically analysed. The plastering technique, the
materials used, and the technical development from a presumably archaic phase to a very
sophisticated method of wall plastering for painting are in focus in the present investigation.
How did the Romans technically do to make the decorations last, is a question that still needs
to be answered.
Building constructions
The earliest foundations for buildings at Pompeii dated to the 5 th and 4th centuries BC were
made of large relatively irregular blocks of pappamonte, a local tufa type. In recent
excavations at archaic levels of the city, this kind of early walls or foundations have been
found below standing structures in several regions of the city, often along the same
alignments as seen today.13 Around the 3rd century BC, constructions were mostly made of
large and finely cut rectangular blocks of Sarno limestone, a grey travertine of the Sarno
River valley. Giuseppi Fiorelli developed a method of analyses of Pompeian houses in the1870s, based on the houses excavated at that time. He distinguished two characteristic groups,
those with atria constructed of Sarno limestone and the second group of Nocera tufa, a local
solidified volcanic mud, cut into large ashlar blocks.14 Tufa had been used for some of the
great houses such as Casa del Fauno while houses made of Sarno stone were often of modest
dimensions. The ashlar blocks joined in opus quadratum was principally used for façades.15
Closely related is the framework technique opus africanum, in which standing and horizontal
blocks formed frames and the interstices were filled with pieces of lava and limestone joined
with lime mortar. Houses constructed in opus quadratum and opus africanum remain but,
rebuilt in later periods, in most cases, only fragments of the original constructions remain.16
Most walls in Pompeii are constructed of rubblework, made of pieces of limestone and tufa
joined by mortar.
Opus caementicium, Roman concrete refers to a building material in which the core is a mix
or various materials, covered by a framing on both sides. The facing was built up along with
13 Brun 2008, 63; Carafa 2007, 65f; Castrén, et al. 2008, 332f.; Coarelli 2008, 173f; Curti 2008, 48; Pesando 2008, 159ff;Wallace-Hadrill 2007, 281.14
Wallace-Hadrill 2007, 280.15 Eschebach 1995, 158; Laidlaw 1985, 41f; Franklin 1990, 15.16 Maiuri 1973, 1ff.
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the core.17 In the early first century BC, facings of opus incertum, consisting of irregular
small pieces of limestone, tufa or lava set in mortar, were introduced. Regular, small cut
stones set in the characteristic fishnet pattern of opus reticulatum, is not known in Pompeii
before the Roman colony.18 Tiles were introduced as wall construction material, opus
testaceum, in the Roman period too, but had been used since the 2nd century BC for roofing
and to build columns. After AD 50, brick was the dominating construction material. All
mortars were, according to Adam, of mediocre quality and badly mixed; a practice which has
an impact on the preservation of unroofed and unattended standing structures.19 After the
earthquake in AD 62, any and all of these materials were mixed and used.
The Roman house
Walking along a street at Pompeii today, we see many entrances in the long wall of a city
block. Most entrances belong to a space used for commercial activity. In general, such spaces
are flanking each side of the entrance to the private home. A door at the rear wall of the
commercial area indicates the business was a family trade while a closed wall may indicate
the commercial area was rented or owned by a different holder.
Most houses in this investigation are traditional atrium houses built in the period between the
late 3rd and the 1st centuries B.C. Some have structures of opus quadratum and opus
africanum, other mainly of opus incertum, and all have been rebuilt in later periods, as can be
observed in the different building materials and techniques. All private homes were entered
by the small vestibulum and narrow fauces, after which the visitor entered the open atrium
area in the middle of which was the impluvium with the adjoining well shaft as the focal point.
Behind the atrium was the tablinum, through which one might see the peristyle garden if the
tablinum’s rear wall was not closed. The dining room, triclinium, was often situated behind
the atrium area, close to tablinum and the garden. There were small rooms and bedrooms
either at one side or at the two sides of the atrium. If the house was a large one it might extend
with new series of rooms behind the peristyle garden. In minor houses with large workshops,
there might not be the link of a fauces between the street and the atrium; the visitor entered
directly into the probably enlarged atrium area which was the workshop.20
17 Dobbins 2007, 115. 18
Sear 1988, 76. 19 Adam 1981, 103.20 On Roman houses and society, see Wallace-Hadrill 1994.
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Fig.2. Via dei Soprastanti, different building constructions; to the left an area of opus incertum, in front to theright a technique of the Roman period with use of baked brick, opus testaceum. Fig.3. Below,to the left. Insula V 1, the House of Tofelanus Valens; at the corner large ashlar blocks of Sarnolimestone, after which is a large area of opus incertum. At the second storey opus reticulatum and opus vittatum.Fig.4. Below, to the right: The house of Octavius Quartio, view from the entrance towards fauces and atrium. At
both sides of the doorway are plaster casts of the impressive doors.
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In many cases a house was extended by the incorporation of nearby properties or portions of
houses. Walls were partially torn down or constructed windows and door walled up or opened
as circumstances changed. Even though there are signs of rebuilding everywhere and in all
periods of time, it seems such activity was extremely frequent in the period after theearthquake in AD 62 and the eruptive period that followed. Radical interventions can be
observed and these signs are part of my study. If for example, a window was walled up or a
new wall constructed against one already existing, there might be remains of decorations
hidden; such plasters constitute evidences of chronology. In Pompeii there was an extensive
rebuilding and redecoration period beginning in the late 1st century BC, when the Romans
settled and took on the new fashions in Rome.21
Plastering technique
Wall-painting in Pompeii and in Ancient Rome was made on carefully plastered walls
consisting of at least two plaster layers – the rendering or levelling coat and the rough coat, on
top of which was the smooth finish coat made of a mixture of lime and calcite crystals, that is
the stucco.22 Vitruvius explains how to prepare walls for painting.23 According to his
recommendations at least three layers of plaster consisting of lime and sand with successively
finer grains should be applied on the coarse rendering coat. Then three layers of lime andcrushed marble should be applied; each layer had to be beaten and smoothed with a plasterer’s
tool, the trowel, before the next one was laid on. By using this technique the walls would gain
a considerable thickness making them extremely resistant and not easily damaged. A further
advantage of the thickness was the slow drying process which prolonged the time allowed for
painting al fresco. Vitruvius also pointed out that if only one layer of plaster and one of stucco
were used, the wall would be easily damaged and it would not be possible to achieve the
desired lustre. Another advice was to use hydraulic plaster at the socle levels in damp areas.
Something makes Roman lime plaster extremely durable. Reticulatum walls with remnants of
decoration still stand unattended in nature, at times even at a shore close to the sea. Modern
preparations would not last for more than a few decades, unless protected and cared for. This
is obviously not just a question of mixing lime and a filler, because that is how it is done
today. The secret might be in the method of burning and slaking the lime, in the composition
of the filler, or the proportions between the components of plaster. It may otherwise be linked
21 On the Forum area, see Dobbins 1994; Dobbins, Ball 2005; Wallat 1997.22 Plaster intended as a mixture of slaked lime, water and sand. When the lime plaster sets by taking up carbon dioxide fromthe air and drying out to form calcium carbonate, it becomes hard and chemically similar to limestone and marble. For studies
on plasters and stucco, see Bordignon 2000; Bläuer-Böhm, Jägers 1997; Grave 2002; Ling 1999; Marchese et al. 1998;Miriello et al. 2010; Peterse 1999; Sabbioni, Zappia, Riontino 2001; Meyer-Graft, Ehrhardt 1998.23 Vitruvius VII, 3.
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to the technique, or else to some, or to all of these factors. There have been attempts to
reconstruct the Roman plastering technique; Paolo Mora claimed that he had reconstructed it
based on Vitruvius’ description.24 The accomplishment was due to Mora’s interpretation of
the words “ politionibus” and “ politiones”,25 which he explained as signifying “ polyment ”,
which is fine clay used for gilding.26 Experiments based on Mora’s description were made in
Cologne.27 Polyments are not mentioned in the evaluation of the results, but instead the
mixture of grain sizes in the plaster and intonaco, which was considered to be of utmost
importance. The conclusion was that intonaci, prepared of fine marble dust, became dull
while those “…which were composed of coarser material were quite easy to polish and
produced an acceptable sheen…” Häfner’s observation corresponds with my own
experiences, a series of experiments and a vast investigation of decorated plasters at Villa of
Livia.28 Early preparations, and in particular those of the Augustan period, were of an
excellent quality, made of several layers with successively finer grain size. Laboratoryanalyses of small samples showed that the smooth and lustrous intonaco or stucco had
inclusions of large crystals of marble or alabaster, a fact already noted by Cagiano de
Azevedo.29 In the last years, an interdisciplinary team worked to re-create Roman plastering
technique according to Vitruvius’ description. The project was performed as collaboration
between institutions in München and the Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompeii.30
Fig.5. Fragment of wall painting from the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta. The large fragment of the Augustan period belonged to a wall decoration in the atrium. The fragment measures 115 x 20cm, and has a thickness of 6.2 cm, 1.7 of which is the stucco.
24 Mora 1967.25 Vitruvius VII, 3. ( Politionibus, politiones etc. means smoothing .)26 Mora 1967, 64. “Le politiones sono delle terre argillose che oggi vengono chiamate “boli”.”27 Häfner 1997, 143-152.28 Freccero 2000. Chemical-technical investigation made at the scientific laboratory at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in
Florence by Drs. Mauro Matteini, Arcangelo Moles, Giancarlo Lanterna, Maria Rosa Nepoti, and Carlo Lalli.29 Cagiano de Azevedo 1949, 145f.30 Contact: Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunstteknologie und Konservierungswissenshaft Technische Universität München.
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Wall paintings – the Four Pompeian styles
Pompeian wall paintings have been thoroughly studied for centuries.31 There is a general
agreement on dating, styles and issues regarding the technique used for preparation and
painting. As a consequence we still divide these decorations into the Styles defined by AugustMau,32 the Styles still are related in time, and the painting technique is still defined as al
fresco.33 Mau made a systematic study of Roman wall decoration and recognized that these
were of four types, that the different styles chronologically followed one after the other, and
that the wall decorations in Pompeii did not have the roots in Greek tradition.
There are disagreements in the dating of specific paintings, there is some doubt about the idea
of a strict chronological dating of paintings based on stylistic elements, and it is known that
the paintings are generally not made al fresco but in a mixed technique. 34 The ground colours
of the walls were applied al fresco but the finer details were often painted in another medium,as revealed when the paint used a secco is peeling off.
There is, in addition the candelabrum style, a transitional period between the Second style and
the Third recognized already by Mau. Recently a plain type of decoration contemporary with
the First style has been acknowledged as the Zone style.35 And in the last years, yet another
pictorial style, earlier than the First, has been identified and given the name stile zero or Style
Zero. There is also the taste of the commissioner to consider: there evidently were house-
owners who were perfectly comfortable with mixing styles and to have imitations made when
a room needed some re-decoration.36
In spite of the slight variations in dating, perception and recognition of stylistic elements, the
established Four Pompeian styles combined with archaeological studies of standing structures
provide established dates; certain kinds of wall constructions and certain pictorial motifs did
not occur until after a specific date.
31 The Four Pompeian styles: 1st style, c. 180-80 BC. At least as old as the earliest houses built toward the beginning of thesecond century BC; 2nd style, c. 80-20 BC. From the time of the Sullan colony, continued until the end of the century; 3 rd style, c. 20 BC-AD 45. From the second triumvirate down to the time of Tiberius. 4 th style, c. AD 45-79. The phase can bedivided in two periods, before and after the earthquake in AD 62. On Pompeian painting, see, e.g., Barbet 1985; Beyen 1951,1960; Ehrhardt 1987; Laidlaw 1985; Ling 1991. 32 August Mau 1882, Geschichte den dekorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji,.33 The paintings are generally referred to as frescoes or freschi.34
Freccero 2002, 62.35 D’Auria, forthcoming. 36 Ehrhardt 2005, 170ff.
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Style zero
Chronologically the earliest type of decoration identified at Pompeii, found at archaic levels
of the city, this decoration does not fall within the established four Pompeian styles, but rather
seems to go back to a local Etrurian-Campanian tradition. The name stile zero was suggested
by Jean-Pierre Brun in an article in 2008, and as far as I understand, the name is now stuck to
paintings that were made before the First style.37
A simple motif – a repetitive wave painted in black on a white background, has become a
symbol for this style. The motif of a painted wave was used in Etruscan and Campanian tomb
decorations from the 4th century B.C.38 It seems the pattern was appreciated in noble houses
of the period, as shown in a wall painting in Cuma, showing a woman, sitting on a throne,
attended by a servant. Behind the figures there is a wall. Above its high red socle is a row of
painted black waves against the white background.There are other examples of a similar ornamental arrangement in Pompeii, for example in
Casa del Fauno, room 31.39 Stylistically the pattern can be dated to the end of the 4 th or
beginning of the 3rd century BC, coinciding with the period of the first Samnite city wall.
Fig.6. Fragment of wall painting, detail of a wave pattern in black on white background.
37
Brun 2008, 61-70.38 Brun 2008, 65f.39 Brun 2008, 68.
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Fig.7. Above, to the left: Casa del Fauno, fauces decorated in the First style.Fig.8. Above, to the right: Casa del Centauro, cubiculum 3, southwest corner.
Fig.9. Below, to the left: Casa del Centauro, cubiculum 3, south wall, detail.Fig.10. Below, to the right: Casa di Iulius Polybius, vestibulum A, north wall. First style decoration and walledup door painted in the Second style.
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The First style
The First style, also known as the incrustation style, was the standard decoration from the end
of the Punic war to the end of the social war.40 The implemented pattern is simple but, within
the established structures the decoration could be vey sophisticated. The wall as a principle
was divided into three main zones; the high socle, the middle zone and the upper zone
crowned by epistyle, frieze and dental cornice.41 In some houses, such as the Casa del Fauno,
the decoration partially was quite elaborate and three-dimensional, but in other areas much
more restrained.
This three-dimensional decoration was made of plaster and stucco shaped into a geometrical
pattern of standing and horizontal rectangles in relief. The strongly projecting dental cornice
was built up with several layers of plaster and attached to the wall by regularly inserted
projecting nails. The last stucco layer was carefully smoothed to become soft and lustrous toresemble marble. Pilasters crowned with capitals were flanking doorways and used to make
distinctions between areas.
The distribution of colours was relatively constant. A yellow ochre hue was often used to
paint the monochrome high socle, above which was the likewise monochrome projecting, flat
string course, followed by a row of large drafted orthostates painted monochrome or to
resemble marble. Marble imitation in general could be made in realistic manner or it might be
completely fanciful. The upper zone consisted of courses of horizontal panels of fake marble
crowned by the elaborate unity epistyle, frieze and dentil cornice in high a relief, often keptwhite. Between the main and the upper zones was a profiled string course.42 The simplest
overall pattern was a ca 1 m high yellow socle separated by a projecting string course from a
white upper wall with a purple or green fascia and white wall crown next to the ceiling.43 This
type of decoration is called the Zone style.
40 The Punic wars 218-201. End of the civil wars 89 BC Sullan colony, 80 BC Roman republic.41
This basic system continued to be used in the Pompeian wall decoration.42 Laidlaw 1985, Fig.1, Terminology.43 Laidlaw 1985, 28.
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Fig.11. Casa di Cerere, room 4. The decoration of the antechamber and the alcove are separated with a painted pilaster with Corinthian capital.
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The Second style
The Second or the architectural style was presumably first used at the House of the Griffins at
the Palatine in Rome, a decoration dated to 80 BC. In Pompeii it was popular in the period of
the Roman republic, after 80 BC, supposedly as an effect of the close contact with Rome as
many Roman veterans stayed in the city. Paintings in this style were common during the
Republic, less in the Augustan period. Well known examples are the representative
decorations in the house of Augustus at the Palatine, made in the period between in 36 and 27
B.C.44
The pattern of stone walls in stucco relief in the First style was transformed to fit a flat wall in
the Second; the tactile relief structure vanished and was substituted by paintings of marble in
the middle zone appearing to be in relief by using the technique of painting light and shadow.
Other typical features are painted pilasters and fake doors. Moulded plaster remains only atthe edges of walls and as framing around lunettes.45 Often the crowning with the frieze and
dentil cornice remains; maybe they fitted into the new system, or they were difficult to
remove.
The style is divided in two phases: in the first phase, dominating between 80-50, the wall is
closed, with no perspective.46 If there are decorative paintings, these are small panels with
figures or animals. Towards the end of the period painted garlands appear between pillars and
pilasters at the upper part of the wall.
The second phase, around 50-20 BC is the renaissance of painting.
47
There are openingstowards the sky, views in perspective at the upper zone, masks hanging on cornices, scenes
and landscapes in imaginary windows.48 Other particulars of the later period are
monochromes, bands with epic motifs and the melographies, figure paintings in more than life
size, as the famous mystery paintings in Villa dei Misteri at Pompeii. At the end of the period,
illusionism gradually vanishes; the large vistas disappear and the architectural structures tend
not only to become two-dimensional but also designed to be totally lacking their supporting
capacity. Pilasters that carry vaults and architraves are substituted by reed and candelabra, a
fact that made Vitruvius complain about contemporary fashion which he found were
outbreaks of bad taste.49
The candelabrum style was, according to Mau, a transitional period between the Second and
the Third Style, in Rome dated to around 30-20 BC.
44 Ehrhardt 1987, 2ff.45 Strocka 2007, 308.46 The main periods traditionally are 80-50 and 50-20 BC, Barbet’s classification is 100-60, 60-40, 40-20 BC, and Sear mentions 90/80-20/10 BC.47
Beyen 1938, 32f.48 Barbet 1985, 37.49 Vitruvius, VII 5:3-4.
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Fig.12. Above, to the left: Caserma dei Gladiatori, decoration in the candelabrum style.Fig.13. Above, to the right: Casa di Iulius Polybius, room GG, east wall, Third style decoration.Fig.14: Below: Casa del Frutteto, the black triclinium.
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The Third Style
The Third, or the ornamental style, evolved from the transitional candelabrum style. This
linear and elegant, rather rigid manner was fashionable in the period from Augustus to Nero.
The paintings in the pyramid of Cestius in Rome dated to 12 BC are regarded as the earliest
examples.
The new invention is the tripartite system of the wall. Horizontally there is still the division in
three zones, each in a different ground colour. Vertically the wall is divided into three parts; a
large central panel flanked by two narrow ones or two pairs of narrow panels. The central
panel usually is occupied by a painting with a mythological motif, framed by a cornice.50 The
style is sometimes called the Egyptizising style due to the predisposition to use exotic motifs
and in particular impressions from Egypt and Egyptian mythology.
Two of the houses in insula I 9, Casa del Frutteto and Casa del Bell’Impluvio, have well
known decorations in the Third style which are representative for the different trends. Famous
are the garden paintings in Casa del Frutteto, one of which was painted on a blue background
and the other one on black. In the blue room there are motifs pointing at Egypt and the Isis
cult, and in the other, against a black background is a tree housing birds and a winding snake.
Both houses have a black triclinium with large central paintings between slender decorated
columns and stems. In the tablinum at Casa del Bell Impluvio is a vista at the upper zone, in
which imaginary architecture is visible against the blue sky.
In Casa di Cerere most walls are decorated in the Second style but there are also examples of the Third, as in one room there is a painted flying bird holding a string of pearls in its beak, a
motif that becomes popular in the Forth style.51
In the later Third style, after Augustus’ death in AD 14 there is a gradual stylistic change, and
the style becomes less rigid and more painterly.
50 Bastet, de Vos 1979.51 Barbet 1985, 113.
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Fig.15. Casa di Amarantus, tablinum, wall. Fourth style decoration, detail.
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The Fourth Style
By far the most decorations in Pompeii belong to the Fourth style, as the earthquake in 62 AD
and those that followed caused much damage in the city and most houses needed at least
partial repair. Many wall paintings had to be replaced.
Fourth style decoration is regarded as a combination of the Second and the Third style. The
tripartite system of the Third style is kept, and there is a revival of the illusionistic approach
of the Second. The upper zone opens up again to vistas and now even the side fields do.
However, the earlier large central painting on the wall tends to become smaller while the
motifs remain the same.
Repetitive patterns occur as subdivisions of the wall, and these so called embroidery borders
appear as if stencilled to the background.52 Sometimes these repetitive patterns resemble
modern wall paper, which provided the name the tapestry style.53 Flying or floating figuresoften decorate the centres of these imaginary tapestries. Undulating plants, swans, dolphins,
and griffins are common motifs too.
As pointed out by Ehrhardt, the entire system of distributing spaces was copied, not only the
central painting. Some Fourth style decorations made after the earthquake are quite visibly
different from the surrounding decorations, but sometimes they so much resemble earlier
decorations that one can be mistaken.54
There is a slight disagreement regarding the end of the Third and the beginning of the Fourth
style: the question is if the Fourth style began in late Tiberian or the early Claudian period.This pictorial style has traditionally been related to the Golden house of Nero constructed
after the great fire in 63. The rooms were decorated by the court painter Fabullus, who in fact
is one of the very few painters known by name.55 At the death of Nero in 68 large part of the
house was decorated in the advanced Fourth style.56 Most probably this style started already
in the 40s or 50s AD, as a transitional style where Third style ornament was combined with
new patterns, such as the re-entrance of outlooks in the upper zone.57 In Pompeii, the
earthquake in 62 is a turning point, after which the Fourth style had overthrown the Third.
Some paintings in the Third style were however, still appreciated and continued to be
copied.58
52 Ling 1991, 71.53 Clarke 1991, 61-63.54 Ehrhardt 1987, 133.55 Ling 1991, 71f.56
Strocka 2007, 317.57 Ling 1991, 72.58 Richardson 2000, 2f.
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Fig.16. Above: Casa di Amarantus, tablinum 5, Fourth style decoration, embroidery borders.Fig.17. Below: Casa di Venere. Fourth style decoration in the peristyle, south wall.
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Workshops and painters
Who were the masters of Pompeian wall painting?
Little is known about painters and painters’ workshops. Attempts with use of different criteria
have been made to identify painters and their paintings. Beyen had identified ten differentworkshops in 1951, and these were named after the houses in which their most important
works had been made.59 The style of each workshop at a given period was homogeneous, but
he could recognize the “hands” of individual artists. The method is based on the principle that
each artist has something that may count as a personal fingerprint. This fingerprint may be the
way the artist paints the nose or the ear of a subject; details that are not regarded as important
and therefore not given any particular attention.60
This approach has not given much result as far as the early periods are concerned, mainly
because few figure paintings remain. In some studies interest has focused on decorativedetails such as candelabra, garlands, and other details seen separately or as part of an
established structure which might lead to a specific book of patterns that belonged to a
specific workshop or master.
Ehrhardt found similarities between some Third style decorations Casa del Frutteto, Casa del
Bell’Impluvio and Casa di Fabius Rufus that may point at one painter or a workshop, which
might have been responsible for paintings in other houses over the site as well.61
De Vos recognized some workshops that produced decorations after the earthquake in AD 62.
The most elegant paintings of the period were made by the masters that decorated the Casa
dei Vettii. Another workshop, of lesser capacities, was active in the vicinity of Via di
Castricio.62 According to de Vos, the painters of this bottega made rough paintings in modest
houses, mainly in the commercial quarters where the workshop was situated. Only
occasionally they managed to make some painting of a higher standard. Typical features that
reveal the workshop are tapestry borders in colour that contrasts to the background, stretched
garlands, still life’s of fish and birds but also portraits in tondi, just to mention some motifs.
More recently, Richardson has made a vast study of figure painters in Pompeii.63
59 Beyen 1951, 235ff.60 Richardson 2000, 10.61
Ehrhardt, 1987, 135ff.62 De Vos 1981, 119ff.63 Richardson 2000.
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Fig.18. Above to the left: Edifice of Eumachia, space 222. Detaching wall plaster.
Fig.19. Above, to the right: Casa del Bell’Impluvio, salt efflouresence, triclinium 8.Fig.20. Below: Temple of Jupiter. Detached decoration.
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Preservation and conservation at archaeological sites
The preservation of excavated paintings was, and still is, a gigantic problem. Comprehending
ancient technology, reconstructing and using it, should be an advantage for the preservation of
excavated wall paintings. As pointed out by Marchese et al, knowledge about materials is thenecessary base for conservation programmes and interventions.64 Franca Parise Bodoni noted
– in 1981 - that less than 20% of excavated wall paintings and pavements remain due to lack
of maintenance, as well as to conservation interventions.65 Portland cement is one of the well-
known causes of paintings being lost. In natural humid or damp environments it produces salts
that flourish like mushroom colonies, disintegrating the painted surface. The analyses of such
salts in Casa del Bell’Impluvio, room 8, east wall, verify that these are caused by cement. 66
Acrylic resins are just as mismatched to lime plasters as is Portland cement. Plastic is an
excellent water-resistant material: a good quality that becomes negative on a wall painting,since it prevents the evaporation of natural humidity. Enclosing water into walls or works of
art leads to material destruction. This is a problem especially in open-air environments, where
humidity caused by rain and capillary suction is normal and must be considered before any
conservation intervention starts. Capillary rise of water inside unprotected walls is a great
problem at Pompeii. Studies on the composition of plasters and mortars show that the mortar in
general is of a mediocre quality with many lime lumps.67 Because of the low quality, water
penetrates and the building plasters swell, in the end provoking the detachment of wall plasters
and finally destroying the wall. Since major part of the walls in Pompeii is unprotected, water
penetrates from the top as well. Water or dampness is the single most destructive element for
material decay; nothing really happens in the absence of humidity. Simple roofing and clean
base levels might be good options to preserve the standing structures.
An interdisciplinary conservation project with a modern approach in conservation, research and
documentation that could serve as a model was initiated in Herculaneum in 2001.68 One of the
main problems to deal with from the start was, in fact, how to eliminate stagnant water.
64 Marchese et al. 2001, 23. “ La conoscenza dei materiali di un’opera d’arte antica, dal piccolo ogg etto al grande edificio,
rappresenta la base necessaria per ricostruirne la storia e la tecnologia e per programmare eventuali lavori di restauro e di
conservazione”. 65 Parise Badoni 1981, 71.66 Sample BI 6 sali. Constituted principally by thenardite (Na2SO4). Traces of gypsum and sulphates with sodium and
calcium aphhitalite, (K 3 Na(SO4)2; syngenite K 2Ca(SO4)2·H2O.67 Adam, 1981, 103.68 Wallace-Hadrill et al. 2006, 233ff.
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Conservation materials
Conservation history from the late 18th century and onwards is a story of new inventions,
important achievements and serious mistakes. Pompeian wall paintings have been the subject
of many kinds of unkind treatments, such as Morriconi’s miraculous mixture for polishing the
paintings.69 This mixture, which is all but beeswax, has contributed to the preconceived idea
that beeswax is harmful to paintings on plastered walls, when in fact, beeswax does not have
properties that can dissolve frescoes or cause serious damage to paint applied a secco. Many
modern conservation materials are not compatible with ancient technology and furthermore,
they age rapidly, often provoking damage to material they were supposed to restore. 70
Acrylics are dissolved in toxic solvents, such as trichlorethane and xylene.71 These are not
good for the conservator, and solvents of this kind “…may on occasions swell the underlying
material or cause dyestuffs to bleed …”.72
Protective layers of natural beeswax observed onexcavated wall paintings the Temple of Isis,73 and at the Roman villas at Stabiae were
removed.74 After treatments the paintings were protected with an acrylic resin.75 There is no
official reports on what happens when chemicals are superimposed, as they are used in reality;
in laboratories they are tested singly.
Conservation is a slow and sometimes very costly affair. Regular maintenance is the only
possible way to avoid expensive conservation interventions.76 First aid interventions and
security repair with an appropriate lime plaster or stucco is a good investment for preserving
Pompeian wall paintings, stucco decoration and mosaics. Lime, sand and water are not
expensive and they are non-toxic. Lime plaster and stucco have resisted for 2000 years.
69 Vlad Borrelli 1980, 81. Morriconi’s recipe for surface protection was a mixture of turpentine, alcohol, amber, copal
varnish, rubber and sandarac. It had the disadvantage of turning yellow and even to provoke the detachment of colours.70 Modern acrylics, such as Paraloid B72, are visually recognized by a hard and uniform lustre. They are transparent whenapplied but have the disadvantage of turning yellow-brown. Acrylics are, in practice, impossible to remove. In Science for
conservators (Wilks 1999, 115-116), acrylic resins, such as Paraloid B72, are defined as “a copolymer of metyl acrylate and
ethyl methacrylate. They remain soluble and are easily replaced, and are not affected unduly by light .” Considerations on
lime and barium hydroxide, and a less enchanted view on acrylics, see C. A. Price 1996, 17f, 29f.71 Torracca 1990, 52, 56-62; Mora 1998, 94f.72 Wilks 1999, 116.73 Cinti 1992, 121-122. “ Dimetilformammide, Xilolo, Tricloroetilene. I solventi sono stati usati sia puri che mischelati tra
loro e applicati mediante impacchi con carta giapponese…” 74 Miniero Forte 1989, 32f. Beeswax was removed with “Clorotene… benzina… impacchi di tricloroetano”. Cleaning wasmade with “AB57”, a mixture of chemicals, such as ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, EDTA and Desogen, a
biocide, containing other chemicals. Consolidation was made with “Paraloid B72 al 3% trichloroetano”. 75
Cinti 1992, 122. EDTA, “ sale bisodico dell’acido etilendiamminotetracetico”… “ Paraloid B72, Rohm-Haas, al 3% inTrichloroetano”. 76 Wallace-Hadrill et al. 2006, 246ff.
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PLASTER INVESTIGATION
Plaster layers in twenty houses over the site of Pompeii have been investigated in the present
study. The houses are situated in six regions; I, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX. For simplicity
reasons the houses are presented according to region, insula and house, beginning with Regio
I and ending with Regio IX. At the very end, six houses in insula V 1 are presented as a study
within the study.
The number of samples removed in a house has generally been between 10 and 20, but in
particular cases some more or a few less were required for the purpose established
beforehand.
Fig.21. Plan of Pompeii with the indication of the regions in which buildings have been sampled. In the present
study the following houses are included: Regio I: Casa e bottega I 9, 8, Casa e bottega I 9, 10, Casa I 16, 5. Regio
V: V 1, 7 Casa del Torello, V 1, 13 Caupona, V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop, V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci,
V 1, 20-21, V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus North House, V 1, 24 Taberna, V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius
Iucundus South House, Casa V 3, 8. Regio VI: VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius, VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni, VI 5, 5
Casa del Granduca Michele, VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro. Regio VII: VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio. Regio VIII:
Structures below the Temple of Venus. Regio IX: IX 3, 5.24, Casa di Marcus Lucretius, IX 3, 19-20 Casa e
panificio di Papirius Sabinus.
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Fig.22. Via dell’Abbondanza. The public well in front of house I 9, 1 Casa del Bell’Impluvio.
Fig.23. Below, to the left: Casa del Frutteto, entrance.
Fig.24. Plan of insula I 9. After Fulford and Wallace-Hadrill 1998.
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Insula I 9
Insula I 9 is a rectangular block located between Via dell’Abbondanza and Via di Castricio in
east-west direction and two minor streets running north-south. The block is situated at a short
distance from the amphitheatre. The major houses, Casa del Bell’Impluvio, Casa diSuccessus, Casa del Frutteto, Casa di Amarantus and Casa di Cerere, are residential buildings
with Tuscanic atrium and peristyle, traditionally dated to around 120 BC.1 Some of the houses
had commercial spaces at one or two sides of the main entrance. A plaster investigation at
these houses was published in 2005.2 Houses number 8 and 10 presented below were partially
sampled but the studies not completed at the time. Walking along Via dell’Abbondanza from
the Forum towards Porta Sarno, the first house of the insula that comes into sight is Casa del
Bell’Impluvio with its adjoining shop. In front of the building is a public fountain mad e of
lava decorated with a patera.3 Next is house number 3, Casa di Successus with adjacent bar,
after which is the entrance to house 5, Casa del Frutteto, with commercial area at the corner.
A great number of wine jars found in the house and its cellar, indicate the owner was in the
wine trade.4 Around the corner, along the east lane at entrance 7 was the stable and garden
area of house number 5. Further south is a row of three more modest houses, number 8, 9 and
10, each of which had a workshop at the front. Jars containing garum, a fish sauce, show the
owner of property number 8 was trading with sea food. House and bottega number 9 belonged
to a painter; 150 little pots with pigments and paints were found there. 5 Who owned house
number 10 is unknown but maybe it was a joint workshop with number 9. Properties 9 and 10
were linked in the earlier phases. By the final stage the only link was the access to the well in
the garden.6 Further down the lane is the large house of Amarantus with bar area at the
crossroads of Via di Castricio. Jars of wine and the inscription Amarantus Pompeianus
provide us with the name of the wine trader.7 Entrance to the house of Amarantus is at the Via
di Castricio, as is the entrance to the neighbouring house number 13, Casa di Cerere, named
after a little terracotta bust representing Ceres.8 The lane at the west side of the insula is
closed by walls of buildings and gardens except for a modest entrance into the garden of
house number 13 and an entrance to the back of house 1.
1On insula I 9 and its houses, see Fulford, Wallace-Hadrill 1996; Fulford, Wallace-Hadrill 1998; Wallace-
Hadrill 2005; Bragantini et al. 1981, 89f.2
Freccero 2005.3
Eschebach 1993, 48.4
La Rocca et al. 2002, 232.5
Della Corte 1965, (726b) 340.6
Sophie Hay, personal comment, e-mail 2012-03-10.7Della Corte 1965, (726d) 340.
8La Rocca et al 2002, 228.
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Fig.25. Above: Casa I 9, 8, room 8, north wall. Remains of a plain First style decoration with yellow socle, green
string course and white main zone. A later decoration partially covers the yellow socle at the northwest corner.
Fig.26. Below, to the left: plan of houses 8, 9 and 10. To the right: Casa I 9, 8, sampling spots.
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
House I 9, 8 is situated at the east lane of the insula, just south of Casa del Frutteto and its
adjoining stable. The owner may have been Romulo, a man in the sea food business.9 Jars
containing conserved fish such as garum, an appreciated fish sauce, were found duringexcavations in 1952. According to Eschebach the house goes back to the Samnite period, and
was rebuilt with reused materials after the earthquake in AD 62.10 Great changes had taken
place in the interior part of the house where it connects with the garden and the bath area of
Casa di Successus. Sampling was done in room 8, 9 and 10, and the plaster samples were
compared to those in the same relative chronology in the neighbouring house.11
Plasters and phases
In room 8 there are traces at the north and west walls of a plain First style decoration,
consisting of a yellow socle above which is a string course painted green and the main zone of
smooth white plaster.12 The question posed was if a connection between the phases in the
house of Successus and this building could be established. The decoration in room 8
continues into the north wall which is the perimeter wall towards the garden of Casa di
Successus, indicating there was previously a door or a window, walled up during one of the
rebuilding periods. Room 8 was later redecorated in the Fourth style on plaster in group H.
The First style decoration consists of two layers, the earlier of which belongs to group A
subgroup Ab, and the second, carrying the decoration to group B. Although the two plaster
layers are of different kinds, they seemingly belong to the same phase. The same phenomenon
occurs in Casa di Successus; a fine-grained plaster of group Ab is found underneath a large-
grained that belongs to group B. It cannot, however, be excluded there are two decoration
periods. The two plaster types are found in Casa del Bell’Impluvio too, the fine-grained below
floor levels and the large-grained at the First style decoration in room 12.
In room 10 was a similar result. Trapped in the east wall was a plaster layer in group A, and
the first decoration was made on plaster in group B. The final decoration was in the Fourth
style. At the west wall, south-west corner, the first layer was cocciopesto, the same way as at
the other side of the wall, in Casa di Successus, room 10.
In room 9 triclinium fenestratum there are remains of a Third style decoration; a black socle
and a main zone on which the colours have faded. The plaster used belongs to group E. The
large window towards room 10 seems to be a late arrangement. The low wall, or high socle,
below the window was decorated in the same style, but the plaster belongs to group H. In the
9Della Corte 1965, (726a) 340.
10Eschebach 1993, 49.
11Sampling was done in 2004 in conjunction with the Director of the archaeological research project of the
British School at Rome, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill. For documentation concerning samples 8:1-8:16, seeappendix.12
PPP I, 102.
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PPP the decoration is regarded as schematic Second style.13 Plaster analyses at the socle level
indicates Third style except for the part below the window, which was redecorated in the
same manner but in the Fourth style.
Results
Sixteen samples provided 5 plaster types including cocciopesto; A, B, E, H and X
(cocciopesto). The earliest plaster 8:3 has all characteristics of subgroup Ab; it mainly
consists of black particles of which many are long black broken crystals. There is a good
proportion between large and small grains and between lime and filler. The binder is clean
creamy white lime. The plaster is of good quality. Next phase, type, 8:1 is a large-grained
plaster used for some First style decorations in the area. The grains are mainly black and grey
and there is a lack of small grains, a combination that generally provokes fissures and voids as
the plaster sets. The binder is slightly grey-beige lime. One sample has dirty lime and one was
very frail. As many other plasters in this group it is of a fairly low quality. Sample 8:11 is
another plaster with large-grained filler, but it contains many grains of varying colours such
as beige, yellow and brown. The lime is clean creamy white. It is of modest quality due to
lack of small particles and some lime lumps. Five samples belong to group H, reused plasters
of the late days of Pompeii. The components differ in these plasters, but in common is the
sandy look and the many crushed small particles. Two samples belong to group X,
cocciopesto,
To sum up, the two earliest plasters in the house were found in walled up areas in room 8 and10. To the same period/periods belong the earliest plasters in the neighbouring Casa di
Successus. The three rooms sampled were redecorated in the Third style, and the area below
the large window in room 10 belongs to the Fourth style, suggesting the large opening was
made in the middle of the 1st century AD. The quality of the plasters in this house is of a
mediocre standard, except for the earliest phase.
13PPP I, 102.
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Fig.27. Casa I 9, 10. Plan of the house with indications of sampling spots.
Fig.28. Casa I 9, 10. View towards the atrium and the stairway to the former upper floor.
Entering the broad access of this house there is no vestibulum but one proceeds directly into
the large space that formerly was the atrium.14 At the right side along the wall bordering the
street there is substantial remains of the staircase that lead to the upper floor, which is now
lost. The unusual disposition of spaces and the absence of vestibulum may by due to a late
restructuring of this and the nearby house number 11 Casa di Amarantus. Traces of decoration
are not mentioned in PPP but the floors are generally dated to the 2nd century BC.15 This may
have been a sculptor’s workshop, which would explain the need for a wide opening and a
large working space towards the street. The reason for suggesting a sculptor’s workshop is a
marble portrait of an unknown person Pompeianus which was found in the house during
excavation in 1952.16 At the interior sector, in the garden area, there was an open access
14Sampling was done in 2004 in conjunction with the Director of the archaeological research project of the
British School at Rome, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill. I am grateful to Sophie Hay for comments on this text. For
documentation concerning samples 10:1-10:5, see appendix.15PPP I, 103.
16Della Corte 1965, 726c) 340.
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between houses number 9 and 10.17 Such an opening indicates there was a family or business
connection between the owners, as suggested by Eschebach.18 It seems there was an extension
of house 10 towards south with the integration of some rooms of the neighbouring house 11,
an enlargement that might point at a positive development in the artist’s or artists’
commissions.
Plasters and phases
Five samples were taken in the front area, room 1, 4 and 11. In room 4, on the west wall,
north-west corner, there is an early decoration with the typical pick-marks that indicate the
wall was prepared for redecoration. The perforated plaster belongs to group B, indicating a
decoration contemporary with the First style decoration in house 8. Samples from the last
decoration at the west and north wall in the atrium was made on a plaster that belongs to
group E, Third style and of the same kind as in house 8. Also in room 11 there is a plaster
seam, at the north-east corner, which belongs to an early decoration, plaster group B.
Results
Two plaster samples belong to group B and three to group E. Both groups contain plasters
with large grains. The earliest of these, 10:1, is distinctively large-grained with many rounded
grains, of which the majority is black or grey, but there are also some clusters of small grains.
There are few crystals. The binder is a clean white, slightly beige lime. One of the samples
has a stucco layer with a thickness of 4 mm. In areas with lack of small grains there are“airbags” or air -filled voids, as well as fissures in the lime. The later plaster 10:2 is similar to
10:1 because of the similar grain size and the rounded grains, but differs as far as the
composition of the aggregate; this filler contains more grains of varying colours such as
beige, brown and ochre. The lime is white or slightly beige and contains lime lumps. Both
plaster types are representative of their groups and of normal quality.
Summing up, there are traces of the original First style decoration, contemporary with
plasterwork in the neighbouring houses. Some redecoration in the front area was made in the
Third style.
17Hay, personal comment 2012-03-10.
18Eschebach 1993, 50.
Fig.27. Casa I 9, 10. Sampling spots.
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Insula I 16: Casa I 16, 5
Fig.29. To the left: Casa I 16, 5, room 11, seen from the rear part towards the entrance.
Fig.30. To the right: the room seen from the entrance towards the rear part with red and green decoration.
Insula 16 in Regio I is a long rectangle like most blocks in the area. At the south end is the
large house number 5 with a hefty garden.19 The entrance is at Via della Palestra and at the
north end runs Via di Castricio. The house, of which the west section was not excavated, may
have been owned by a woman called Petronia.20 There are remains of decoration in some
rooms, one of which were sampled.
In room 11 there is a decoration in which two typologies are combined: a plain decoration in
the antechamber referred to as the Zone style and another in the First style in the alcove.21 The
antechamber decoration consists of a yellow socle above which is the main zone kept white.
According to D’Auria, this kind of decoration, normally with the division of the wall into
three horizontal zones, of which the middle zone was always plain white, belongs to a system
of the Hellenistic period. Sometimes the upper zone had mouldings or decorative elements. At
the interior part of the room the decoration scheme and colours change: the socle is painted
red and the main zone is green. The First style and the Zone style were contemporaneously
used in Pompeii.
19 This limited investigation was made together with Dora D’Auria, Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale.
20Eschebach 1993, 77.
21
D’Auria, personal communication February 2012. Forthcoming in: D.D’Auria, “Gli apparati decorativi dellecase di livello medio a Pompei in età ellenistica”, in N. Zimmermann (ed.), Antike Malerei zwischen Lokalstil
und Zeitstil? Atti del X Congresso Internazionale dell’AIPMA, Efeso 13 -18 Settembre 2010.
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The objective of sampling and studying plasters in the room was to establish if the two
decorations were contemporary or not. Another question posed was if this kind of decoration
would be datable to the early or later period of the First style.
Results
The plaster used for the different parts of the room is the same. It belongs to group A,
subgroup Ab, contemporary with other First style plasterwork in the area. It is also compatible
with the plaster in the bath in house V 3, 8, which was decorated in the same plain Zone style.
A plaster of this type was used for the First style decoration of cubiculum 3 with alcove in
Casa del Centauro, a room decorated in two patterns, although in one style. Another example
on two patterns in one room is cubiculum 4 in Casa di Cerere, decorated in the early Second
style.
The plaster used is distinctively “black and white”; the filler mainly consists of small black
particles, angular and rounded, of which many are long black crystals. The binder is clean
white lime. The quality of the plaster is good; good proportion between lime and filler, and
between larger and smaller grains.
Fig.31. Detail of room 11 with two kinds of decoration.
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Insula V 1: V 1, 7 Casa del Torello
Fig.32. Casa del Torello. View of the nymphaeum through tablinum.
Casa del Torello is situated at Via di Nola close to the crossroads of Via di Vesuvio andVicolo di Caecilius Iucundus, in the vicinity of Porta Vesuvio.22 This large domus is, together
with the narrow caupona in the north-west corner, the oldest building in the insula.23 Built in
the Samnite period, its prominent limestone ashlar façade was designed to be impressive. One
of the most famous elements of decoration in this house is the elaborate system of fountains in
the atrium and the peristyle’s noteworthy nympheum.24 Kitchen and bath areas were provided
with water too. The spaces discussed below are identified according to the plan used by the
Swedish team.
Laidlaw mentions First style decorations were preserved in the atrium and in the first and
second/third rooms at the east side of the atrium.25 The formerly large room 6/7 was divided
into two smaller during rebuilding in the late Republican period, and the northern space was
decorated in the Second style like many other rooms in the atrium area.26 Apparently, the
Second style decorations were made during two phases.
22The investigation was made together with Thomas Staub, who patiently answered all my questions on building
phases and the structure of the house.23
Leander-Touati 2010, 114.24
Staub 2008, 109, 112.25Laidlaw 1985, 102f; The three rooms are indicated as 6, 7 and 8 on the plan used by the Swedish team.
26Schefold 1957, 61.
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To the earliest phase belong tablinum 13 and the alae (9, 14), decorated with painted pillars
and marble panels and, in the tablinum, a fake door in the centre like in the Villa dei Misteri.27
The decorative scheme in the left ala consisted of the high socle above which were broad
yellow panels imitating marble and smaller ones of violet hue, both with cinnabar borders.
Between the painted pillars were hanging fruit garlands and, crowning the walls were the
epistyle, frieze and cornice carried by slender standing figures, monochrome white. The right
ala had red panels with green borders in the main zone above which were green ones of
smaller size. There was also a central painting representing Leda and the swan. The other
rooms with remaining Second style decoration were made later, in the mature style.28 To the
later belongs the decoration in room 18, to the left of atrium. Some rooms, such as the first
room to the right of atrium (6) and the bath (19), received new decorations in the Third style.
Beyen points out that although the decoration of the bath was made in the Third style its
structure indicates it was built in the Second style.29 According to Bastet, the decoration in
room 6 was made in the late Third style.30
The questions posed about plaster layers in this house regard the time of re-decoration of
some spaces. Therefore the early periods were not investigated. Sampling was made in room
6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18 and 19. Ten samples were studied and two kinds of plaster were identified.
These belong to group C, used for Second style decorations, and group E, used for
decorations in the Third style.
The first sample in the house, T1, was removed from the walled up doorway between room 15and the neighbouring Taberna V 1, 5. The plaster belongs to group E, connected with the
Third style. The decoration of the north wall in room 15 and the east side of the wall in
Taberna 5 have the same kind of plaster. To that period belongs the plaster used for
decoration of the bath, room 19. A layer that butts against an earlier decoration in the south-
east corner of room 19 belongs to group E too.
The second sample, T2, taken in room 7, provided the second type of plaster. It belongs to
group C, connected with the Second style. Sampling was made at the middle zone, below the
perforations for a stucco frieze. This kind of plaster was used for decorations in room 16 and
18, which corresponds with Beyen’s statement that the decoration in room 18 was in the
Second style.31 Many decorations in Casa di Cerere, which are definitely recognized as good
examples of the earlier or middle Second style were made on this kind of plaster. There is also
a stylistic resemblance between the description of the decoration in the left ala and e.g. room
4 in Casa di Cerere.
27Beyen 1960, 74.
28Beyen 1960, 80.
29
Beyen 1960, 73.30Bastet, de Vos 1979, 88.
31Beyen 1960, 73.
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One fragment was sampled. It was found below the last floor level in room g , and the plaster
belongs to group C.
Plaster type T2 is representative of group C. It has an aggregate of very small particles, many
of which are crystals. The compact grains are mainly black and brown. The lime is clean
white with a few small lumps. The plaster is well composed and well mixed.
Plaster type T1 is quite representative for group E. Its large grains are in a variety of colours.
A particular characteristic is the beige grains shaped as beans. The lime is white, and in
abundance compared to the filler. Both plaster types are of good quality, and have stucco
layers that measure around 2-3 mm, which is a medium standard.
Fig 33. Casa del Torello. Plan with indication of sampling spots. Drawing : Based on CTC.
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Fig.34. V 1 24b, south wall. The photo is copied from the homepage of Insula V 1, Swedish Pompeii Project.
Photo: Hans Thorwid.
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V 1 24 Taberna
This study is connected to a problematic area of a brick repair in the shop situated between
the two joined properties of Casa di Caecilius Iucundus. The objective was to identify plaster
types that might shed a light over the period when the repair of the wall was made.32 Was it
before or after the earthquake in AD 62?
The minute property number 24 consists of two rooms, the shop area a, and the inner room b.
At the south wall in room b there is a large brick repair, around which some questions have
been raised. The repair, situated close to the southwest corner, begins at the floor level and
reaches the height of approximately two meters. According to archaeological interpretation,
the whole wall has tilted in the direction of the front room due to destabilizing cesspits at both
sides of the wall towards Casa di Caecilius Iucundus V 1, 26. Anne-Marie Leander Touati
suggests other possible reasons than the earthquake for this repair.33 Plaster analyses on top of
the repair had confirmed a pre-earthquake dating of the repair.
The present investigation began with a study of the results of a previous investigation, in
which plasters on the repair as well as on the east and west walls had been identified as in the
First or early Second style.34 This plastering phase was, on south and east walls covered by a
plaster type labelled 4D3, connected with the Fourth or late Third style, according to the
documentation mentioned above.
At the time of sampling I inspected the south, west, and east walls of the room, as well as the
rear side of the wall, that is, the north wall in room c in the South House of Casa di Iucundus,where no similar damage was noticed.35
Plasters and phases
Six samples were obtained in room 24b. The first sample (24:1) was removed from a very
thin and uneven little plaster remnant on the brick repair. The sample consisted almost
exclusively of grains, since the lime had washed out. It was a large-grained plaster common
for plaster in group B as well as in group E. The presence of beige and red grains is not
typical of group B but indicate the later period, group E.
32This very limited study was made in collaboration with Anne-Marie Leander Touati. For documentation
concerning samples 24:1-24:6, see appendix.33
Leander Touati 2010, 131-132.34
Pettersson, in the plaster analyses report 2006, recognizes the plaster as similar to 1A12 in Casa degli
Epigrammi Greci, which she identified as of the Second style. This kind of plaster is in my system placed into
group B, which contains plasters of the late First and early Second style.35 Inspection and sampling was made in October 2010. The plan in PPP of insula V 1, indicates an opening
between 24b and room c in V 1 26. The problem which disturbed me was solved by Renée Forsell who had
measured the walls to understand the correlation between the repair end the latrine channel in the shop at theother side of the wall, and found that a cross-wall butts against the south wall in 24b, exactly at the position of
the repair; a mistake must have been made on the plan mentioned above.
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Sample number 24:1 was not quite representative of any period, but the second one, is.
Sample 24:2 was removed at a plaster layer on the clay lining that had been applied over
several bricks; this plaster definitely belongs to group E with its many yellow and beige
grains and the clean white lime. The fillers of the two samples are similar, as is also that of
sample number 3, removed at a layer, which is overlapping the southwest corner. There is
also an unusual presence of small yellow particles in the lime and among the grains in
samples 24:1 and 24:2. The composition of the filler is of the same kind in the three samples,
but the lime is not; in sample 24:1 there is hardly any lime left, 24:12 has enough lime which
is clean, and the lime of 24:3 is something in between. The absence of clay lining underneath
sample 24:1 still needs to be explained; maybe the clay was not applied in an even layer, but
only where it was necessary to make a smooth area. However, the three samples belong to
group E.
Sample number 4 comes from the doorway at the west wall, towards room 24a. This plaster is
different. Its’ filler is similar to 24:2, but the smaller grains and more crystals are
characteristics of group F. Also sample number 6, taken at south wall at the east side of the
brick repair belongs to the group F. At the west side of the repair is an area of plaster that
belongs to group G, indicating a repair made after the earthquake in 62.
Results
Three different kinds of plaster were identified, and these belong to groups E, F and G,
indicating plastering in the Third and possibly in the late Third/early Fourth style as well as arepair made after the earthquake. No plaster of an earlier period was found.
The samples of plaster type 24:1 have the same kind of filler but only one of these, 24:2 is
quite representative for group E. The other two are of meagre quality. The plasters in group F
are of good quality, well balanced and well mixed. The aggregate is many-coloured and
contains large and small particles, many of which are crystals. Sample 24:5 is brown and
contains crushed materials of various kinds, typical of plasters used for repairs during the
final period. Taking all information into account, plaster analyses confirm that the repair was
made before the earthquake in AD 62 and there were re-decorations in the room slightly later.
When new damages appeared after the earthquake these were mended with a brown plaster
made of reused materials.
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Insula V 3: Casa V 3, 8
Fig.35. To the right: The bath, east wall with slit window.
Fig.36. To the right: The tablinum, west wall. Remains of Zone style decoration.
This house and bakery has the main entrance towards Via di Nola. 36 The rebuilt Tuscanic
atrium, mill stones, working bench and a large oven show it was transformed into a bakery
and functioned as such at the time of the eruption.37 There still are some remnants of the
original First style decoration in a few rooms, such as the atrium, the tablinum, and cubiculum
5. In cubiculum 5 there is a smooth stucco cornice at the upper zone and a fragment of a
fascia.38 The tablinum preserves a traditional yellow socle above which is a string course and
the main zone of horizontal drafted panels. Three courses of drafted panels in the upper zone
are separated from the main zone by a fillet. The upper wall was crowned by a fascia and
dentil cornice.39 In the central part of the house, east of tablinum and andron is a latrine or
bath with vaulted ceiling and a small window overlooking the street.
Fairly much of a decoration in the so called Zone style, of the same kind as in house I 16, 5,
room 11, is preserved.40 On south and north walls is a recessed cocciopesto socle below a flat
upper wall with red fascia.41 The access to the bath is through an arched doorway. Three
36 This limited study was made together with Dora D’Aur ia, Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale.
37Eschebach 1993, 138.
38PPP II, 75; Laidlaw 1985, 113.
39
Laidlaw 1985, 113; PPP II, 74.40 D’Auria, 2010, forthcoming.
41Laidlaw, 1985, 113.
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samples were taken in the house; two in tablinum and one in the bath. The objective was to
compare the plaster with that of a similar plain First style decoration in Casa I 16 5.
Results
The plaster is distinctively “black and white” and belongs to the First style, group A. Its main
characteristics such as the aggregate of prevalently black particles, of which many are broken
black crystals, indicate subgroup Ab. But the many small rounded grains are characteristic of
subgroup Aa too. Plasters in the later group are often containing more brown and grey grains
and, therefore, this plaster is placed into subgroup Ab. The lime is white and the plaster of
good quality; well proportioned, well mixed and in good condition. It is of the same kind as
that used in Casa I 16, 5.
Fig.37. Casa V 3, 8. Atrium and bakery.
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REGIO VI and VII: “Pompei. Progetto Regio VI”
“Pompei. Progetto Regio VI” was initially a joint project of the universities of Perugia, Napoli
L’Orientale, Trieste and Venezia, later joined by Siena.42 The objective was to carry out
stratigraphic excavations and research, aiming at publishing until now inedited excavations in
the region. Eight of the sixteen insulae have been subject to investigations, and successively
the project was extended to regions V, VII and IX.43
Series of trenches were made in the individual houses to establish construction periods.
Documentation and definitions used within the different houses of this vast project has been
made according to pre-established principles. Two distinctive building phases have been
identified: the earliest to the 6th and 5th centuries BC after which there was a period of
abandonment, until a second intense construction period began in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
The existence of an archaic phase contemporary with the period of pappamonte walls has
been ascertained. Remains of archaic structures dated to the 3rd century BC are regularly
found under later buildings.44 The largest plots are found in particularly good positions such
as a natural high level within the insula, close to crossroads or important roads.45 These
archaic structures are defined as “protocase”.
Some buildings within the Progetto Regio VI were selected for sampling in the present plaster
study.46 Sampling in Casa del Centauro, Casa del Granduca Michele and Casa di Sallustius
was made in 2005. During sampling, some odd plasters found at levels that could only be of
the First style or earlier, made me assume they represented a period prior to the First style.Further sampling and analyses was postponed until the project received funding in 2010. Casa
delle Amazzoni and Casa del Marinaio were sampled in 2010-11, as were the fragments of
wall paintings found in all houses.
42 On the project see publications ”Il progetto Regio VI” in Rivista di Studi Pompeiani 15-22, Coarelli, Pesando
(eds) 2003, 2004, 2005, and Pesando et al. 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011.43
Coarelli 2008, 173.44
Coarelli 2008, 175; Pesando 2008, 159.45
Pesando 2008, 161.46
VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius,VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni, VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele, VI 9, 3-5 Casadel Centauro, VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio, as well as houses I 16, 5 and V 3, 8.
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VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius
Fig.38. Sampling at the continuation of the foundation wall from the atrium in room 16 to the south.
Casa di Sallustius is a prominent house of large dimensions situated along Vicolo di Narciso
and in the vicinity of Porta Ercolano.47 It is a characteristic house of the 2nd century BC, by
Maiuri considered to be one of the noblest examples of a pre-Roman house of the Samnite
period.48 Large part of the impressive First style decoration remains in many rooms around
the atrium.49
Three samples were obtained in Casa di Sallustius. Two of these were removed from levels
below the last floor in room 35 and one in room 16, presumed to represent the earliest
decoration phase, or phases. The samples were studied under the microscope, and later analysed at CNR/ICVBC in Florence.50
Results
The three samples have the same kind of plaster which belongs to group A, subgroup Aa,
used in buildings during an early phase of the First style. To the same group belong plasters
used for First style decorations in the Temple of Apollo and Casa del Granduca Michele. The
results of the two investigations are similar; the three samples belong to the same group. The
plaster has high quality plaster typical of fine First style decorations. The filler mainly
consists of black particles of which many are long black broken crystals. The grains are
rounded and generally of very small size, a characteristic indicating subgroup Aa, just as the
inclusion of brown and beige small grains. The binder is clean white or slightly beige lime
with just a few small lumps.
47Stella, Laidlaw 2008, 156. The house is studied within Progetto Regio VI.
48
Maiuri 1955, 41.49PPP II, 116-123.
50For schedules and results of the investigation, see appendix.
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VI 2, 14, Casa delle Amazzoni
Fig.39. To the left: View from fauces through atrium to tablinum.
Fig.40: To the right: Casa delle Amazzoni, plan of the house and sampling spots. Drawing : V.Gasparini.
Casa delle Amazzoni is a house of medium sized dimensions, situated along Vicolo di
Narciso in the east sector of insula VI 2.51 The house was subject to stratigraphic excavations
between 2002 and 2006. The present investigation was to study plasters of the earliest phases
still in situ in relation to a presumed redecoration in the Third style.
This building belongs to the oldest group of houses at the insula, constructed in the Samnite
period in the second half of the 3rd century BC, and its façade built in opus africanum.52 Casa
delle Amazzoni has essentially maintained its original structure and dimensions, indicating
that the building phases were few. Remains of First style decorations in the fauces were
identified by Mau.53 The decoration was given indentations by a pick-hammer before the
plaster of the later decoration, regarded as in the Third style, was applied. A similar hacked
layer in cubiculum 4 was regarded in PPP as illegible and another one, the red socle in atrium
2 not mentioned at all.54 The last decoration in the atrium was considered to be in the Fourth
style, as were the decorations in rooms 9, 10, 11 and 13. A decoration in room 8 was
recognized as in the Third style.55 Paintings of amazons in oecus have provided the name of
this house.56
51The investigation was made in collaboration with Valentina Befani, Università di Perugia. The house is
studied within Progetto Regio VI. For documentation regarding samples CA1-CA11, see appendix.52
Befani et al. 2011, 460.53
PPP II, 126.54
PPP II, 127.55Schefold 1957, 94.
56Eschebach 1993, 158.
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Most walls were constructed in opus africanum while the north atrium wall, the boundary
wall towards the adjoining house number 15, was made in opus incertum of lava and
limestone, which would indicate a later construction period.57 The red socle of the first period
corresponds with the floor level of the Samnite period in the 2nd century BC. At that level, a
floor of terra battuta, ceramic fragments dated to the end of the 6 th and beginning of the 5th
century BC was found.
Plasters and phases
Plastered layers in room I, 2, 4, 8, and a fragment found in room 4, provided in total eleven
samples. Sampling began at the north wall in atrium 2, where two decorated plaster layers are
visible below the present ground level. Between these are two undecorated layers, the lower
of which was perforated to secure good adherence for the next application of plaster. Sample
CA1, taken at the earliest red socle, represents the first phase in the building; it is a brown
plaster, different to plasters in group A. The second layer, CA2, is a brown plaster too.
Applied on the first phase, this layer with hack-marks may be interpreted as an intermediate
phase or a decoration, applied some time before the next layer, CA3. Sample CA3 was
removed from a thin white plaster layer that functioned as a preparation for the second
decoration with red painted surface, represented by CA4. On top of all these layers is the final
one, a decoration represented by sample CA11, a plaster type that belongs to group F. Plasters
in group F are related to the Third style and may have been used in the early Fourth style too.
CA11---------- Last decoration.
CA4----------- Fourth layer, decoration, red socle.
CA3----------- Third layer, a thin plaster layer.
CA2----------- Second layer, white plaster layer with hack-marks.
CA1----------- First decoration, red socle.
A hacked layer in fauces 1 was sampled. It was covered with a decoration that Mau
stylistically identified as in the Third style, not sampled. In room 4, at the south wall are two
decoration periods. The first phase is contemporary with the second red socle in the atrium,
and the redecoration was made on plaster in group F and of the same kind as the final
decoration of the atrium. At the east wall in room 8 towards the atrium is a large decorated
area, its angle rounded. This plaster belongs to the second red socle period too. One fragment
from a red drafted panel was sampled, and the plaster was of the same kind as CA3.
57Befani et al 2011, 460.
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Results
There are three decoration phases at the north wall in the atrium, two early with red socle and
one that represents the last decoration in the room. The two red socles have different kinds of
plaster. The hacked layer in the atrium and the layer with hack-marks in fauces are of the
same kind.
Many samples in this house have been analyzed at the CNR/ICVBC and compared to beige-
brown-grey samples in other houses. The observations made under the microscope are
confirmed by laboratory analyses; the earliest plaster, CA1 is in a group of plasters labelled 0
after the concept stile zero. To this group belongs the plaster of a fragment with a painted
wave motif, found in Casa del Centauro. Sample CA2 corresponds to the earliest plasters in
Casa del Granduca Michele. CA3 and CA4 are not identical but have the same kind of filler.
Regarding CA3/CA4 the result of the two investigations are slightly different. Laboratory
analyses consign the plaster to an intermediate group with characteristics of group 0 and
group Aa. To this group belongs the second phase at Casa del Centauro, CC5, which is the
earliest registered in situ. According to my observations CA4, in spite of its beige appearance,
belongs to plasters in group A, subgroup Aa rather than to group 0.
How explain the four layers of early plasters on the north atrium wall? This wall, the
boundary wall to the neighbouring house number 11 was made in opus incertum, a type of
wall construction later than the plaster used for earliest decoration of the north wall. One
possible explanation might be there was an earlier perimeter wall, possibly in opus africanum,
in the same location, a hypothesis rejected by Befani, since excavations did not reveal anysigns of such a wall.58 Another observation made during excavation was, that the opus
africanum wall at the façade continues for another meter compared to the present wall, which
might indicate the earlier perimeter wall was slightly further north. Excavation of the area was
not possible due to the good preservation of the next door mosaic floor. Therefore, the
question about the early decoration plaster remains unsolved. However, the early date of the
plaster corresponds with the date of the original structures of the house in the early 3rd
century.
Summing up, there were comparatively few decoration phases; after the initial period of Style
zero and the First style, the decoration seemingly was intact until redecoration took place in
the late Third or early Fourth style. All plasters used in this house are brown or beige, with the
exception of plasters in group F. Plasters that carry decoration have good proportions between
small and larger particles and between lime and filler. Laboratory analyses show that the
brown/beige colour was not due to earth but to the very small size of many grains.
58Befani, personal communication 2012-03-08.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Fig.41. Plan of Casa del Granduca Michele, protocasa, in grey the structures of the II phase (middle of the 2nd
century BC), with indication of sampling spots. Drawing : Dora D’Auria.
Casa del Granduca Michele, with its main entrance at the Vicolo di Modesto, is a traditional
house of the Samnite period from the end of the 3 rd century BC.59 In this house the Samnite
period is divided into two phases, distinguished by different kinds of decoration.60 To the late
Samnite period belongs the construction of a courtyard probably with colonnade around, in
which were eight rooms at the rear part of the dwelling. The house as seen today is organized
around the Tuscan atrium and was, as other houses of the period, built in opus incertum. The
building’s history goes back to even earlier date. Trenches in the garden and elsewhere in the
house reveal three floor levels that correspond with construction phases. To the earliest period
belong floors of terra battuta, made on a preparation of crushed travertine.61 In room 5 such a
floor covered with a layer of ashes points at the type suggested by Vitruvius for winter
triclinia, opus graecanicum. Next is the floor of the protocasa dated to the great rebuilding
period in the middle of the 2nd century BC.62 Finally, the floor levels were slightly raised in
the Imperial period at the end of the 1st century BC. Underneath the 1st century BC peristyle,
in room 9a of the protocasa there are remains of a yellow socle and a white main zone. Plainwhite fragments of wall paintings and the absence of drafted panels suggest the more than 6 m
long north wall of opus formaceum was decorated in the Zone style.63
59 The investigation was made in collaboration with Dora D’Auria, Universita degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale.
The house is studied within Progetto Regio VI. For documentation on samples GM1-GM20, see appendix.60
D’Auria, personal communication regarding building materials and construction phases 2012-03-05.61
D’Auria 2011, 447f. 62Pesando 2005, 94f.
63 D’Auria 2011, 453.
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The original decoration in the First style remains in some areas such as at the socle levels in
room 9b, in fauces 1 and in the atrium. Excavation of the atrium has provided two different
kinds of First style cornices, found in association with fragments compatible with the
redecoration in the 2nd century BC. The shape of one fragment, painted in yellow and wine
red, had an area showing it was a connected with the ceiling. The second had a painted
decoration referring to a Lesbian cymatium. Fragments with similar decoration found in
domus VI 16, 26, were dated slightly earlier, to the end of the 3 rd or beginning of the 2nd
century BC.64 Two types of ceiling fragments were found in the atrium too. One was a
cassette decoration and the other a cubic pattern, the later known from mosaic pavements and
wall decorations of the Second style, such as those in the Casa dei Grifi in Rome. In Pompeii
the pattern, combined with a motif of a painted wave, is known only in room 7 in domus I 20,
4.65 In Casa del Fauno the cubic pattern was used in one room and in another room, the black
wave motif is found on the socle below the main zone which is in the First style. 66 To the late
period in Casa del Granduca Michele belong Fourth style decorations in triclinium and
peristyle 9.67
Sampling in situ was made during the excavation campaign in 2005. Not only plaster was
sampled but additional materials as well, such as waterproof plaster and opus graecanicum.68
Later, eight fragments of wall plaster were sampled too. In total, twenty samples were studied.
Samples were taken in room 1, 5, 7, 9b and 9c, below levels dated to the period prior to or
connected with a floor of the Samnite house. The fragments were found at excavations of
room 5, atrium 2 and room 9a.
Plasters and phases
All samples obtained in situ are from layers are of the Samnite period, either period II, phase
1 or period II, phase 2. The first sample, GM1, was obtained at the yellow socle in room 9b,
dated to period II, phase 2. The second sample, GM2, was removed from a layer situated at a
level below the floor of period II phase 2, in the same room. The plasters were of different
kinds; GM1 was identified as belonging to group A, while there were uncertainties regarding
GM2, which either might be a preparation layer or a plaster of an earlier phase. Sample
number four, GM4, was removed from a layer below the floor in room 9c, a plaster that was
partially covered by a decoration of a later period, represented by type GM1. These samples
were in a group of eight analysed at CNR/ICVBC in Florence.
64 D’Auria 2011, 454.
65 D’Auria 2011, 456.
66Brun 2008, 68.
67PPP II 144; Eschebach 1993, 169f.
68 GM3 (presumed pavement), GM9 (waterproof plaster), GM10 (opus graecanicum). Another sample, GM7,
created problems because it was different from all other plasters. In the end, a second sample was taken, and the
problem was solved: the new sample, GM7 new, was of a kind that would be expected. The first GM7 had beenremoved from a repair made already in antiquity.
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Results
Laboratory analyses attribute the plaster of GM2 to group 0, period II phase 1 or earlier. The
very fine-grained filler gives the plaster a dark brown appearance. Sample GM11, taken from
a fragment found in the preparation for the opus graecanicum floor belongs to the same
group. Plaster type GM4 belongs group Aa, related to period II phase 1. It was found in room
9c were the decoration was in relative chronology with next phase, type GM1, group Ab,
which is connected with the yellow socles of the Samnite house, period II phase 2. All
decorated fragments investigated either belong to subgroup Aa or Ab. As an example, the
cornice fragment decorated with Lesbian cymatium and the cassette decoration had plaster
type GM4, the cubic pattern type GM1. Most samples are easily attributed to either Aa or Ab,
but some have characteristics of both groups. In one case, GM19, there is a resemblance
between GM4 and GM2. In general, the plasters are of high quality, well mixed and well
balanced as is usual for materials used in First style decoration. Even the brown plasters of the
earliest phase are of a good quality.
Fig.42. Casa del Granduca Michele, room 9b towards room 9a. Different floor levels.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Fig.43. To the left: Casa del Centauro, cubiculum 2 with window overlooking the street. The yellow socle
belongs to the Samnite house. The red decoration belongs to the period of the raised floor.
Fig.44. To the right: Casa del Centauro, plan of the house and indication of sampling spots. Drawing : PPP.
Casa del Centauro, situated between the Via di Mercurio and Vico del Fauno, is also knownas the domus of A. Vettius Caprasius Felix.69 The oldest part of the house at entrance number
3 dates back to the second quarter of the 2nd century BC, a period when the city block
received the layout visible today. Underneath the walls of the present house are the structures
of the preceding, modest sized protocasa, dated to between the end of the 4th and beginning of
the 3rd century BC (period III, phase 1). The protocasa was partially restructured at the end of
the 3rd century, (period III, phase 2).70 Remains of decorations connected to both periods have
been found. Studies of the wall structures reveal that the walls at the north side of the atrium
towards the neighbouring house Casa del Meleagro, built in opus africanum bonded mainly
with clay, and the façade in opus quadratum are the oldest remaining structures.71 The
protocasa was destroyed at the middle of the 2nd century BC and the floor level raised in the
new house, as proved, for example, in cubiculum 2, to the left of fauces. To the same period
belong traces of a red socle in the atrium.72
69The investigation was made in collaboration with Antonella Aiello and Renata Esposito, Università degli studi
di Napoli L’Orientale. The house is studied within Progetto Regio VI. For documentation regarding samples
CC1-CC18, see appendix.70
Esposito 2011, 440f. There are earlier construction phases, I and II, underneath the Samnite house.71Pesando 2005, 84.
72Esposito 2011, 438.
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At the beginning of the 2nd century BC (period IV), the house received a Tuscan atrium and it
was extended to comprise the nearby property with entrance at VI 5, 5. Slightly later is the
well known First style decoration in cubiculum 3, described by Mau.73 Fragmentary
decorations in the First style were identified by Laidlaw too, in oecus 2, cubiculum 5a, 5d and
oecus 32, mentioning that Mau noted traces also in cubiculum 5b and 5c.74
Third style decorations, as well as some illegible, were noted by Mau in tablinum 6, and in the
tablinum (26) behind the Corinthian atrium.75 The later, dated to 30-45 AD, had mythological
motifs depicting Meleager and Atalanta, Hercules and Nessus.76 Richardson attributes these
paintings to the so called Centauro painter.77 Cubiculum 2 and other rooms in the building
later received new decorations in the Fourth style.78 Schefold mentions Fourth style
decorations with animals and floating figures, and mythological paintings in the same style in
the exedra behind the peristyle. Finds of medical instruments and glass bottles indicate this
was a doctor’s house and studio.79 In the present investigation, the earliest decoration periods
have been in focus.
Plasters and phases
Sampling was made at decorated layers in room 2, 3, 5b, 16 and 32, at stylistically identified
First style decorations or at decorated layers trapped behind later cross-walls. Ten fragments
found during excavation of fauces at entrance 3, room 4, 5b, 5c, and 16, were sampled with
the objective of finding a possible correlation between fragments and decorations still in situ.
The fragments had been sorted into nuclei based on studies of materials, stylistic elements andthe area in which they were found. All were attributed to period III, phase 1 or phase 2.
Among the fragments was part of a wave pattern painted in black on a white background. 80 In
total, twenty small samples were studied, five of these analysed at CNR/ICVBC in Florence.
The first sample, CC1, was supposed to provide the earliest plaster type in the house. It was
obtained at the yellow socle in cubiculum 2, connected with the floor of the Samnite house.
The plaster belongs to group A, subgroup Ab. The second sample, CC2, was taken in
cubiculum 3, decorated in the First style. This plaster belongs to group B, which includes
plasters from First and early Second style decorations. Behind the south wall of cubiculum 3,
in room 15, entrance 4, there is a decoration with plaster and stucco trapped behind the later
constructed cross-wall, south wall of cubiculum 3. This plaster, CC5, was expected to be of
the same kind as CC1, but was quite different; grey and with very small grains. It has
characteristics of group 0, early plasters that look grey, beige or brown.
73PPP II, 202; (Mau W 74-75); Schefold 1957, 114.
74Laidlaw 152.
75PPM II, 204.
76Bastet, De Vos 1979, 58.
77Richardson 2000, 61.
78
PPM II, 202.79Eschebach 1993, 189f.
80Brun 2008, 66f; Pesando 2008, 170.
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Results
Plasters in group 0, Ab and B, were identified. The earliest phase in situ was found in room
15 trapped behind a wall. To this phase belongs a socle at the first floor level in room 16, the
fragment with black wave pattern on white background, indicative of stile zero, and fragments
found in fauces of entrance 3, room 4 and 5c (phase 1, nuclei I and II, end of the 4th,
beginning of the 3rd century BC). Laboratory analyses attribute the plaster in room 15 and the
wave motif to group 0/Aa, together with plaster CA3/CA4. The plaster of the decoration in
cubiculum 2 and the plaster of six fragments in nuclei III and IV (phase 2, nuclei III and IV,
end of the 3rd century BC) belong to group Ab. To the same group belong plasters of likewise
yellow socles in Casa del Granduca Michele and Casa di Amarantus. The plaster in cubiculum
3, antechamber and alcove is later, and belongs to group B. All the plasters in this house are
of a high quality. The lime is clean, the fillers have good proportions between large and small
grains, and the components are well mixed. Also the grey/beige plasters of the earliest phase
are of excellent quality.
Fig.45. Casa del Centauro, atrium towards f auces and the street. In the left side building is cubiculum 3, and in
the one at the right side is cubiculum 2.
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Fig.46. To the left: Casa del Marinaio, atrium. View towards the northeast sector.
Fig.47. Casa del Marinaio, plan of the house with indication of sampling spots. Drawing : V.Gasparini.
Casa del Marinaio is situated along Vicolo del Gallo in the eastern sector of insula VII 5, and
it occupies about a third of its entire area. 81 According to Franklin the oldest part is the classic
atrium house at the high terraced plot while the rooms in the sunken garden area were
constructed later.82 The atrium walls of limestone framework with ashlar blocks
predominating, and the façade was rebuilt.83 Recent excavations have revealed that the
structures visible today were built in the beginning of the 1st century BC.84 A trench excavated
in room c along the boundary wall towards the neighbouring house number 3, brought into
light the earlier structure of the original perimeter wall. Also the trench in room l provided
material of the earlier building, the protocasa, of the late 3rd or early 2nd century which was
demolished when the present walls were built and the floor paved at a higher level in the 1 st
century BC.85
The rooms in the atrium complex were richly decorated. Most of the floors were paved with
black and white mosaics, among these the ships-mosaic in the fauces that gave the house its
name.86 Laidlaw dates the pavements to the Republican-early Augustan period. The baths in
the rear part of the building were added in the Augustan era, a period when most of the
decorations were made.87
81The investigation was made in collaboration with Marinella Antolini and Valentina Befani, Universita di
Napoli L’Orientale. The house is studied within Progetto Regio VI. For documentation regarding samples CM1-
CM11, see appendix.82
Franklin 1990, 45.83
Laidlaw 259-60; Eschebach 1993, 341f.84
Antolini et al. 2007, 9.85
Befani et al 2011, 462f.86Franklin 1990, 21.
87Befani et al. 2011, 461; Franklin 1990, 60.
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First style decoration remains in room q and r , which opens into corridor p that leads from the
atrium to back garden. This was originally a single room with walls of limestone and lava
rubblework. Traces of a yellow socle, under two rectangular black horizontal drafted panels
are preserved on the east wall of room r , and the decoration continues into room q behind a
later crosswall.88 Directly above the panels there is a projecting string course with a green
fascia and a white bottom edge; its crowning moulding is lost. In cubiculum m, at the west
side of fauces opening onto the atrium, Laidlaw mentions possible traces of a First style
pattern in the undercoat beneath a later redecoration. Mau noted a recessed red socle below a
flat white upper wall in the room in front of the baths but no traces of this structure remain.
Paintings with mythological motifs in the Third style have been observed in various rooms,
among these in exedra z , where the massacre of the Niobids was represented on the north
wall.89 This painting was, according to Richardson, the work of an artist called the Triclinium
painter.90 Further motifs in the bath area, made in a different artistic style, depicting Perseus
and Andromeda, The Punishment of Dirce, and Polyphemus and Galatea, suggest these were
works of the so called Boscotrecase painter.91 A painting with mausoleum, temples and
porticoes against a marine landscape, was recorded on an aquarelle of an anonymous artist.92
Plasters and phases
Eleven samples were obtained from a few selected areas on walls in room c, m, r , and q.
Later, four fragments found in rooms l and c, were sampled as well. Approximately 1000
fragments of wall paintings had been found during excavations, and these had been divided by the archaeologists into two nuclei based on typology and decoration.93 The objective of
sampling some fragments was to understand if there was a relation to plasters still in situ and
if there was any difference between the plasters in the two nuclei.
Four samples were obtained in room c. The first, CM1, was removed from a yellow socle at
the west wall. The plaster with its clean white lime and many-coloured large grains belongs to
group E, connected with the Third style. Sample number two, CM2, was obtained at the north
wall from the first layer which was covered with a later decoration. The plaster on the earlier
layer belongs to group A. It is a distinct “black and white” plaster, with clean white lime and
lots of black grains and crystals. The aggregate with its small, rounded grains and the
presence of some grey and brown are indicative of subgroup Aa. Samples 3 and 4 from layers
at the North and south walls respectively, belong to group E.
Sample number six, CM 6, removed from a yellow decoration in room r , trapped behind a
later cross-wall is compatible with CM2, group Aa. There is a difference; CM2 has slightly
88Laidlaw, 259f.
89Franklin 1990, 21. The paintings are dated to between 20BC-AD37.
90Richardson 2000, 40.
91
Richardson 2000, 39.92Pompei 1748-1980, 135.
93Befani et al. 2011, 464f.
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larger grains and a mixture of grains of volcanic materials plus crystals or pyroxenes, while
CM6 is of a type that occasionally appears as top layer; it has an aggregate consisting almost
completely of pyroxenes. Samples CM2 and CM6 belong to the same decoration period,
group A, subgroup Aa.
ResultsTo sum up, three plaster types were found in Casa del Marinaio, two of which belong to the
First style and one representing the Third, confirming archaeological and stylistic
interpretations. The first decoration phase in room c and room q was made in the First style
and later redecorated in the Third style. The remains of decorations in room m and room q,
belong to the Third style. The fragments investigated had plasters that belong to group Aa;
sometimes distinctly type CM6 and sometimes with characteristics of CM6 as well as CM2.
All plasters are of high quality; well composed and well mixed. Those of the First style have
clean white lime with only few lime lumps while the samples of the Third had white lime
with some larger lumps.
Fig.48. Casa del Marinaio. View from the atrium towards fauces and the entrance.
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Regio VIII: The Temple of Venus
The plateau on which the temple of Venus is erected is situated at a close distance of the
former harbour of Pompeii, at the exit of the river Sarno and facing the golf of Naples.94
Usually, the temple is regarded as dated to the foundation of the Roman colony, the goddess
being the patroness of the city Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. Excavations made
in the last decade show that the Sanctuary is much older: the Temple is in fact created at an
area sacred since the archaic period.95 The earliest structures of pappamonte found underneath
the temple date back to the 5th century BC. After a period of abandon, noted at many
excavations, there was a new intense construction period in the late 3rd and early 2nd
centuries.96 Archaeological finds show the archaic building was a sanctuary, possibly to
Venus Fisica, related to the Oscan culture. At the end of the 2nd century the temple stood on a
platform and was surrounded with a building, presumably a portico. At this level fragments of
a First style ceiling were found, indicating the building was roofed.97
In the late Augustan-early or Tiberian time there was a new period of construction and
reconstructions. When foundations and standing structures collapsed due to the earthquake of
62 BC, main part of the area was demolished and foundations made for buildings in a new
project was never finished.
Three fragments of wall painting found in structures sealed by a later paving at the destruction
level of a 3rd century edifice, and one fragment at a level unknown during the excavation
campaign in 2005 were sampled and analysed.
Results
Two of the fragments have plasters that belong to group 0 and two have plasters that belong
to group A. Both plaster types are of high quality; the lime is clean and with few lime lumps,
the proportions between lime and filler are good as is the mixture of large and small grains.
94The fragments investigated were sampled during the on-going excavation in 2005, and investigation made as
collaboration with the Director, prof. Emmanuele Curti, University of Matera. For documentation on samples
Venus1-Venus4, see appendix.95
Curti 2008, 47ff.96Coarelli 2008, 174; Pesando 2008, 159ff; Pucci et al 2008, 229.
97Curti 2008, 55.
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Regio IX
IX 3, 5/24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Fig. 49. Casa di Marcus Lucretius, plan with indications of trenches and sampling spots.
The large house of Marcus Lucretius is located in the centre of Pompeii at the Via Stabiana,
an area with natural elevations.98 House number 24 is one of the oldest buildings in the insula,
its façade in opus quadratum and the inner walls in opus africanum.99 Even older structures of
a pre-existing building, ashlars of pappamonte, were found during excavations at the highest
levels in the north part of the plot.100 Several re-building periods have been noted, the latest of
which was in the 1st century AD, when the house was re-decorated with Fourth style
paintings. An over-all adornment program was used for colours as well as mythological
themes, of which motifs representing Dionysos, wine and theatre were dominating. Many
central paintings were removed after excavation in 1847. Those that remain in situ are badly
decayed. Maiuri describes this as a noble house with beautiful decorations.101
98The investigation was made in collaboration with the Director, prof. Antero Tammisto, University of Helsinki.
For documentation regarding samples ML1-ML16, see appendix.99
Castrén, Tammiisto 2008, 333.100Castrén, Tammisto 2008, 331.
101Maiuri 1955, 57f.
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Among the themes depicted in triclinium 16 are Hercules and Omfale, flanked by scenes
representing victories of Dionysos and in the side fields of each wall are paintings of Psyches
and putti.102 In room 25, the exedra or summer triclinium to the right of the peristyle, there
were, according to Schefold, painted putti, little boys playing, Amor with quiver and floating
figures.103 The decoration was made on a white background. Only fragments showing vines
with putti harvesting grapes and little boys playing remain.104
In room 21, the exedra behind the peristyle, there are paintings representing Apollo and
Daphne, which Richardson attributes to the Iphigenia painter, an artist who also made the
similar decoration in Casa dei Dioscuri.105 When all rooms were redecorated, the decorations
of the First and Second styles were torn down and found fragmented, in pits in different areas,
during recent excavations.
Plasters and phases The plaster investigation usually starts by taking a microscopic sample from a decoration that
is supposed to represent the earliest phase within the building. In Casa di Marcus Lucretius
the procedure was different; some fragments of wall paintings found in trenches AA, BB, BC
and BD were the first to be sampled and studied. The question posed was if it would be
possible to determine to which styles these fragments belong. Only later, the walls in room 25
were sampled too. One question posed was if the plaster could be ascribed to the Third style
as sometimes has been suggested, or in the Fourth style.106
Results
5 fragments have plasters that belong to group A, subgroup Aa, indicating plasters used for
early First style decorations. As in most cases regarding the First style, there is a high-quality
plaster, well balanced, well mixed. It contains particles of different sizes, although most are
very small. The clean white lime contains only few lime lumps. In some case, a sample has
more lime, but the fillers are of the same kind; mainly small grains, angular and rounded and
with a lot of crystals.
2 fragments have plasters that belong to group B, used for late First style and early Second
style decorations. Most particles are rounded, there are few crystals and the average grain size
is large. The lime is clean, slightly beige, with lime lumps. There is a lack of small grains. 1
fragment has a plaster that belongs to group F, used for Third style decorations. The aggregate
is many-coloured and contains lots of crystals, mixed into clean white lime with some lumps.
The fragment fell apart due to decomposing lime. 4 fragments have plaster that belongs to
102Tammisto, Kuivalainen 2008, 89-99.
103Schefold 1957, 250.
104
Tammisto, Kuivalainen 2008, 100.105Richardson 2000, 130.
106Tammisto, Kuivalainen 2008, 80.
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group G, indicating the Fourth style. All of the plasters in group G were frail. The lime was
unclean and the aggregate consisted of a variety of crushed materials.
The earliest plaster in room 25 belongs to group F. Both samples have the same kind of lime
and filler as the fragment in the same group, but the plaster in situ is in a better condition.
Two samples in the room have plasters of the last phase, group H. It is a paler type of reused
plaster, containing crushed materials in a relatively clean lime. In this case, the reused
materials seem to be a “Third style- plaster”, and the lime is of a mediocre quality. The
fragments belonged to decorations of the First, early Second, Third and Fourth styles. The
plasters sampled in situ corresponded with the fragments’ plasters of the Third style, and the
redecoration or repair was made in the Fourth style.
Fig.50. Casa di Marcus Lucretius. Room 25, west wall.
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Fig.51. To the left: Room 112, west wall.
Fig.52. To the right. View from room 109 into room 112.
The objective of taking a few samples in two rooms was to see with which period the plasters
correspond.107 Decorations in the Third style were identified by Schefold. In room 19,
triclinium, there was a late 3rd style decoration representing Triptolemos and Ceres,
Prosperina and Terra, and at the east wall a painting of Bacchus and Ariadne.108
Results
Sampling was made in room 109 and 112. In both rooms, the first layer of plaster belongs to
group E and the last decoration to group H, indicating the rooms were decorated in the Third
and redecorated in the Fourth style.
The plaster in group E is made of clean white lime with filler of many-coloured large grains
and few crystals. There is, as always in this group, a lack of small grains. In room 112 the first
layer applied, the rough layer is slightly sandy but the next one is of a good quality, covered
with a 3 mm stucco layer. Plaster in group H is a typical reused plaster with the inclusion of
crushed materials. The aggregate has a variety of grain sizes but the lime seems to be of
mediocre quality, since the plaster is frail and falling apart. Plaster analyses confirms that
some decorations in the house were made in the Third style. In the two rooms sampled,
redecoration or repair was made in the Fourth style.
107
The investigation was made in collaboration with the Director, prof. Antero Tammisto, University of Helsinki. For documentation regarding samples Pap1-Pap5, see appendix.108
Schefold 1957, 251.
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Insula V 1, plasters and phases: a study within the study
Introduction
When the present study was planned, a joint decision was made between me and Anne-Marie
Leander Touati, to integrate the vast plaster collection of the Swedish archaeological research
project into the present system.1 The objectives were defined: the already carefully studied
plaster samples in insula V 1 could be used to corroborate or falsify the bearing of my results
and, all samples might be assembled into one system, one common data base. Further, the
opportunity of testing the method in buildings all over the site was offered, and most of the
regions at Pompeii would be included in the study.
Plaster analysis was part of the Swedish program ever since the project started in 2000.2 As
responsible for the plaster analyses, I was instructed by restorer Reinhard Mayer Graft in the
method he had created within the German project Häuser in Pompeji. Casa degli Epigrammi
Greci was the object of study during the weeks we rapidly and carefully sampled most rooms
in the house in order to have a complete chronology before he left. Sampling and studies
continued in 2001 when conservator Carin Pettersson was my assistant. The following year,
in 2002, she took over the obligation for the Swedish plaster investigation. Therefore, it was
assumed, the basic principles of investigation would make possible this kind of joint study.
The fundamental conditions will be examined in the section Discussion and Conclusions. As I
had no personal experience of the excavations in insula V 1, the documentation presented as
annual plaster reports were handed over to me as guidance. The design of the Swedishdocumentation, handed over to me, is briefly described below.
The reports consist of two parts, Plaster analyses and Photo enclosure. Plaster Analyses
begins with a general introduction on the methods used, succeeded by descriptions of
reference samples found in the house. The earliest plaster is labeled Plaster type A, followed
by reference identification and the place where the plaster type was initially sampled. To give
an example, the earliest plaster in the Caupona belongs to group A, the reference is 12F5, it
was found in room d , north wall, h. 0.83, 0.06 from NW corner. The plaster is thoroughly
described under the following headings: Lime, Filler , and Overall impressions. In the
Caupona there are nine reference plasters plus two kinds of mortar. After the plaster
descriptions are Room descriptions, in which each wall and the relative chronology of plaster
layers observed are described, as well as an indication on the number of samples and the
tables (lists) in which the samples are registered. Next is a plan of the house with indications
1My gratitude goes to Margareta Staub Gierow who introduced me to the site of Pompeii and its history and for
the valuable comments that eventually led to this text; to Anne-Marie Leander Touati for fruitful discussions and
support. It was a pleasure to collaborate with Thomas Staub, and I was happy to discuss some problems in Casa
di Caecilius Iucundus with Renée Forsell and Arja Karivieri. Carin Pettersson made a great job with the
identification of the many plasters types in the vast plaster collection at insula V 1.2Plaster analysis was launched by field director Margareta Staub Gierow who was familiar with the method
from the German project Häuser in Pompeji.
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of sampling spots using a colour code. Last is the List of reference samples. The list contains
information on where to find the sample (chest, container and box), where it was sampled
(room, wall, location) the order of layer, plaster description, plaster type and phase. The order
or layer is indicated as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd layer, small remain, or spoil. Plaster type and Phase
always have the same designation; Type A = Phase A, Type B = Phase B etc. Under the
heading Remarks are indications such as UP (under-plaster), FP (fine-plaster) FP red (fine-
plaster with red fine-plaster). In the Photo enclosure are photos of each wall with indications
of sampling spots.
A concordance table of plaster types/phases in the houses investigated was prepared by
Pettersson at the time the joint project started. This table has been useful because, although
the types/phases were organized in groups with the same labeling, these by and large, were
chronologically sorted according to “styles”.
The documentation described above and the reference samples constitute the basic material of
the present investigation. I have relied on the information handed over and my own
observations of samples made under the microscope. Therefore, the layout of sections that
describe each house in insula V 1 was made differently to the sections in the main part of the
study. The principle is that reports’ results are presented as an entrance to the description of
the house. Next are my reconstructions of the stratigrapies as these appear in the reports. Then
follows my results of the inspections of samples and the plasters are placed into groups, and
finally there is in each house, a concordance between the earlier and the present results, and a
concluding discussion on the results.A distinction between the earlier documentation and the present study is made in the
schedules too. Each schedule starts with the information available in the annual reports,
followed by my microscope observations. The plasters and contexts in the insula are
described house by house, beginning with Casa degli Epigrammi Greci, where I had first hand
knowledge of the context, and then in the order of house number, starting with V 1, 13 and
concluding with V 1, 26.3
The houses, rooms and walls are photographed and can be studied at the home-page of the
Swedish Pompeii Project, www.pompejiprojektet.se/insula.php
3
House V1 7 Casa del Torello and Taberna V 1, 24 are of course part of the insula but not part of thiscomparative study. Therefore they are presented in connection with the main investigation.
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Fig.53. To the left: The peristyle towards room k .
Fig.54. To the right: Detail of painting, room y, east wall.
Casa degli Epigrammi Greci is composed of at least two original buildings maybe fused at the
time of the Roman colony when the house received its Second style decoration. 4 The house
probably incorporated part of a property in the north-east sector of the insula. There are some
areas with remains of First style plasterwork. A small section of a stucco cornice is preserved
at the top of the long wall in the peristyle, the boundary wall towards the north house of Casa
di Caecilius Iucundus V 1, 23. Mau already describes traces of a projecting string course and
some guttae, a part of a First style Doric frieze.5 Another relatively large fragment is visible
on the east wall of room m, where a piece of plaster was trapped behind the later constructed
south wall.
Presumably the house was decorated in the Second style, repaired with minor changes, and
redecorated in the Fourth.6 To the earlier period belong the decorations in the triclinium m and
the paintings with epigrams in room y facing the peristyle, both thoroughly described by Mau
and copied by Presuhn.7 Interesting for the topics of this study is Beyen’s description of the
building materials and in particular the rough walls of incertum rubble and coarse mortar of
triclinium m, commenting on the low quality of the mortar under the Second style decoration.8
4Staub Gierow 2005, 146; Beyen 1960, 200.
5Laidlaw 1985, 105; Mau 1900, 65.
6
Eschebach 1993, 125f; Strocka 2008, 306.7Beyen 1960, 204.
8Beyen 1960, 201.
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To the Fourth style belong a number of decorations. In exedra o were paintings, attributed to
the so called Iphigenia Painter, showing Mars and Venus, Danae on Zefyros, and Ariadne
Abandoned, the later faintly visible and recorded on a drawing by Presuhn. 9 The peristyle had
a decoration, showing a silen and wild animals.10
Plasters and phases
Casa degli Epigrammi Greci is the house where restorer Reinhard Mayer-Graft instructed me
how to use his method to study and define plasters in Pompeii. In 2002 only minor changes
had been made in Mayer-Graft’s work; there were eight identified plaster types representing
phases within the Four Pompeian styles. Having first-hand experience of context and
sampling spots, I have chosen to exploit the documentation from 2001.11 Later investigations
performed by Carin Pettersson led to the addition of four new plaster types (12A8, 12A7,
12A1, 10F2).12
Sampling began along the south wall in room i, the peristyle, the boundary wall towards V 1,
23. The earliest plaster on the wall, and in the house, was type 1B2, group Aa, found at a
spolium in the wall, and partially covered by next phase, a small area of plaster type 1G11,
group Ab. Plaster type 1A12, group B, was found as the first layer at many areas of the wall,
indicating it might have been the first decoration phase on the wall, later covered by 1A13,
group F. The columns were initially plastered with type 1B8, group C, indicating Second
style, and later redecorated with plaster type 1C3, group G used at the very last days of
Pompeii. The red decoration at the west wall near the entrance to room m’ was made on plaster 1G8, group G. Room b, atrium provided plaster type 2C1, group E, where it covered
the earlier type 1A12, and in turn was covered by 1A13, group F. Repairs at the entrance to
the tablinum were made with type 1C3, group H. The fact that type 1B2 was a spolium and
1G11 only found at a very limited area was unsatisfactory and raised questions. 1B2 was later
found at several areas in the northeast sector of the house, previously part of the Caupona, but
1G11 was preserved only at a few places and at limited areas. All decorated walls in room y
have been restored and are therefore not possible to sample. Plaster type 1A12 was found at
one spot at the east wall, the boundary wall towards the street and as a spolium in the south
wall above the entrance. At the sampling areas in connection to the wall decoration was a late
plaster indicating a repair, presumably connected with modern restoration. Above room y is a
walled up window facing the street, in which are remains of plaster type 1B2, group Aa. The
same kind of plaster was identified at the façade outside room y.
9Richardson 2000, 130.
10
Richardson 2000, 151.11The results of the present investigation are presented in the schedules in the appendix.
12C. Pettersson, Rapport Putsanalyser Epigrammi Greci, V 1, 18, 2002-2005.
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Additional samples
Plaster types A2, A1 and A0, were later found at excavation of the peristyle. According to
Staub Gierow, a strip of plaster representing the oldest plaster type was found in the peristyle
just above the ground below the elevation made around 120 BC.13 The plaster belongs to a
decoration that presumably was made some time between 200 and 120 BC. In Pettersson’s
description, the “black and white plaster” labelled A0 was removed from a plaster layer at the
south wall roughly 40 cm below the present ground level. Further, a fragment with two plaster
layers was found in the garden, the upper of which was type 1B2 with hack-marks, and the
lower was type A0. Three spolia in the fountain base situated in the middle of the garden
provided two more samples of type A and the third a plaster labeled type A1.14 The first layer
on the wall south of the fountain base, that is the south wall of the peristyle, was type 1B2,
indicating there were early built structures in this area as well as in the north sector.
The new types occurred also in room x, previously part of the Caupona. On the west wall was
a plastered area consisting of three layers – a first layer of A2 covered by two layers of type
A. There were also spolia which provided types A0, A1 and A. The next decoration phase in
the room was represented by plaster type 1B8, connected with the Second style.
Results
According to my results, the early plaster types discussed above (A0, A1 and A2) belong to
group A, subgroup Aa, which is in fact a very early plaster and the dating fits perfectly with
plaster type 1B2 and other plasters in subgroup Aa. The minor variations between samplescan be explained as due to the plastering technique.
The distribution of plasters in the house shows that the earliest phase, represented by type
1B2, was associated to rooms in the north-eastern sector of the building and at the eastern
façade. The plaster type also appeared along the west wall of room m, trapped behind the later
constructed south wall. Type 1A12, linked to late First and early Second style decorations,
found at regular distances along the boundary wall towards the house of Caecilius Iucundus
was the plaster used for the original decoration of the peristyle wall. A general redecoration of
the house was made in the Third style (plaster types 2C1 and 1A13). Finally, most rooms
were redecorated or repaired in the Fourth style with plasters of type 1C3 and 1G8, both
belonging to the last period of Pompeii.
Two plaster types in this house, 1B2 and 1G11, have been analyzed at CNR/ICVBC in
Florence as part of my study with focus on early plasters. These were the first of the kind that
I became acquainted with, and therefore have been of great importance. The differences
between the plasters were obvious at ocular inspection. Laboratory analyses confirm these
belong to group A, subgroups Aa and Ab respectively.
13Staub Gierow 2008, 95.
14Pettersson, report 2005, 21.
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All plasters, in this house are of good quality, well balanced and well mixed, except for 1A12,
which has large lime lumps, a characteristic common for plasters in group B. It was
interesting to see that Beyen made a note of the low quality of the mortar under the Second
style decoration in triclinium m.
Concordance tableC. Pettersson Plaster type A. Freccero
1st
style, type/phase A2 12A8 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase A1 12A7 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase A0 12A1 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase A 1B2 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase B 1G11 Group A (Ab)
2nd
style, type/phase C 1A12 Group B
2n
style, type/phase D 1B8 Group C
2nd
style, type/phase D2 10F2 Group C
3
rd
style, type/phase E 2C1 Group Ethstyle or late 3
rdstyle, type/phase F 1A13 Group F
thstyle after 62, type/phase G 1C3
tstyle after 62, type/phase H 1G8 Group G
1C3 Group H
Fig 55. Room y, east wall. Detail of the decoration with remains of a Greek epigram.
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Stratigraphies according to documentation
Room a Room b Room d,e Room d Room e Room e Room e
----12G2 -----12E7 ----12D5 -----12D2 -----12D2 -----12D2 ---12E7----12D5 -----12D5 ----12F5 ----12F12 -----12E7 -----12D5 ---12D5
----12D5 -----12D5 -----12F5 ---12F5 -----12F5
Façade
---13D1---12F5
The Caupona is considered to have some of the most ancient structures in the insula.15 The
north-west part of the building with walls in opus quadratum and opus africanum, is older
than the 2nd century BC. Originally the house extended further into the south-east, a space that
was later occupied by Casa degli Epigrammi Greci. 16
Plasters and phases
The reference samples were observed under the microscope and compared to relevant samples
from insula V1 and other buildings at the site. Below they are placed into the groups of the
present system.17
Group A: 12D5, 12F5, 12G11, 12G8, 13D1.
Group E: 12E7, 12G2.
Group G: 12D2, 12F12.
Plaster types 12F5 and 12D5 appear in stratigraphy in room c, d , and e, 12D5 in all cases as
the second layer. These layers represent a plastering technique and therefore belong to the
same group.18
Room f is particular and a discussion is required. Four different plaster types of the early
period were found in the room and at its façade. At the north and east walls were areas of
15Leander-Touati 2008, 122f.
16Leander-Touati, 2010, 113.
17To keep samples together in the database, the label Cau, indicating Caupona, was used, e.g. sample 12D5 is
there named Cau 12D518The schedules are presented in the Appendix, arranged in chronological order starting with plasters in group
A.
12F5 - A
13D1 - B12D5 - C
12G8 - D12G11 - E
12G2 - F
12E7 - G
12F12 - H
12D2 - I
Plaster types/phases as presented in C. Pettersson, Rapport. Putsanalyser. Caupona V 1, 13,
Pompeji 2006, Stockholms Universitet, Svenska Institutet i Rom.
Nine plaster types were identified in the Caupona. Each type is represented by a referencesample, labeled A-I, where A represents the earliest and I the latest.
Eight stratigraphic variations were found. Two plaster types, 12G8 and 12G11, appear as single
layers.
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plaster type 12F5, indicating it was remnants of the original decoration. Remains of the same
kind of plaster were found behind the hearth and as spolia in the south wall. Plaster type
12G11, was sampled only at one area in the room, on the north wall trapped behind the east
wall. As the east wall was decorated with type 12F5, plaster 12G11 could not be later; it must
belong to the same period or to an earlier phase. Therefore it seems odd to designate the
plaster to a later period, type/phase E. Yet another plaster type, 13D1, described as “1B2
surplus lime” was found at the east wall, where it was mentioned as “going behind the wall
structure”.19 On the plan the “wall structure” rather seems to be some kind of construction at
the east wall.20 Further, two plaster types were found at the façade, that is, the exterior side of
the north wall in room f . One was a stratigraphy of 12F5 and 13D1 explained as “goes into
the wall, on f -side”. On the plan it is indicated as found on the other side of the wall, not
towards room f , but towards room x in Casa degli Epigrammi Greci. Plaster type 12G8 was
found at a “layer that goes into the wall” at the façade outside room f , further west along the
street, apparently in a walled up former entrance to the house.
All the plasters noted in room f have fine-grained filler with rounded and angular grains,
many of which are black, brown, grey, and a few pale yellow or ochre, plus many black
crystals and a relatively beige lime. 12F5, 12D5, 12G11 are very similar, and belong to the
same group. They have characteristics of group 0 as well as group Aa. 13D1 is similar too,
but has more lime which gives another impression. In my opinion, 13D1 is the top layer of
12F5. The plaster samples belong to the same decoration period.
In room d , a plaster of type 12D5 was the earliest phase, found at the north wall. It wascovered by a hacked layer, type 12F12, which in turn was sealed behind the last plaster type,
12D2 (group G), used for the final redecoration of the room. The indentations on layer 12F12
indicate it was a decoration layer, most probably related to 12D5. 12D5 is very similar to the
early plasters mentioned above and in particular to group 0 plasters in Casa delle Amazzoni.
On the other hand, brown, fine-grained plasters also occur in group G, and with no firsthand
information on the context, and no other samples branded the same way, it is difficult to say
whether this plaster belongs to group 0 or group G. Microscope studies of other samples
named 12D5 and 12F12, or laboratory analyses would provide an answer.
Plasters of type 12G2 and 12E7 were found at the west sector of the building, towards the
shop area and Via di Vesuvio. These belong to group E, used in the Third style.
19Sample EG 1B2 refers to the earliest phase in Casa degli Epigrammi Greci and it belongs to group A,
subgroup Aa. “Surplus lime” indicates the plaster has a higher percentage of lime than the average EG 1B2.
Much lime usually indicates the last plaster layer, sometimes functioning as the preparation for painting but is
usually the ultimate layer before stucco was applied.20For whom has not studied the sampling area, the photo of the sampling spot does not resolve the question
whether this is a construction at the wall or a remnant of a wall.
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Results
There are minor variations among the early plasters, some of which might belong either to
group 0 or group A, subgroup Aa. The only ways of attributing these plasters with certainty to
one of the groups would be by the correlation of plasters and wall structures and by laboratory
analyses. In this house, the total absence of communication combined with the lack of
laboratory research, excludes a precise identification of these plasters – however, they belong
to the very early period.
To sum up, there are remnants of the original decoration in all rooms and at the façade.
During the period of the Third style, the rooms at the front part of the house were redecorated.
Plasters related to the Fourth style were used for redecoration and repair in room a and in
other rooms during the late period after the earthquake in AD 62. The early plasters, although
beige, are of a good quality, well composed and mixed. So are the brown plasters 12F12 and
12D2. Those in group E contain many lime lumps.
Concordance tableC. Pettersson Plaster type A. Freccero
1st
style, type/phase A 12F5 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase B 13D1 Group A (Ab)
2nd
style, type/phase C 12D5 Group A (Aa)
12G11 Group A (Aa)
2n
style, type/phase D 12G8 Group A (Ab)
2nd
or 3rd
style, type/phase E 12G11
3rd
style, type/phase F 12G2 Group E
4th
style, type/phase G 12E7 Group E4
thstyle after 62, type/phase H 12F12 Group G (?) (Aa?)
4t
style after 62, type/phase I 12D2 Group G
Fig 56. Caupona, room a, detail.
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
8H8 - A
8H4 - B
9A1 - C8H13 - D
9A6 - E
8K3 - F
8H1 - G
Plaster types/phases as presented in C. Pettersson, Rapport. Putsanalyser. Taberna 20-21,
Pompeji 2003, Svenska Institutet i Rom.
Seven plaster types were identified in the Taberna. Each type is represented by a reference
sample. The reference samples were labeled A-G, where A represents the earliest type/phase
and G the latest.
Four plaster types appear in three stratigraphic variations, as illustrated below.
Three plaster types, 8H4, 8H1, 9A6, appear as single layers.
Stratigraphies according to documentation
Room f room d room e
-----8H13 -----8K3 -----8K3
------9A1 -----8H8 -----9A1
Plasters and phases
The reference samples were observed under the microscope and compared to relevant samples
within insula V1 and from other buildings at the site.29 Below they are placed into the groups
of the present system.30
Group A: 8H4 and 8H8.
Group D: 9A1.
Group E: 8H13and 8K3.Group G: 8H1.
Group H: 9A6.
Results
Plaster type 8H4 and 8H8, were found as first layers on the same walls in room a and b. They
do not appear in chronological relation. The plasters belong to group A, subgroup Aa. This
plaster type was found as small remains on most walls in the building. 8H8 appeared in
stratigraphy at one area in room d , where it was covered by type 8K3 which belongs to group
E. Room e and f were contemporaneously decorated with a plaster that is connected with theearly Third style, type 9A1, group D. This phase was either covered with plaster type 8H13,
often with preserved paint layer, or by plaster type 8K3; both plaster types belong to group E.
At the very end, the large shop area, room a, was redecorated in the Fourth style on plaster
type 8H1.
29
The schedules presented in the Appendix have been arranged in chronological order starting with plasters ingroup A.30
In the database, the label Tab, indicating Taberna, has been used, e.g. sample 8H8 became Tab 8H8.
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To conclude, there were few decoration periods in this house. After the initial First style
decoration some rooms were redecorated in the Third style (groups D, E) and finally there
were redecorations in the Fourth style in the late period of Pompeii.
The plasters in this house are generally of inferior standard, all with lime lumps.
Concordance tableC. Pettersson Plaster type A. Freccero
1st
style, type/phase A 8H8 Group A (Aa)
1st
style, type/phase B 8H4 Group A (Aa)
9A1 Group D
3rd
style, type/phase E 8K3 Group E
3r
or early 4t
style, type/phase C 9A1
3r
or early 4t
style, type/phase F 8H13 Group E
4th
style after 62, type/phase D 9A6
4th style, after 62, type/phase G 8H1 Group G9A6 Group H
Fig.57. Taberna 20-21 at Via Vesuvio.
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North House
Stratigraphies according to documentation
Rooms a, f , h, q room b room g room h’
Tab.22, tab. 24a --------4D4 -----4D8 ----4D3 -----4D4-------4E13 -----4D1 ----4D1 -----4D1
Room i room i, tab.24b rooms k , p room q
-------4D4 -----4D3 ------4D4 -----4G1-------4D3 ----4E13 ------4D3 -----4E13------4E13
The two properties that constitute the large domus of Caecilius Iucundus, situated along Via
Vesuvio in the central section of insula V 1, were contemporaneously built, the rubble walls
indicating at a later date than Casa del Torello.31 The North House probably was annexed in
the Iulio-Claudian period, when the building received its Third style decoration. It has been
suggested that the atrium was decorated in the Third style contemporaneously with the atrium
in V 1 26.32
Plasters and phases
The reference samples were observed under the microscope and compared to samples within
insula V1 and from other buildings at the site. 33 These are now placed into groups according
to the present system.34
Group 0: 5K1.
Group A: 4D1, 4D8, 13C10.
Group B: 4E13.
Group D: 4G5.
Group F: 4D3, 4D4.
Group H: 4G1, 8A1.
31Leander-Touati 2010, 111.
32Karivieri 2005, 150.
33
The schedules are presented in the appendix, arranged in chronological order starting with group A.34In the database, the label CaeN, indicating Caecilius Iucundus North house, was used, e.g. sample 4D1 became
CaeN 4D1.
13C10 -
A0
4D1 - A
4D8 - B5K1 - C
4E13 - D
4G5 - E
4D3 - F
4D4 - G4G1 - H
8A1 - I
Plaster types/phases as presented in C. Pettersson, Rapport. Putsanalyser. Annexet V 1, 23,
Pompeji 2002-2006, Stockholms Universitet, Svenska Institutet i Rom.
Ten plaster types were identified in the North House of Caecilius Iucundus. Each type isrepresented by a reference sample. The reference samples were labeled A0-I, where A0
represents the earliest type/phase and I the latest.
Six plaster types appear in eight different stratigraphies, as illustrated below.
Four plaster types, 13C10, 5K1, 4G5 and 8A1, appear as single layers.
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Ambiguities regarding the correlation between some wall structures in corridor d’ and the
plaster types 13C10, 4D4 and 5K1 has been given a particular interest.
Plaster 13C10 was found in room d’ , a corridor dated to the fusion of South and North Houses
of Caecilius Iucundus.35 Citing Karivieri and Forsell, “At the floor level of the doorway,
remains of the earlier wall plaster was found where the entrance had been cut through an
earlier coating; the wall plaster can be placed among the plasters of the early second style in
the relative chronology within our insula”. The plaster type discussed is 4E13 which is
connected with the First and early Second style. Then, “…in the centre of the trench, ca 20 cm
below the level of the doorway, we found remains of a cocciopesto floor which continued in
under the east wall of the corridor.” As far as I can understand, the floor continued into room
f , and it apparently was destroyed when the corridor was rebuilt. On the colour coded plan,
plaster type 4E13 is noted in room f too, indicating it was decorated in the Second style at the
same time as the corridor.
At the northern part of corridor d ’ is indicated remnants of an earlier plaster type, 4D1, which
belongs to group A, First style. The lower part of the west wall in the corridor was built
“…with spolia, bricks, reused stones and rubble. It was founded on a pre-existing wall with
remains of wall- plaster…” which was regarded as “…of an earlier date than any other in the
house-complex, that is, earlier than first-style decorations in our insula.”36 The corridor’s west
wall was in fact built upon an earlier wall in exactly the same position.37 The plaster type
found at this early wall, 13C10, was in close connection to 4D1. Sample 13C10 consists of
two layers, the inferior of which is of type 4D1, the top layer type 4D8. Wall plasters 4D1,4D8, and 13C10 belong to the same group, Ab. As a consequence, there are two early periods
in the corridor; plasters in group A (4D1, 13C10, 4D8), and group B (4E13).
An additional problem in corridor d’ regards plaster type 4D4 which was applied on the walls
at the time the perimeter wall was cut to create access between the two houses. This plaster
was not indicated on the Colour coded plan, not in the List of reference samples or in the
Room description.38 But in the List of Examined Plaster samples, plaster 4D4, type/phase G, a
reused plaster, (dated post 62) was registered at one area on the wall-remnants, below floor
level, at the entrance to Caecilius Iucundus V 1, 26.
Reference sample 4D4 has dubious characteristics and might be placed in group E, F or group
G, as explained in the schedule. Based on my own observations under the microscope, on
Pettersson’s documentation, and the fact that there were no notes of ambiguities or any
objections to placing the sample among reused plasters post 62, I placed the sample in group
G.39 Intense discussion on the matter and convincing archaeological evidence, made it
35Karivieri, Forsell 2008, 103-108.
36Karivieri, Forsell 2008, 103.
37Leander Touati 2008, 122f.
38
Pettersson report 2002-2006.39Plaster type 4D4 is significant in areas linked to the union of the two houses, such as the access between the
houses through corridor l’ , constructed at the same time as the entrance discussed above. The problem was that
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necessary to reconsider the situation, and to do some last-minute observations of nine
additional samples from particularly important areas in the house of Caecilius Iucundus.
As a result of these additional observations, regarding plasters below floor levels in corridors
d’ and l’ , wall plasters in the corridors and in rooms f , k , and b, show that the plasters below
floor level in the openings cut through the perimeter wall between the houses are of the same
type as 4E13 and belong to group B, that is, were made in the Second style. The problematic
plaster type 4D4 is a “dirty” variation of plaster type 4D3, which belongs group F, used for
Third and early Fourth style decoration.40 All samples observed except one have beige lime,
which together with the many small particles, might explain why they were placed in group
G.
The problem of reference sample 5K1 is different. It has all characteristics of early plasters; a
beige-brown appearance due to many very small size particles, but with filler that resembles
plasters in group Aa too. I considered plaster type 5K1 as either belonging to group 0 (zero)
or to group A, subgroup Aa, but in the report it had been considered a later plaster. There
were obscurities. When plaster type 5K1 was named, it had already been found at areas in the
north-east part of the complex, in rooms q and m, and after being labeled in room p it
occurred in room l , seemingly always as a spolium, on an ashlar or trapped between the
original wall structure and a later phase. The reason the plaster was labeled late was,
according to Pettersson, that it was different from other plaster, and to begin with, she did not
know how to label it. This kind of plaster became group 0 to me after seeing several of the
kind, always at indisputably early structures.Could such an early plaster exist in this part of the double-house of Caecilius Iucundus? The
house was built later than Casa del Torello in the south and the Caupona at the north sector of
the insula, according to studies of boundary walls.41 But, might there perhaps be some
remains of an earlier building in the north area? The question was posed to archaeologists
Arja Karivieri and Reneé Forsell. According to Forsell and Karivieri the walls where type
5K1 was found definitely belong to the oldest in the complex.42 It is therefore reasonable to
assume plaster type 5K1 belongs to the plasters in group 0.
A new problem occurred; the atrium b and tablinum e were presumed to be decorated, not
later than the mid-first century AD, with Third style paintings.43 According to Pettersson’s
plaster study, the last decoration of the atrium and tablinum was made on the above discussed
4D4, found below the floor level in corridor l’ , was considered to be later than the plaster used for the later wall
decorations, for which type 4D3 had been used. Another contradiction, in the report, 4D4 was noted as applied
on top of 4D3 in some rooms.40
The nine samples are not scheduled because at the time of observation the study was concluded and the layout
set. Samples 4I11, 11E2, 11E3 belong to group B. Sample 11E1 has characteristics of group A and B. Samples
5A12, 5B12, 4E1, 4K6 are of the same kind as 4D4. 4K7 has the same kind of filler but white lime and therefore
resembles 4D3.41
Leander-Touati 2008, 117ff.42Forsell, Karivieri, e-mail 2011-12-23.
43Karivieri 2005, 150.
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plaster type 4D4, described as a plaster with lots of reused material, such as crushed brick,
ceramics and ground plaster. As mentioned above, the reference sample 4D4 has unclear
characteristics that point to group E and F (many-coloured filler) and plasters in of group G
(many small particles, dirty appearance). There are, however, no traces of crushed materials in
any of the samples studied; it is just a dark plaster, not a clean and well-made product.
Another mystery is type 4G1, indicated as later than 4D4 in the report, but later transferred to
a position among Third style plasters. In my opinion, the plaster belongs to group H.
Fig.58. Plan of the double house of Caecilius Iucundus. Drawing : Ezequil Pinto-Guillaume.
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Results
Sample 5K1 was problematic because it mainly consists of grains and hardly has any lime at
all. In addition, it was wet by some product. To solve the problem, a few samples indicated as
type 5K1 were checked, e.g. 5I3, 5I7 and 5I9. Those were all similar, a brown plaster with
very fine-grained filler, resembling the earliest phase in Casa del Centauro CC5, and type
CA1, the earliest phase in Casa delle Amazzoni. This plaster type belongs to group 0.
Samples 4D1, 4D8, and 13C10, belong to group A. 4D8 which contains more lime is the top
layer of 4D1. 4E13 has characteristics of group A, B and E. Some larger beige and brown
grains, plus the archaeological statement that this plaster represents the early second style are
the main reasons for choosing group B, a group established at last minute observations of
other samples with this label. 4G5 has quite a specific kind of filler, consisting of mainly very
small sized crystals, typical only of group D. Sample 4D4 has characteristics of plasters in
group F (many colours, small grains), but also of groups G and H (“dirty” appearance).
Observations of additional samples made it possible to attribute this relatively dark plaster
type to group F, used for late Third and early Fourth style decoration. Plaster type 4D3 has the
same kind of filler but clean white lime and belongs to the same group. 4G1 and 8A1 belong
to a group of very late plasters.
To conclude, there are remains of plasters connected with the so called “stile zero”. The First
style and the early Second style are represented in most areas of the building. Re-decoration
of many rooms was to done in the period when the Third and early Fourth style was in vogue.
Some interventions were made during the late period of Pompeii. Most plasters are of goodquality, well composed and well mixed. The problematic ones are of lower quality. Many
problems and a lot of work would have been avoided if documentation had been more
accurate, inconsistences noted and problems discussed.
Concordance tableC. Pettersson Plaster Type A. Freccero
5K1 Group 0
First style, type/phase A0 13C10 Group A
First style, type/phase A 4D1 Group A
First style, type/phase B 4D8 Group AFirst or Second style, type/phase C 5K1
Second style, type/phase D 4E13 Group B
Third style, type/phase E 4G5 Group D
Third or early Fourth style, type/phase F 4D3 Group F
Fourth style after 62, type/phase G 4D4 Group F
Fourth style, type/phase H (moved to 3rd style) 4G1 Group H
Fourth Style, type/phase I 8A1 Group H
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Stratigraphies according to documentation
Room f, g, n Rooms l , t Room l Room l Room u Room t
-------9E6 -------11B1 -------11B1 ----11B1 -----11C9 ---11B1-----11C9 --------9E6 -----10H11 ------9E6 -----9D12 ---11C9
----9D12
Rooms q, r Room d Taberna 25 taberna 25 taberna 27--------9E6 ----11B1 -----9E6 ----10K8 ----12K2
------9D12 ------9D5 -----9D5 -----9D5 ----11C9
The large domus of the financier Caecilius Iucundus was richly decorated with marbles,
fountains, and impressive paintings dated to the Iulio-Claudian period and the Third style. 44
Most striking was the reception area towards Via Vesuvio. Renowned and often cited is theThird style decoration in tablinum i, datable to the Claudian or the Neronian period.45 Mau
refers to the decoration as maybe not the most beautiful but certainly a striking example on
the Third style.46 Richardson attributes the two central pictures with mythological motifs,
showing Iphigenia in Taurus and the Return of the corpse of Hector (?), to a third style artist
called the Cecilio Giocondo painter.47 The same artist, with a highly individual style, painted
the busts of satyrs and maenads and a maenad carrying an amorino. Contemporary with
tablinum i are the paintings in the adjacent corridor k .48
To the Forth style belong most decorations in this large house. Frequently mentioned is
triclinium o, north of the peristyle, decorated with mythological motifs. Above the socle with
festoons were popular motifs such as Theseus leaving Ariadne, mythological animals such as
griffons, sphinxes, centaurs, as well as masks and garlands, and a series of medallions with
portraits of female that Schefold thought might be priestesses.49 The medallions were,
according to Richardson, painted by the local artist today known as the Adone Ferito
44Leander-Touati 2010, 124.
45Schefold 1957, 66; Ehrhardt 1987, 101ff.; PPP II, 19; Strocka 2007, 307, 315.
46Mau 1900, 346.
47
Richardson 2000, 55.48Schefold 1957, 66.
49Schefold 1957, 67.
9D5 - A
9D6 - B
9D12 - C
10H11 - D11C9 - E
10K1 - F
11I7 - G9E6 - H
11B1 - I
10K8 - K
12K2 - L
Plaster types/phases as presented in C. Pettersson, Rapport. Putsanalyser. Caecilius Iucundus V
1, 26. Pompeji 2005. Svenska Institutet i Rom, Stockholms Universitet).
Eleven plaster types were identified in the South house of Caecilius Iucundus. Each type isrepresented by a reference sample. The reference samples were labeled A-L, where A represents
the earliest and L the latest. Also a hydraulic mortar, sample 12K3, was registered as plaster
type 1. It appeared as the first layer in taberna 25.
Eight plaster types were found in eleven stratigraphic variations as illustrated below.
Two plaster types, 11I7 and 9D6 appear as single layers.
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painter.50 An erotic symplegma in the peristyle was attributed to the Iphigenia painter, an
artist that made several paintings of the kind, among these three in the Casa del Centenario
and one in Casa del Bell’Impluvio.51 Room t , at the south end of the east portico was
decorated with paintings attributed to the Marco Lucretio painter.52 Themes in the room were
Hermaphroditos, Silenus, Mars and Venus.
Room d is the only room in the building that, at the upper zone, has preserved a substantial
part of its First style decoration, below which is a decoration in the Fourth style.53
According to documentation, rooms f, g, l, n, all have remains of First style plaster and were
later redecorated in the Third style.54 Ehrhardt mentions the decoration in the oecus l , the
present room u, where there are remains of Third style paintings.55 The room, situated to the
right of the tablinum, has a decoration which he regards similar to the triclinium decorations
in Casa del Bell’Impluvio and Casa del Frutteto.56 Based on stylistic analyses he dates those
in Casa del Bell’Impliuvio as the earlier, and maybe the model for the pictorial scheme in
room u in this house.57 A redecoration in the Third style was recognized in the PPP.58
Plasters and phases
Eleven reference samples were observed under the microscope and compared to samples
within insula V1 as well as from other buildings at the site.59 The samples are placed into
groups according to the present system.60
Group A: 9D5, 9D6, 9D12.
Group D: 11I7.Group E: 10H11, 11C9.
Group F: 9E6, 10K1, 11B1.
Group H: 10K8, 12K2.
50Richardson 2000, 99.
51Richardson 2000, 240f.
52Richardson 2000, 155.
53Laidlaw 1985, 105; PPP II, 18; Karivieri 2005, 150.
54Pettersson, report 2006.
55Forsell, personal communication, email 2012-03-05.
56Ehrhardt 1987, 103.
57Ehrhardt 1987, 139.
58PPP II, 18.
59
In the database, the label CaeS, indicating Caecilius Iucundus South house, was used, e.g. sample 9D5 becameCaeS 9D5.60
The schedules presented in the appendix are arranged in chronological order starting with group A.
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Results
The earliest plaster in the house, 9D5, was used for the cornice in room d . The lower part of
the room was redecorated with plaster type 11B1, group F, used for decorations in the Third
style and the early phase of the Fourth. Plasters of this kind were used in the Edifice of
Eumachia, for decoration of the tablinum in Casa del Bell’Impluvio and the triclinium of Casa
del Frutteto.
The plaster used in room l belongs to group F too. Ehrhardts observation that the black
triclinium in Casa del Bell’Impluvio may be earlier than the b lack triclinium in Casa del
Frutteto and room u in this house, is supported by plaster analyses; the triclinum plaster in
Casa del Bell’Impluvio belongs to group D, which is earlier in the relative chronology of that
house in which the tablinum decoration was made on plaster in group F, just as the triclinium
in Casa del Frutteto. The plasters identified in room t belong to group E, connected with the
Third style and F, used for late Third and early Fourth style. In room u there were plasters
only related to the First and the Third styles.
In tablinum i stylistic analyses correspond with the result of the plaster analyses; the
decoration was made on plaster type 10K1, group F, late Third/early Fourth style. Plaster
analyses further confirms that triclinium o and the flanking rooms were decorated in the
Fourth style.
To sum up, there are remnants of the original First style decoration in many rooms. An
extensive redecoration was made in the Third style and maybe in the early Fourth, as shown
by plasters in groups D, E, and F. Finally some redecoration and repair was made during thelater period of the Fourth style. The quality of the plasters examined show that the earliest
period and those in group D and F are of a good quality with few lime lumps, well composed
and well mixed. Plaster in group E and H have a bit too much lime and many lime lumps.
Concordance table
C. Pettersson Plaster type A. Freccero
1st
style, type/phase A 9D5 Group A
1st style, type/phase B 9D6 Group A
2nd
style, type/phase C 9D12 Group A
11I7 Group D
2n
style type/phase D 10H11 Group E
3rd
style, type/phase E 11C9 Group E
3rd
style, type/phase F 10K1 Group F
3rd
or early 4th
style, type/phase G 11I7
4th
or late 3rd
style, type/phase H 9E6 Group F
4t
style?, type/phase I 11B1 Group F
4th
style after 62, type/phase K 10K8 Group H
4th
style after 62, type/phase L 12K2 Group H
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Fig.59. Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, painting in the tablinum.
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The main objective for undertaking this study was to determine if it would be possible to
establish a relative chronology for decoration plasters valid from the archaic period to the last
days of Pompeii. A second motif was to understand if plaster analyses could be used as a
complementary tool for the dating of decoration layers even when the paintings have
vanished. In that case, a reference system would be needed to make it possible to use the
method for research in any building over the site. In addition, it would also be interesting to
know if the quality of craftsmanship was linked to a period in time or to workshops, and if the
plasters’ quality or the plastering technique has had importance for the preservation of
decorations, knowledge that might be used for choice of conservation substances and for the
preservation of excavated wall paintings. The questions posed will be treated in the order
presented above. Problems connected with method and the identification of samples will bediscussed and, finally, some suggestions on how to plan and use plaster investigations,
followed by the conclusions.
Most houses in this investigation are traditional atrium houses built in the period between the
2nd and the 1st centuries B.C, some even earlier. Some houses have intact structures of opus
quadratum and opus africanum and all have been rebuilt in later periods, as exposed on walls
in the different materials and techniques that were used. Houses in Regio VI and VII have
been excavated to the level of earlier construction periods, revealing walls of the so called
protocase, modest sized buildings with gardens of which there are substantial traces below the
standing structures visible today. Remains of older buildings have been found at excavations
of 3rd century destruction levels underneath the Temple of Venus too. Early structures in these
areas are generally dated to the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.
The houses in which sampling has been made are large or medium size private dwellings,
some of which have been enlarged while other remained relatively unchanged through
centuries. Connected to most houses are workshops, bars or other commercial spaces. A few
minor houses with workshops have been sampled as well. Therefore, large and significant
houses, modest ones and workshops are included in the study, providing a spectrum of
environments and material of different qualities. Missing in the present study are important
public buildings such as those around the Forum, buildings that were part of my previous
study. These buildings and the beautifully decorated houses in insula I 9, are registered in the
separate database.
The first questions to be answered were: Is it possible to establish a correlation between a
specific type of plaster and a specific period in time? Is a link between typology and
chronology valid within a single house or applicable to houses within the area of Pompeii?
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The first answer is yes, there is evidence plaster types are linked to specific periods in time. It
would, however, be a mistake to believe there is an absolute date for when one kind of plaster
was invented and when it was out of date: it is not possible to ascribe a plaster type to one
year and to exclude it from the next. Most probably there were some progressive persons who
were the first to adopt a new style while others preferred what they were accustomed to.
Therefore the painter chosen for an innovative decoration might work on the same kind of
plaster as contemporaneously used for traditional painting next door. A similar condition is
reasonable to assume in a plasterers’ or painters’ workshop; the plastering technique might be
developed or changed while the available components of the plaster were used until the
supply was finished, independently on style in vogue. Keeping such grey zones’ in mind, the
results regarding plasters, phases and styles will be discussed. Dating is approximate, and in
all cases based on archaeological or art historical interpretations or evidence.
Plasters, phases and styles
In 2005 some odd plasters turned up at early structures below the Temple of Venus, in Casa
del Centauro and Casa del Granduca Michele. They were not identical, but seemed to
represent phases prior to the refined plasters that are distinctive of the First style. The plasters
were of good quality but grey, beige or brown, which made me think it might be inclusions of
earth or clay in the lime. Laboratory analyses have shown the dark appearance was generally
not due to the presence of clay or earth, but caused by a large amount of very small size
particles in the filler. Laboratory analyses confirm these plasters belong to a separate group.
Since the plasters are found at levels chronologically earlier than the First style, another group
of plasters has been added, group 0, after Brun’s definition of stile zero. At the end of the
previous research period, there were indications of two kinds of plasters in group A, and that
these might be chronologically related. The present study has shown the group can be divided
into subgroups Aa and Ab.
Plasters used for Style Zero and First style decoration can be divided into three different
groups; 0, A and B. Group 0 contains plasters of the earliest period, stile zero, group A
contains plasters of the First style and group B plasters related to the late First and the early
Second style. There is a clear difference between these groups, which appear in chronological
order and therefore represent periods in time. The characteristics are as follows:
Group 0 contains plasters that are dark. The plaster is not dirty from soil, but its dark colour -
brown, beige or beige-grey - depends on the many very small size components in the filler.
Only occasionally there are inclusions of minor amounts of clay, mixed into the plaster.
Plasters in group 0 have been identified at the earliest levels in houses in region VI and VII, at
3rd century destruction levels below the Temple of Venus and at fragments of wall paintings
such as the fragment with a painted wave pattern, a onda, found during excavation of Casa
del Centauro.
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Group A contains plasters used for First style decoration. The plasters have a “black and
white” appearance, due to the many black particles and the white lime, with few and small if
any lime lumps. The filler of predominantly small grains contains a lot of crystals. Main part
of the particles is black, fragments of volcanic rock and pyroxenes. Group A has been divided
into sub-groups Aa and Ab. The main difference is the filler, which in group Aa is composed
of rounded and irregular black grains, more brown particles, and a larger amount of coloured
crystals than found in subgroup Ab, in which the filler almost exclusively consists of angular
and irregular black particles, many of which are long, black, broken crystals. The average
grain size of Ab is larger, due to the minor quantity of very small particles and the addition of
a few grains of larger size. Both plasters are well mixed and of a high quality, mostly still
hard. Stucco layers often have a thickness around 3-5 mm and occasionally, in important
spaces, 7-8 mm.
There is a relation between plasters in group 0, Aa and Ab. All have small grains and arecarefully made. There are few signs of shrinkage. Plasters in group 0 are dark because of the
great amount of very small particles. Plasters in group Aa have a similar kind of filler but not
the microscopic particles that make the plaster look dark. Therefore, a “dirty” sample of group
Aa may resemble a clean one in group 0. On the other hand, if a sample in group Aa has many
broken black crystals it might resemble those in group Ab. There is no similarity between
plasters in group 0 and Ab. As a principle, there are distinctive groups of early plasters with
clear characteristics that make possible a designation to one of the groups mentioned above.
In case there is some doubt archaeological, chronological, or stylistic aspects may offer
information that finally places the plaster into a group.
Group B contains plasters that belong to the later phase of the First style and the early Second
style as well. This kind of plaster has filler with large grains and a serious lack of small ones,
a composition that often leads to fissures and voids, or “airbags”, thereby making the plaster
frail. It is a “black and white” plaster too, with many black, grey and pale grey particles, but,
contrary to the earlier plasters, very few crystals. In general there is no problem to recognize a
plaster of group B; the many large grains are indicative.
Group C contains plasters used for Second style decoration. The plaster has filler of very
small grains and a few of medium size. It has many brown particles that give a warm
impression, and the lime is clean, white or slightly beige with few if any lime lumps. These
plasters are well composed and of high quality. Although they might slightly resemble other
small-grained plasters such as group Aa, D, and F, the ones in group C cannot, at closer
inspection, be confused with other plaster types.
Group D contains a particular, very fine-grained plaster of which the filler mainly consists of
crystals and few grains of volcanic material in only little lime, a combination which makes the
plaster look very dark. It is not a common plaster type, in fact, this kind of plaster has only
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been found in a few cases. It only resembles some top layers that sometimes occur at
decorations in prominent buildings, in which the main component is crystalline but then the
percentage of lime is high, which gives quite a different impression. There is no possibility to
confound plasters in group D with any other plaster.
Group E contains plasters used for Third style decoration in many private houses and public
buildings investigated. This is, together with group B, the only group with large-grained filler
and, due to the lack of small grains the samples often present fissures and voids or “airbags”.
The lime is generally clean and white, often with relatively large lime lumps. The filler is
composed of grains of a great variety of colours such as black, grey, beige, brown, ochre,
some of which are very large and shaped as beans. There are few crystals. A sample might be
not representative because there are few bright grains or if the layer is weathered and grains
have fallen. In such a case the plaster may resemble group B and E as well. In such a case, the
question is generally solved by a second sample that may contain particles of the missingtype.
Group F contains plasters used for Third and early Fourth style decoration. It is composed of
filler with many colours and lots of crystals mixed into clean white lime which often has few
small lime lumps. This kaleidoscopic plaster often is of very good quality. It has a
combination of large and small grains, which together with the many crystals separates it from
plasters in group E.
Group G contains plasters used for Fourth style decoration. These are dark plasters which
receive their colour of the many very small grains of angular shape and often reused
materials. Plasters of this kind are well composed with large and small grains but there are
many lime lumps as well, which makes it of inferior quality. If there is a stucco layer it is
generally thin and often contains cocciopesto.
Group H contains plasters used for repairs after the earthquake in AD 62. These plasters
contain reused materials of many kinds such as crushed plasters, glass, ceramics and marble,
mixed into quite a lot of lime that contains lime lumps which are often large. The components
of these plaster types vary due to the components in the reused plaster, which might be “black
and white” or many-coloured, but the low quality is always recognizable.
Finally there is group X, into which any other kind of sampled material, such as cocciopesto,
mortar, and opus graecanicum, have been placed.
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Fig.60. Plaster groups/types.Top line: Group 0: CA1, CC5. Group Aa: CM9, GM4.
Second line: Group Ab: V 3, 8, EG 1G11. Group B: CC2.
Third line: Group C: C2. Group D: BI6. Group E: CM4.
Bottom line: Group F: CA7. Group G: A2. Group H: Pap 5.
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Fig.61. Table of plaster groups, buildings, identified Pompeian styles and suggestions on dating according to
archaeological and ar historical sources. As to group zero, these plasters appear at levels of the 3rd century BC
and earlier.
Group House/building Identified decoration
motif
Period
0 Casa del Centauro
Casa delle Amazzoni
Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
Wave
Red socle
End of 4th c. BC
Earliest wall structure
A (Aa) Casa del Granduca Michele
Casa del Marinaio
Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Temple of Venus, below
1st style
1st style
c. 300 BC
late 3rd-early 2nd
century BC
earliest phase
3rd century BC
A (Ab) Casa del Granduca Michele
Casa del Centauro
Casa del Frutteto
Casa di Amarantus
1st style
1st style
1st style
c. 250BC
end of 3rd c. BC
2nd century BC
2nd century BC
B Casa del Centauro
Casa degli Epigrammi greci
Casa del Bell’Impluvio
Basilica, redecoration
Casa di Cerere
1st style
1st style
1st style
2nd style
2nd centuryBC
c.120 BC
c.120 BC
c. 120 BC
c. 120 BC
C Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Casa del Torello
Casa di Cerere
Casa del Bell’Impluvio
Temple of Jupiter
2nd style
2nd style
2nd style
2nd style
2nd style
c. 80-50 BC
c. 80-50 BC
c. 80-50 BC
D Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
Casa del Bell Impluvio
3rd style
3rd style
Early Augustan?
Early Augustan?
E Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
Casa del Marinaio
Casa del Frutteto
3rd style
3rd style
3rd style
c. 20-10BC
F Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
Casa del Frutteto
Edifice of Eumachia
Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
3rd style
3rd style
3rd style
4th style
c. 40-50 AD
c. 40-50 AD
Claudian?
G Macellum
Casa di Amarantus
4th style
4th style
c.50-62 AD
H Decorations and repair 4th style After AD 62
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Relative chronologyA relative chronology between the plasters discussed above has been established, as shown
below. All phases are not represented in any single house investigated. Therefore, an
overlapping pattern is used to illustrate the sequences, placing the oldest plasters at the lowest
and the later ones at the top. The samples used for relative chronology were removed from plaster layers still in situ. Four houses in the present study, Casa delle Amazzoni (CA), Casa
del Granduca Michele (GM), Casa del Centauro (CC), and Casa degli Epigrammi Greci (EG)
have been selected to show early relative chronologies. Since the later periods have not been
part of this investigation, three houses in the previous study, Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI),
Casa di Amaratus (A), and Casa di Cerere (C) have been added as well. The present
illustration is based on the joint results of laboratory analyses at CNR/ICBVC and my own
observations under the microscope, except for the plasters in Casa degli Epigrammi Greci,
where laboratory analyses were made only on EG1B2 and EG1G11. In one case there is not acomplete agreement on how to place a plaster type. It regards CA4, which in my opinion
might be a “dirty” variety of plasters in group Aa. I just want to add that plasters found at the
Edifice of Eumachia belong to groups D, E, and F, and those at Macellum belong to group G
and H, just to mention a couple of results at late buildings.
H --EG1C3 --BI9 --A8
G --EG1G8 --A2
F --EG1A13 --BI7 --C14
E --EG2C1 --A6 --C7
D --BI6
C --EG1B8 --BI2 --C2
B ---CC2 --EG1A12 --BI1 --A4 --C9
Ab ------GM1 ---CC1 --EG1G11 --A1 --C1
Aa ------GM4 --EG1B2
0/Aa ----- CA4 ---CC5
0/Aa ----- CA3
0 ----- CA2 ------GM2
0 ----- CA1 --A52A
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while a less distinguished workshop or craftsman could be assigned simple jobs for a cheap
prize. I do not believe the plasterers and decorators who worked at the Forum would have
done a job in the fish-traders workshop in insula I 9, 8.
There are notable differences between plasters related to time. As a principle, all decorations
in the early and mature First style are of a high quality, after which there is a period of decline
towards the end in the transitional period between the First and Second styles. There is a new
period of high-class technique in the Second style and the transition to the Third. During a
period, Third style plasters reach only medium quality, due to the large grains causing
shrinkage and cracks in the plaster. Then again, there are excellent plasters in the late Third
and early Fourth style, after which there is a general, gradual decline.
Considerations on the methods used
The present study has been carried through according to two different systems; the main part,in which I had control over the process from the start to the end, and the second part, in which
I had no full knowledge about sampling and discussions that led to results. These different
situations have had importance.
In the main part of the study focus was set on early plasters and the archaeologists with whom
I collaborated had specific questions related to materials in their excavations. Therefore it
became a teamwork, in which relevant information was provided at the start. As the study
proceeded, particular samples were sent to Florence for laboratory analyses. My preliminary
results were discussed and in case there was some ambiguity or new questions arose,suggestions and explanations were part of this on-going process, which has been very
fascinating and rewarding.
The situation has been different as far as second part is concerned, because my method should
be tried on already studied and branded plasters obtained in six houses in the Swedish
research project at insula V 1. Only the fifty-seven reference samples should be studied and
placed into the present plaster groups. Instead of regular collaboration in situ and discussions
on the prevailing conditions, the documentation carried out during the years handed over to
me became the main source of information.
At first it seemed an easy task to integrate these samples into the present system, but it took a
lot of time and effort. The main reasons are my lack of first-hand knowledge of the sampling
contexts, the absence of comments in the plaster reports regarding unsolved problems or odd
situations, as well as no comments on my preliminary results. Further, in my study, odd
plasters have been sent to laboratory for analyses, an instrument that was not used in the
Swedish project. In addition there were obstacles due to slightly different documentation
methods, as will be explained below.
Sampling is thoroughly done within the Swedish project. As a rule, all plastered walls in
every room in each house have been sampled to define all plastering phases. In my
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investigation comparatively few samples are needed to identify plasters connected with
selected decoration phases. The documentation in both projects is similar: identification of
house, room, wall, and sampling area. Sampling areas are indicated on forms, plans and
photos and the plaster type verbally described on sheets. The main difference is
terminological: in the plaster reports of insula V 1 there is no clear distinction between spolia,
first layer and small remain, which of course, creates uncertainties since only a layer
establishes a decoration period of the wall on which it was found.
The basic shared method is to study plaster samples under the microscope, to identify the
components and label each sample according to a comprehensible system, to begin with the
plaster type. All samples within a building with the same characteristics belong to one type,
those with other qualities to the next and so on. The difference is that my plaster types are
placed into groups which contain plasters of the same kind, found in any number of houses. In
the Swedish examination each plaster type represents a phase, linked to the houseinvestigated. The definition of plaster type is strict, and small variations are taken into
account. Two layers that evidently belong to the same decoration period but are slightly
different are defined as two types and therefore belong to two phases. As a consequence, the
numbers of plaster types tend to be many and the phases become many too. This procedure is
functional as far as only one house is investigated. The system implies that if a new plaster
type is found and is inserted into the arrangement, the branding of plasters later than the new
one, must change. For me it was sometimes difficult to sort things out and to make
comparisons between houses.When, on the other hand, plaster types are placed into regular groups it becomes relatively
easy to compare plasters in different buildings, because a group may contain plasters of the
same kind obtained in many houses. Minor variations between samples are allowed because
variations are expected in a product made of natural materials and mixed by man. However,
group A always contains plasters that are connected to the First style, E always contains
plasters used for Third style decoration and so on.
Problems – solved and unsolved
Some areas in some houses have been problematic. In most cases problems have been solved
by exchange of information, rethinking and cross-checking. However, some problems remain
unsolved.
In Casa delle Amazzoni there is a problematic area. On the north wall in the atrium, the
perimeter wall towards the neighboring house, there are four plaster layers in chronology
which represent at least two decoration periods, both of which a red socle. These layers are
situated below the present floor level. At a later date the wall was decorated on plaster of
group F, connected with the Third and early Fourth style.
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The earliest period was made on a plaster, by combined methods identified as belonging to
group 0, and the second as belonging to group Aa. Since the second plaster type is of a type
known from many early decorations, it is considered as an established phase, definitely in the
early First style. Therefore the decoration underneath must be of an earlier period, in this case,
the less known group of plasters in group zero. The problem is that the construction method
used for the perimeter wall indicates a later date for the wall. However, the plaster of the first
phase is compatible with the earlier period of the house.
There were two similar situations during my prior research period, in the double house of
Amarantus, I 9, 11-12. In the bar area of house 11 four plaster layers, two of which were
decorated, were found in relative chronology below the last floor level. The second layer
belonged to the same group as the recognized First style decoration in the house, and as a
consequence, the first decoration had to be earlier. The earliest plaster was, according to
laboratory analyses, of the same kind as the first phase in Casa delle Amazzoni. I would rather place it in the grey zone 0/A. The second problematic situation was in room 4a where another
plaster layer was dated earlier than the perimeter wall. The perimeter wall was partially made
of Sarno limestone, partially of rubble and partially of brick that is, representing several
building periods. The tricky plaster was found at a small section of Sarno stone blocks. Such
an early period would, according to archaeological interpretations, not be likely. At the
moment the matter remains unsolved.
In Casa di Marcus Luctretius is a decoration recognized as in the Third style, but the last layer
is, according to my results, indicative of a later period. The plaster which I place in group Hhas several characteristics of group E, many yellow and beige grains, but it seems to be reused
material, rather than original “third style plaster”. Underneath the layer that provided this
plaster is a plaster that definitely belongs to group E, that is, the Third style. The explanation
may be that the decoration was totally, or at least partially, re-made to resemble the earlier
period. Such re-decorations are known in other houses at Pompeii, but still, there is no
definite answer at present.
Most problems are related to plasters that have characteristics of two types, and most common
is the question whether a plaster in group A belongs to subgroup Aa or Ab. In those cases the
filler has many small rounded particles as well as a lot of crystals, which might be explained
as a subgroup or a transitional phase between Aa and Ab. In my opinion, that would lead to a
too complex system and therefore, in case there are serious doubts just group A might be
indicated, no subgroup.
The problem of subgroup Aa or Ab occurs in several houses that are part of this investigation
and in houses in the previous investigation too. In common, there is a decoration consisting of
a yellow socle above which there is a string course and the main zone which is white. In some
houses the plaster is definitely Ab, in others it has characteristics of both subgroups Aa and
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Conclusions
The results of the present plaster investigation and of the one completed in 2005, show that
the analyses of plaster samples is a functional method that can be used as a complementary
tool at excavations.
It has been possible to establish that plasters’ compositions change over time, and that the
plastering technique did as well. It has been possible to follow the development from the fine
brownish plasters of the earliest period, to the exceptional ones of the First style, the short
period of decline around the late First/early Second style to the well-made plasters of the
Second and early Third, a new short period of slightly inferior plasters and yet another
outstanding period in the late Third/ early Fourth style and then, the dark and successively
ever more hastily made plasters that are characteristic of the last days of Pompeii. The
observations on technique and craftsmanship follow the same pattern as that regarding
plasters. The maximum periods are approximately in the mature First style, the mature Secondand mature Third/early Fourth style. It has not been possible to connect any specific workshop
to specific decorations, but there are variations that might be indicative for different
workshops.
The question regarding materials, plastering quality and conservation show there is a
correlation between quality and degree of decay; the better decorations and plasters have
survived in a better way. But, above all, relevant protection such as roofing or partial roofing
of excavated structures, elimination of stagnant water, and regular maintenance proves to be
the most efficient and important methods for the preservation of standing structures and wall paintings at an archaeological site.
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APPENDICES
Schedules
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
I 16, 5 Casa di Petronia
V 1, 7 Casa del Torello
V 1, 24 Taberna
V 3, 8
VI 2, 4 Casa di SallustiusVI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
VII 15, Casa del Marinaio
VIII Temple of Venus
IX 3, 5.24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
V 1, 13 Caupona
V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
V 1 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
V 1, 20-21 Taberna
V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus
Tables
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 1 Room 8, west wall.
Location H. 0.24, 0.24 from SW corner
Decoration Red and yellow socle.
Layer Layer with decoration and hack-marks in a
walled-up doorway. Covered by 8:2.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder White lime, grey at the top. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized and large
grains 0.8-1.5 mm, 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey,
some beige and brown. Some black with
red dots. Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Black. A few transparent grey
and uncoloured.
Stucco 2 mm Lime Slightly beige.
Filler Small uncoloured crystals.
Plaster type 8:1
Group B
Comments
Very frail plaster. Some very large pale grey grains more than 3 mm. Some small between
large. Many large irregular black and grey. Lack of small particles. Similar to BI1, PS2,
A4, EG 1A12.
Analyses -
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107
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 2 Room 8, west wall.
Location H. 0.39, 0.14 from SW corner. Decoration Red socle.
Layer Top layer, covering 8:1.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Sandy lime with large lime lumps.
Filler Very small particles 0.2-0.5 mm and some
large 4-5 mm, crushed materials.
Compact : Black and grey, many beige,
some pale yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,green, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:2
Group H
Comments Hard plaster. Crushed materials, reused plaster. Belongs
to the same group as PS 10.
Analyses -
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108
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 3 Room 8, north wall.
Location H. 1.62, 0.88 from NW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Plaster seam with stucco.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean creamy white lime. Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, small grains 0.2-0.4
mm and 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey,
brown. A few ochre. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm
Lime White.
Filler Large and small uncoloured crystals.
Plaster type 8:3
Group A (Ab)
Comments Similar to 8:1 but with cleaner lime and not so many
large grey.
Same group as PS1, similar to PS2.
Analyses -
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109
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 4 Room 8, north wall.
Location H. 0.50, 0.10 from NW corner.
Decoration Green decoration.
Layer Top layer, above socle.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Dirty lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized and large
grains 0.8-1.5 mm, 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : mainly black and pale grey,
some beige and brown. Some black with
red dots. Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Black. A few transparent grey
and uncoloured.
Stucco 3 mm Lime White, slightly beige.
Filler Large and small uncoloured crystals.
Plaster type 8:1
Group B
CommentsLack of small grains. Few crystals. Same group as 8:1.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 5 Room 10
Location East wall, h. 1.00, 0.06 from ne corner
Decoration -
Layer Layer trapped behind the later cross-wall
(north wall)
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean creamy white lime. Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.2-0.4
mm and 0.8-1 mm. A few large 1.5-3 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey,
brown. Black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:3
Group A (Ab)
CommentsLots of crystals. Same group as PS1.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 6 Room 10
Location East wall, h. 1.15, 0.06 from NE corner.
Decoration -
Layer Plaster seam into room 8.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white slightly grey lime. Much.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized and large
grains 0.8-1.5 mm, 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey,
some beige and brown. Some black with
red dots. Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Black. A few transparent
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:1
Group B
CommentsMainly black particles. Lack of small grains.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 7 Room 10
Location East wall, h.1.15, 0.06 from NE corner.
Decoration Red stucco.
Layer Top layer, last phase.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean sandy lime with lime lumps.
Filler Mainly small grains. Crushed materials.
Compact : black, grey beige, pale yellow.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured
and yellow.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:2
Group H
Comments
Very similar to 8:2.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 8 Room 10
Location West wall, h. 1.44, 0.44 from SW corner
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, red preparation.
Plaster cocciopesto Binder
Filler Compact :
Porous:
Crystalline:
Stucco
Lime Filler
Plaster type 8:8
Group X
Comments
Waterproof layer. Red plaster, smooth structure.
Analyses -
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114
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 9 Room 10
Location West wall, h.1.20, 0.37 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer, preparation.
Plaster cocciopesto Binder
Filler Compact :
Porous:
Crystalline:
Stucco
Lime Filler
Plaster type 8:8
Group X
Comments
Red plaster, rough structure.
Analyses -
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115
I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 10 Room 10
Location West wall, h. 1.25, 0.36 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Top layer, covering 8:8 and 8:9.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean sandy lime with lime lumps.
Filler Mainly small grains. Crushed materials.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown,
pale yellow and ochre. A few white.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey anduncoloured.
Stucco Red stucco. Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:2
Group H
CommentsSame group as PS10.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 11 Room 9
Location West wall, h.0.20, 0.58 from NW corner.
Decoration Black decoration.
Layer First layer covered by 8:12.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized and large
grains 0.5-1.5mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown
and ochre. A few white. Dots. Beans.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 3 mm
Lime White.
Filler Large and small crystals.
Plaster type 8:11
Group E
Comments
Lots of yellow.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 12 Room 9
Location West wall, h.0.21, 1.25 from NW corner.
Decoration Black decoration, socle.
Layer Last phase.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean lime with lime lumps.
Filler Mainly small grains. Crushed materials.
Compact : Black, grey, brown, pale
yellow, and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparentuncoloured and grey.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:2
Group H
Comments This part of the black decoration was painted on a thin
lime layer.
Same as 8:10.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 14 Room 8
Location North wall, h. 1.47, 0.50 from NW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the stone, covered by 8:15.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime. Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, small grains 0.2-0.4
and 0.8-1 mm. A few large 1.5-3 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey,
brown. Dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:3
Group A
Comments Mainly black particles. Same as 8:2, 8:5. Same group as
PS1, similar to PS2.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 15 Room 8
Location North wall, h.1.45, 1.52 from NW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Second layer covering 8:14.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Slightly beige lime. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized and large
grains 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown.
Dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey and
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:1
Group B
Comments
Many large grey.
Analyses -
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I 9, 8 Casa e bottega
Sample no 16 Room 8
Location West wall, h. 1.64, 0.65 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Plaster in the walled-up window.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder White, slightly grey lime.
Filler Compact : Black, pale grey, a few brown,
ochre and pale yellow. Dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type 8:2
Group H
Comments
Dirty sample. Some very small crushed particles. This
plaster is similar to sample 2 and sample 9. It most probably is the later plaster, group H.
Analyses -
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Sample no 1 Room 4
Location West wall, h. 1.45, 0.29 from NW corner.
Decoration White stucco.
Layer Top layer with hack-marks.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white, slightly beige lime. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized grains 1-1.5
mm. A few clusters of small grains 0.2-0.5
mm.
Compact : Black and pale grey. Some beige
and brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco 4 mm
Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type 10:1
Group B
CommentsSame group as PS2, BI1, EG 1A12.
Analyses -
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Sample no 2 Room 1
Location South wall, h. 1.50 at the SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Plaster seam.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime
Filler Mainly rounded, irregular medium size
grains 0.4-0.8 mm, 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale grey,
beige, brown and ochre. A few white. Black
with red dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 10:2
Group E
CommentsSame group as PS4.
Analyses -
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Sample no 3 Room 11
Location North wall, h. 0.50, 1.04 from the NW
corner.
Decoration -
Layer Plaster seam.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime slightly grey-beige.
Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains 1-1.5 mm,
some small 0.2-0.5 m.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige, and
brown. Black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 10:1
Group B
CommentsSame as 10:1.
Analyses -
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Sample no 4 Room 11
Location North wall, h.0.04 at the NE corner.
Decoration -
Layer Layer applied over the corner at a higher
level of the wall.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Beige lime.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains 0.4-0.8 mm
and 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige and
brown. Some pale yellow and ochre. A few
white. Black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type 10:2
Group E
CommentsSame as 10:2.
Analyses -
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I 9, 10 Casa e bottega
Sample no 5 Room 1
Location North wall, h. 1.35, 0.20 from SW corner.
Decoration Thin white layer.
Layer Top layer.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime with large lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, large grains.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, beige,
ochre. Beans.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline:Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type 10:2
Group E
Comments
Same as 10:2. Same group as PS3.
Analyses -
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Casa I 16, 5
Sample no 3 Room 11
Location South wall, at the middle level.
Decoration Close to the green orthostate.
Layer First layer on the wall.
Photo sam 1077.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder White lime.
Filler Rounded and irregular, mainly medium size
particles 0.8-1.2 mm, some small 0.2-0.4
mm.
Compact : Mainly black and grey. Some brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type I 16, 5: 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThis plaster layer is presumably connected with the green
orthostate decoration. Same kind of plaster as 5:1 and 5:2.
Analyses -
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V 1, 7 Casa del Torello
Sample no T 2 Room cubiculum 7
Location East wall, near the south-east corner.
Decoration
Layer Layer with perforations for stucco frieze.
Plaster Black and small grains, warm colours Binder White lime, little.
Filler Rounded and angular, very small grains 0.4-
0.8 mm and a few larger 1.5-.2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and brown grains.
Some pale grey and beige.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Lots of crystals; black,
transparent grey, uncoloured, green and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type T 2
Group C
Comments
TS: 2nd style?
This plaster belongs to the same group as plasters from
Second style decorations in e.g the Temple of Jupiter
(cella) and Casa di Cerere.
Analyses -
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V 1, 7 Casa del Torello
Sample no T 10 Room 15
Location North wall.
Decoration Last decoration period.
Layer Layer with preparation for painting.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime, much.
Filler Mainly medium sized particles 1-1.5 mm.
Some large 2-3mm. Lack of small.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige,
brown, ochre and white.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
yellow and orange.
Stucco 2 mm with remains of red paint Lime Clean creamy white lime.
Filler Small and large calcite crystals.
Plaster type T 1
Group E
Comments
TS: Decoration contemporary with?
Last phase in room 15 (doorway to room 3), room 3
(doorway between 3 and 4), and bath 19. The plaster consists of much lime and little filler.
Analyses -
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V 1 23, Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, taberna 24
Sample no 4 Room 24b
Location West wall, in the doorway between
rooms a and b, at the north side of the
opening.
Decoration -
Layer Small plastered area on one stone
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Slightly beige lime, little lime.
Filler Mainly rounded small particles 0.2-0.5
mm between medium sized 0.8-1 mm.
A few large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown. Afew white.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Lots of crystals: black,
transparent uncoloured, grey and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type24:4
Group F
Comments
This plaster has similarities to plasters in group F – small
grains and many colours. To the same group belong
plasters used for Third style paintings in Casa del Frutteto
and Casa del Bell’Impluvio. Same group as EG 1A13 in
Casa degli Epigrammi Greci. This small plastered area of
plaster in group F indicates a later period in the Third
style or in the early period of the Fourth style.
Analyses -
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V 1 23, Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, taberna 24
Sample no 5 Room 24b
Location South wall, on the west side of the
brick repair.
Decoration -
Layer Plastered area starting immediately to
the right of the brick repair.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Clean beige lime, enough.
Filler Large and small particles.
Compact : Black, grey, brown and
ochre. Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type 24:5
Group G
Comments
Crushed materials. Reused plaster. The plaster belongs
to a repair made after the earthquake of AD 62.
Analyses -
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Casa V 3, 8
Sample no 1 Room Bath.
Location South wall, central part.
Decoration First style plasterwork.
Layer First layer on the wall.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Slightly beige with some lumps.
Filler Rounded and irregular, small grains 0.2-0.4
mm and 0.8-1.2 mm. A few larger.
Compact : Black and pale grey, some brown.
Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type V 3, 8:1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThis plaster belongs to group A and has characteristics of
subgroups Aa and Ab. The main characteristic of this
plaster is that it has mainly black grains and contains lots
of crystals (pyroxenes), many of which are long angular
black, presumably augite. The small grain size and the
rounded volcanic grains are characteristic for plasters in
group Aa. The “salt and pepper” look of the plaster and
the angular crystals places the sample in subgroup Ab.
Same kind of plaster as used for First style decorations inCasa del Granduca Michele (GM1). Same group as First
style plaster in I 16, 5, samples 1-3.
Analyses -
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VI 2, 4 Casa di Sallustius
Sample no 3 Location Room 16, sector SE.
Decoration Only plaster.
Layer Continuation of the foundation wall from theatrium in room 16 to south. Directly below thefinal pavement.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean slightly beige lime with some lime lumps,
much. Filler Mainly rounded and irregular, small particles 0.2-
0.4 mm between medium sized 0.8-1 mm. A fewlarge.Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, a few
beige, brown and ochre. Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green.
Stucco - Lime Filler
Plaster type Sall 1Group A (Aa)
CommentsPlaster layer connected with the lower floor of terra battuta and
with the pozzo.
Same as Sall1 and 2.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC.
Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Rounded pores. Aggregate: Rounded grains,
unimodal filler 700 µm- 1.5 mm. Composition: Fragments of pyroxenes, volcanic rock,feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/3 -1/4 Similar to Sall1.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 1 Room 2, atrium.
Location North wall, towards room 8.
Decoration Red socle.
Layer Below the floor level of AD 79, covered by
two later decorations.
Plaster Brown plaster, small grains Binder Sandy lime with a few large lime lumps.
Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly very small
particles 0.1-0.3 mm, between medium sized
0.8-1 mm and large 1.5-2 mm in good
proportion.Compact : Mainly black, grey, and ochre.
Some beige and pale yellow.
Porous: Many small red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco 5 mm Lime Beige lime
Filler Black and red particles
Plaster type CA 1
Group 0
CommentsThe oldest structures of the house are dated to the Samnite
period in the first half of the third century BC.
This dark brown plaster belongs to the earliest decoration in the building. It is different from
all First style plasters investigated so far. The question was if this brown plaster belongs to the
same group of early plasters as found in Casa di Granduca Michele (GM11), and in Casa del
Centauro (CC5).
Analyses
Sample investigated at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few
pores. Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler, prevailing 200-300 um,
secondary 1-2 mm. Composition: Fragments of pyroxenes, volcanic rock, feldspar, a few
carbonates and oxides. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to A52a in Casa di Amarantus, a layer below floor level. Similar to the inferior layer
of CC11b. (The intermediate layer of CC11b is similar to CC5). Pigment : The red pigment
was red ochre.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 3 Room 2, atrium. .
Location North wall, towards room 8.
Decoration -
Layer Thin plaster layer applied on the white layer
with hack-marks.
Plaster Beige plaster, small particles Binder Beige lime, sandy, much.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small particles (0.1-
0.3mm), medium 0.8-1mm) and a few large
1.5-2 mm).
Compact : Mainly black and grey, some
brown and a few ochre. A few black with reddots.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CA 3 Group 0
CommentsYet another beige plaster with small grains but with relatively little lime compared with CA2.
The filler contains more crystals than previous samples. This filler (but not the lime) is of the
same kind as that of EG 1B2, an early plaster in group A, subgroup Aa. Since this plaster and
the successive layer of decorated plaster are similar, they are interpreted as part of a plastering
technique and belong to the same period. The plaster type is CA3, which, due to the lime, is
more similar to CC5 group 0, than to CA4 group Aa.
Analyses
Sample investigated at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Non homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps.
Few pores. Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, unimodal filler, 500-800 um.
Composition: Fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/2-1/3.
Similar to CA4, which covers CA3, and similar to CA6, white decoration in room 8. Similar
to plasters CC5, to Venus 1 and to the intermediate layer of CC11b.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 4 Room 2, atrium
Location North wall, towards room 8.
Decoration Second decoration, red socle.
Layer Layer that covers the first decoration and is
covered by one that is later.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Beige lime, sandy, much.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small particles 0.1-0.3
mm between medium sized 0.8-1 mm and a
few large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, pale and warm grey,
some brown and ochre grains. Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CA 4
Group A (Aa)
CommentsThere are remains of red paint layer. The same kind of filler as CA3 but the plaster looks
different. Even though CA3 and CA4 are regarded as of the same phase, CA4 has more
similarities with plasters in group Aa than those in group 0.
Analyses
Sample investigated at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps.
Medium pores, fissures. Aggregate: Rounded grains, unimodal filler 300-600 um.Composition: Mainly fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes, feldspar, sanidino. Proportion
B/A: 1/1-1/2.
Not identical but quite similar to CA3 and CA6.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 6 Room 8
Location East wall, close to the entrance towards the
atrium.
Decoration Remains of painted borders.
Layer Decoration built up in several layers,
continuing in the doorway with a slightly
rounded edge.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Beige lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, very small particles,
0.1-0.3 mm, and 0.8-1 mm, and a few large
1.5-2 mm.Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
beige, brown, and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CA4Group A (Aa)
CommentsThis decoration belongs to the same period as the second
decoration in the atrium.
Analyses
Sample analyzed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Nonhomogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. No pores.
Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler 400-
600 um and 1.5-2 mm, Composition: Fragments of volcanic
rock, pyroxenes, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to CA3. Might be similar to CC5, the fragment is too small for definite classification.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 7 Room 4
Location South wall close to SE corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded medium size particles 0.8-1
mm between small 0.5 mm and some large
1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, pale grey, brown,
and ochre, some white and beige. Some large
beige “beans”, and some black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 2 mm Lime Clean white lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CA 7
Group F
CommentsThis sample is the first in the house with clean white lime.
The characteristics, a rather fine-grained plaster with
kaleidoscopic filler and many crystals, make it possible to
assign the plaster to group F, used during the late Third style
and early Fourth style.
Analyses
Sample analyzed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: Rounded grains, unimodal filler 500-800 um. Composition: Mainly
fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes, some feldspar and two carbonates. Proportion B/A:
1/2-1/3.
Similar to plasters at insula I 9 and Forum, e.g. BI7, TA12, TV2, E6.
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 8 Room 4
Location South wall close to SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, covered by a later
decoration (CA 9).
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Beige lime with some lumps. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium size particles 0.8-1
mm between small 0.5 mm and some large
1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and grey. Some pale
beige, brown and ochre. A few black withred dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CA 4Group A (Aa)
CommentsYet another beige-brown plaster.
In spite of the beige lime it looks the same as EG 1B2. This
may be a clean variety of CA4.
Analyses -
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 9 Room 4
Location West wall close to SW corner.
Decoration Last decoration on the wall.
Layer Layer covering CA 8.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Rounded and irregular, small particles 0.5
mm between medium sized 0.8.1 mm and a
few large 1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
beige, brown and white. Beans.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 3 mm.
Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CA 7Group F
CommentsSame kind of plaster as CA7. Same kind of plaster as used
for the redecoration in room 4. The plaster type was used
for late decorations in the late Third and early Fourth style
Analyses -
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 10 Room Fragment found in room 4.
Location Saggio C2, US 2.
Decoration Red panel, white recessed border.
Layer Decorated layer.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White, slightly beige with inclusion of small
particles. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.2-0.8 mm,
between some large 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
brown and ochre.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco 6 mm Lime Creamy white lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CA 4Group A (Aa)
CommentsThis sample looks like a normal plaster in group A. Same as CA8, the earliest decoration
period in the room where this fragment was found.
Analyses -
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VI 2, 14 Casa delle Amazzoni
Sample no 11 Room 2, atrium.
Location North wall, towards room 8, at the height of
approximately 1 m.
Decoration Last decoration on the wall.
Layer Layer covering CA 4.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.5 mm
between medium sized 0.8.1 mm and a few
large 1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
beige, brown and white. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type CA 7
Group F
CommentsThe weathered sample is very thin, and most of the fine
grains have been washed out. There are remains of fine
grains on the inferior side of the sample. The lime is
decayed. Same kind of filler as CA7. Late Third or early
Fourth style.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 1 Location Room 9b, south wall.
Decoration Yellow decoration.
Layer Plaster layer on clay, opus formaceum.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lumps. Much.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles, 0.5-0.8
mm between medium size 1.5-1.8 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few beige and
brown. Some black with red dots.
Porous: Small red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green.Stucco 5 mm
Lime “Pink stucco”.
Filler Red and black particles
Plaster type GM 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsRoom 9b is a corridor, an oecus in the Samnite house, the
protocasa, period II phase 2 (middle of the 2nd century BC).
It is situated between the tablinum and the room with the
raised floor level. The yellow socle is a common feature of
the period.
This kind of plaster was used for First style decorations in
e.g. Casa del Centauro, the yellow socle in cubiculum 2.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Non homogeneous, micritic lime. Lime lumps.
Medium pores. Aggregate: Angular grains, bimodal filler 200-400 µm and 1-2 mm.Composition: Fragments of cocciopesto, pyroxenes, and volcanic rock. The pink stucco
contains cocciopesto. Proportion B/A: 1/1-1/2.
Similar to CC1.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 2 Location Room 9b, US 97, close to the SE corner.
Decoration -
Layer Preparation layer?
Plaster Beige plaster, small grains Binder Lime, and probably clay.
Filler Angular and rounded grains 1-2 mm. Lots of
very small yellow ochre grains.
Compact : Black, pale grey, pale yellow,
ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Very small crystals, uncoloured
and yellow.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 2
Group 0
CommentsThis plaster or preparation layer is situated below the level
of period II phase 2, most probably representing period II,
phase 1 (end of the 3rd century BC).
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Non
homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores.
Aggregate: Angular, unimodal filler 1-2 mm. Composition:
Fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes, feldspar. Proportion
B/A: 1/1.
Similar to GM11. The filler is similar to CA2. The brown colour of the lime indicates that
earth might have been mixed into it. No oxides were identified in the sample.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 3 Location Peristyle, US 125.
Decoration -
Layer Fragment with black surface.
Plaster Dark brown with inclusions Binder -
Filler Small particles 0.2-0.4 mm between medium
0.8-1 mm and large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured.
Stucco -
Lime Filler
Plaster type -
Group X brick
CommentsDA: The fragment was found in the peristyle in the filling
under the wall which is the foundation for the columns. The
foundation probably dates to the beginning of the 1st
century BC. (Riempimento della fossa di fondazione (inizio
1o secolo aC) dello muro cui si fondano le colonne del
peristilio). Could this be part of a pavement?
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Brick, laterizio.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 4 Location Room 9c, south wall, near south-east corner.
Decoration -
Layer Below the floor level of the Samnite house
period II phase 2, and is covered by the
decoration of period II phase 2 (GM 5).
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White lime, little, some small lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small particles 0.1-0.3
mm between medium 0.8-1 mm and a few
large 1.5-3mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, and a few brown.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many crystals. Small black,
transparent grey, uncoloured, green and
yellow.
Stucco 5 mm Lime “pink stucco”.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
CommentsThis layer continues below the Samnite floor period II
phase 2. It is covered by a plaster layer with yellow
decoration like the socle in room 9b. This plaster belongs
to the same group as used for the First style decorations at
the Temple of Apollo at the Temple of Jupiter for the first
phase in Casa di Sallustius, and in Casa degli Epigrammi
Greci.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Non
homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores,
rounded. Aggregate: Rounded grains, unimodal filler 500-
800 µm. Composition: Fragments of volcanic rock,
pyroxenes, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to TA1/TA2, Sall 1, CC11b at the intermediate
level. Similar to Venus 4. Similar composition as TA2,
different distribution of grain sizes.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 5 Location Room 9c, south wall, south-east corner.
Decoration Yellow socle.
Layer Layer that covers GM4, which is the first
decoration phase in the Samnitic house.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder White lime, much.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles 0.8-1
mm and medium size 1.5-2mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige and brown.
Black with red dots..
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm Lime “Pink stucco”.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type GM 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThe decoration is contemporary with the Samnite floor,
period II phase 2).
Same kind of stucco as GM 1.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 6 Location 1, fauces, south wall
Decoration White decoration at the pillar ( stipite).
Layer White stucco.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean lime, slightly beige with white lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.2-0.4
mm between medium 0.8-1 mm. A few large
1.5-2 mm.Compact : Black, pale grey, and a few beige
and brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, yellow and green.
Stucco 8 mm Lime Beige.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
CommentsThe layer continues behind the yellow decoration on the
wall. The pillar and the socle belong to the same period,
period II, phase 2.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 7 Location Room 1, fauces, south wall.
Decoration Yellow decoration
Layer -
Plaster Beige plaster, small particles Binder Beige lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, small sized particles 0.3-0.4
mm between medium 0.8-1mm some large
1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, grey, some beige and
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,green.
Stucco 4 mm Lime “pink stucco”.
Filler Red and black particles.
Plaster type GM 7
Group X repair
CommentsDora: “The pillar and the wall decoration belong to the
same phase. There are, however indications that the wall
decoration was repaired during antiquity, and therefore the
wall plaster may be different to the pillar plaster.”
“The repair was probably made in period II phase 2 or 3”.
The sample was taken from an area that may be a repair. It
mainly consists of pink stucco, but the plaster is similar to
an early plaster in Casa delle Amazzoni (CA 3), and to
sample GM 19.
The repaired area is not visible on this photo, but situated further west along the wall.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. One lime lump.
Medium pores. Aggregate: Angular, bimodal filler 100 µm and 400 µm. Composition:
fragments of volcanic rock. Proportion B/A: 1/2.
Not similar to any other plaster in this house.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 7 (new sample) Location Room 1, fauces, south wall.
Decoration Yellow decoration. Layer The layer butts against the white stucco
pillar.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean lime, slightly beige with white lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.2-0.4
mm between medium 0.8-1 mm. A few large1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black,pale grey, and a few beige
and brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and green.
Stucco 8 mm Lime Beige.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
CommentsThe pillar and the wall decoration belong to the same phase.
There are, however indications that the wall decoration was
repaired during antiquity, and therefore the wall plaster may
be different to the pillar plaster.
The repair is not at this part of the wall, it is situated further
along the wall towards west.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 8 Location Room 5, north wall, north-east corner.
Decoration Yellow decoration.
Layer 2 layers, the upper with decoration.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Slightly beige with some lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.2-0.4 mm
between medium size 0.8-1 mm, and a few
large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown and a few
ochre. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm Lime “Pink stucco”.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
CommentsAccording to D. D’Auria, there is a yellow socle in all
rooms in the Samnite period of the house. Period II, phase
2.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 9 Location Room 1, fauces.
Decoration -
Layer Waterproof layer in the canaletta.
Plaster Waterproof Binder
Filler Rounded, 0.1-0.3 mm, 1.5.2 mm.
Compact :
Porous:
Crystalline:
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type -Group X waterproof
CommentsThe fragment has four layers: at the top a glassy grey
plaster, in the middle cocciopesto, below which is a glassy
lime with black particles and, at the lower level, beige
plaster with many yellow grains.Question: what is the nature of the glassy material?
Fig 1, above: the fragment.
Fig.2, in the middle: detail.
Fig.3, below: the sample partially wet by preparation.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Cocciopesto layer. Binder : Non homogeneous,
microsparitic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: rounded, irregular, bimodal filler 100-
300 µm and 1.5-2 mm. Proportion B/A: 1/2.The grey, glassy layer: Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores.
Aggregate: Rounded grains, unimodal filler 800 µm to 1.5 mm. Composition: fragments of
volcanic rock. Proportion B/A: 1/2-1/3. SEM analyses of the internal and external layers of
the sample anomalous amounts of phosphorous at the external level, which might linked to
the water flow in the channel. The presence of silica is attributable to the binder which is
hydraulic lime. From the chemical point of view there is nothing that explains the texture of
this sample. It may hypothetically be a cause of contact with heat.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 10 Location Room 5, floor in the south-east quarter of the
room.
Decoration -
Layer opus graecanicum
Plaster opus graecanicum Binder
Filler
Compact :
Porous:
Crystalline:
Stucco Lime
Filler
Plaster type -
Group X graecanicum
Comments
Two containers with samples from the floor.1: black = cenere, carbone, calce? = cenere, carbone. Calce?
2: white = lime or stone? = Lime, battuto.
The analyses confirm two layers, the paler of which
consists of lime and aggregate, that is lime plaster. There
are ashes in the dark top layer. The sample illustrates the description of Vitruvius on how to
make floors for winter triclinia.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC.
Dark layer: Binder : non homogeneous, microsparitic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate:Fragments of pozzolana, pyroxenes, feldspar, sparitic carbonate, cocciopesto, fibres.
Pale layer: Binder : Non homogeneous, microsparitic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate:
Pyroxenes, fragments of volcanic rock, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/1.
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 11 Location Room 5, US 27
Decoration
Layer Fragment found in the preparation for
graecanicum floor
Plaster Beige plaster, small grains Binder Slightly beige lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles 0.1-0.2
mm, between medium 0.5 mm and some
large 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Black, brown, pale grey, some
pale yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.Crystalline: Transparent grey and
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 2
Group 0
CommentsFragment found in the preparation for the battuto pavement US 21, i.e. below the layer of
opus graecanicum sample 10.
21------------------------ graecanicum
26------------------------ preparazione
27------------------------riempimento di calcare
Same as GM2. To the same group belongs an early plaster in Casa del Centauro (CC5).
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, microsparitic lime. No lumps.
Many pores. Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler 400-600 µm and 1-2
mm. Composition: pyroxenes, fragments of volcanic rock, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/2.
Similar to CA2 (layer between first phase and First style plaster).
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 12 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Ceiling, yellow decoration, cubic pattern
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime, more than needed.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly small particles,
0.8-1 mm and some large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey and brown.
Porous: Small red.
Crystalline: Lots of crystals, long black,
transparent grey, uncoloured green and
yellow.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsAccording to D. Dauria, the fragment presumably belongs
to the second phase of the house (Phase II b), before the
floor level was raised in the second half of the second
century BC. The fragment belongs to a group of fragments
with cubic pattern.
No stucco on the sample.
The same kind of plaster was used for First style decorations in Casa del Centauro (CC1), and
Casa di Amarantus (A1).
Same as GM1.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 13 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Ceiling, blue decoration.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White lime with small lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.2-0.5 mm
between medium 0.8-1 mm and a few larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few beige and
brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, and yellow.Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
Comments No stucco on the sample. Good proportion lime and filler,
good proportion grain sizes. Same as GM4.
The fragment belongs to a group of fragments with cassette
decoration. At the centre there is a rose. The motif is
common in the Hellenistic period. The plaster on this
fragment is indicative for period II, phase 2.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 14 Location Room 9A.
Decoration Ceiling decoration with remains of
red paint.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White lime with small lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.2-0.5 mm
between medium 0.8-1 mm and a few larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few beige and
brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
Comments No stucco on the sample. Small grains. Same as no 13.
The fragment belongs to a group of fragments from a
decorated ceiling.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 15 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Wall decoration, marble imitation in various
shades of yellow ochre.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder White lime, much.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly small particles
0.5-0.8 mm between medium size 1.5-1.8
mm.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale grey, a
few brown.
Porous: Very small red.Crystalline: Mainly long black, some
transparent grey, uncoloured, green and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 1
Group A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on the sample. The sample has characteristics of
GM 1 and GM4.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 16 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Wall decoration. Panel fragment with red
recessed border. Marble imitation.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Creamy white lime, much.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly small particles
0.2-0.5 mm between medium size 1-1.5 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Black with red dots
Porous: Small red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 1Group A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on the sample. The plaster is similar to GM4,
rounded and irregular grains, and to GM1, lots of black
crystals. More similar to GM1 than to GM4.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 17 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Cornice, Lesbian cymatium with painted
decoration in violet and ochre.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Creamy white lime with white lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded mainly small particles
0.5-0.8 mm between medium size 1.5-1.8
mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few beige and
brown.
Porous: Small red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
Comments No stucco on the sample. The sample was placed in
subgroup Ab due to the clean white lime and the many
crystals, some of which are angular.
Question: Could this be plaster of the same kind as GM4?
There are similarities with sample GM1 as well as sample
GM4. Re-checking samples, most similar to GM17 is GM20, which is of the same kind as
GM4. Samples 15, 16, 17 and 18 have characteristics of two types. Both types belong to
group A (First style), subgroups Aa and Ab.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 18 Location 2, atrium.
Decoration Wall decoration, green panel. White line and
violet at one edge.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Creamy white lime. Much.
Filler Irregular and rounded, mainly small particles
0.5-0.8 mm between medium size 1.5-1.8
mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few beige and
brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Small red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GMGroup A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on the sample. Characteristics of Aa as well as
Ab.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 19 Location Room 7, ala.
Decoration
Layer First layer on the wall, below the floor level
period II, phase 2, covered by GM 20. The
layer continues behind the yellow wall
decoration.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Unclean lime with white lime lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded very small grains
between medium sized 0.5-1mm and some
large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, pale grey. Porous: Very small red, few.
Crystalline: Lots of crystals. Long black.
Some transparent grey and uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 2
Group 0
Comments
The composition of the filler resembles GM4. The dark colour resembles CA2 and CC5, early
beige/brown plasters. The plaster might be of type 0 as well as of type Aa. Based on relative
chronology my choice is to place the sample in group 0. Laboratory analyses would provide
an answer.
Analyses -
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VI 5, 5 Casa del Granduca Michele
Sample no 20 Location Room 7, ala.
Decoration Layer with white stucco, covering GM 19.
Layer Last decoration, below floor level.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Slightly beige lime, little.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small particles 0.1-0.3
mm between medium 0.8-1 mm and some
large 1.5-3 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige, and
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type GM 4
Group A (Aa)
Comments
No stucco on the sample. Therer is a mistake with the
indication of sampling spot on this photo: the arrow should
point at the layer with decoration.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 1 Location cubiculum 2, west wall, at the centre of the
wall.
Decoration 1st style decoration. Layer Decorated layer below raised floor and
connected with the pavement of the Samnite
house.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly very small
grains 0.2-0.5 mm, medium 0.8-1.2 mm and a
few large 1.5-2 mm. Good proportion
between lime and filler, and between largeand small grains.
Compact : Mainly black and pale and warm
grey.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Lots of black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, green and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm
Lime Slightly beige lime
Filler Lots of small red particles and some small
crystals.
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsYellow socle, 3rd century BC. The decoration belongs to the
period before the floor was raised in middle of the 2nd
century. This plaster presumably belongs to the first phase
of the house. It is different to CC2. The filler has very small
grains, angular and rounded, few large, lots of black crystals.
Same group as GM1, sample from a yellow decoration on opus formaceum (Samnite period),
room 9b, in Casa di Granduca Michele.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few
pores. Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler100-200 um and 1 mm.
Composition: fragments of volcanic rock . Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to GM1 and A1. Pigment : Yellow and red ochre. The paint was applied in one layer in
which a few grains are visible.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 2 Location cubiculum 3, (anticamera) west wall, close to
the pillar at the entrance to the alcove.
Decoration 1st style decoration Layer At the cornice.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime with small lumps. More
lime than needed in confront to the filler.
Filler Mainly medium sized, rounded grains 0.8-1.2
mm, some 0.2-0.5 mm, a few large 2-3 mm.
Top layer: mainly crystals.
Compact : Mainly black, pale grey, some
beige, and brown. A few black with red dots. Porous: Very small red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey and yellow crystals.
Stucco 3 mm
Lime White.
Filler Very small transparent uncoloured crystals.
Plaster type CC 2
Group B
CommentsDecoration dated to the last quarter of the of 2nd Century
BC, at the time when the two properties were joined to a
double atrium complex with double peristyle.
The sample was taken at the cornice. The same kind of
plaster was used for First style decorations at the Basilica (B
1) and at the Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI 1). The Basilica
decoration is, by reason of a well-known graffiti, dated to ca 78 BC.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few
pores. Fissures. Aggregate: Irregular and rounded grains, unimodal filler 500 µm to 1 mm.
Composition: fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes, dolomite. Proportion B/A: 1/2.
Similar to BI 1 and B 1.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 3 Location cubiculum 3, alcove, west wall, close to the
pillar at the entrance to the anticamera.
Decoration 1st style decoration. Layer At the cornice.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime with small lumps. Much.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized particles 0.8-
1.2 mm, some 0.2-0.5mm and large 2-3-mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey grains,
a few beige and brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Lots of black Transparentuncoloured, grey, and a few small yellow
crystals.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 2
Group B
CommentsSame kind of plaster as CC 2.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 4 Location cubiculum 3, alcove, south wall.
Decoration No decoration.
Layer First layer on the wall, remains of plaster.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime, much.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized particles 0.8-
1.2 mm, large 2-3-mm, and a few 0.2-0.5
mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown. 1
very large grey 5 mm.
Porous: Small red
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 2
Group B
CommentsSame as CC 3.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 5 Location Room 15, west wall.
Decoration Plaster and stucco.
Layer Layer with decoration blocked behind northwall (south wall in cubiculum 3).
Plaster Grey plaster, small grains Binder grey lime with white lime lumps. Top layer:
white lime.
Filler very small particles 0.1-0.2 mm, some 1-1.5
mm, a few 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : mainly rounded black, grey, some
brown, pale yellow and yellow ochre.
Porous: red.Crystalline: black, transparent uncoloured
olive green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm Lime white lime
Filler large and small crystals.
Plaster type CC 5
Group 0
CommentsGrey plaster. Good proportion between large and small
particles. There are two layers. The first applied (ca 8 mm)
has grey lime and the top layer (ca 3 mm) has white lime.
The filler of the top layer, with much lime, slightly
resembles CC1.
The decoration in room 15 is connected with the original
floor level, while the decoration in cubiculum 3 is
connected with a raised floor. The plaster in room 15 was
expected be of the same kind as in cubiculum 2 (CC1), but
it is not.
AnalysesSample investigated at CNR/ICVBC. 3 layers. Inferior:
Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: angular and rounded
grains, bimodal filler 800-600 µm and 300-400 µm. Composition: fragments of volcanic rock,
pyroxenes and one carbonate. Proportion B/A: 1/3. Intermediate: Binder : Homogeneous,
micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler
1000-800 µm and 300-400 µm. Composition: fragments of pyroxenes (prevailing), volcanic
rock, silicates. Proportion B/A: 1/2. Superior: lime.
The intermediate layers of CC5 and CC11b are similar. Similar to CA3, Casa delle Amazzoni.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 6 Location Room 5B, north wall.
Decoration White stucco.
Layer Layer behind the opus incertum wall betweenrooms 5B and 5C.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder White, slightly beige lime with some lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded, very small grains 0.2-
0.5 mm, medium 0.8-1mm and a few large
1.5-2mm.
Compact : Mainly black and warm grey.
Black with red dots.
Porous: Small red.Crystalline: Lots of long black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, green and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm Lime Creamy white.
Filler Very small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThe opus incertum wall belongs to the period of the domus
of the 2nd century BC, therefore this layer must be earlier.
Very small grains. Very similar to CC1, but more black
particles, angular and rounded. Same as CC11a, 12, 15, 16,
18.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 7 Location Room 32, north-west corner.
Decoration -
Layer Layer covered by no. 7b.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean lime, much.
Filler Mainly rounded medium size particles 0.8-
1.5 mm. Some small 0.2-0.5 mm, and some
large 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale grey,
beige and brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black. Transparent uncolouredand grey crystals
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 2
Group B
CommentsLarge grains. Same as CC2, 3 and 4. The same kind of
plaster as used for the decoration of cubiculum 3 with
alcove.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 7b Location room 32, north-west corner.
Decoration
Layer Layer covering 7a.
Plaster Black and white, large grains
Binder White lime, much.
Filler Filler : Mainly medium size particles 0.8-1.5
mm, some small 0.2-0.5 mm, and large 2-2.5
mm.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale grey,
beige and brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black. Transparent uncolouredand grey crystals.
Stucco 8 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CC 2
Group B
CommentsSame as CC3.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 8 Location Room 32, north-east corner.
Decoration White stucco.
Layer Last decoration.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime with beige lumps. Much.
Filler Mainly medium size particles 0.8-1.5 mm,
some small 0.2-0.5 mm, and large 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey. A few
beige and brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black and transparent grey, and
uncoloured crystals.Stucco 4 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CC2
Group B
Comments
The sample consists of small fragments.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 9 Location Room 16, Corinthian atrium, west wall, socle, at
the level of the floor.
Decoration Black decoration. Layer
Plaster Grey plaster, small grains Binder Slightly beige lime. Filler Mainly rounded very small grains 0.1-0.4 mm
between medium size 0.5-0.8 mm. A few large1.5 mm.Compact : Mainly black, pale and warm grey. A
few ochre. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,uncloured and a few green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 9 mm Lime White lime. Filler Small and large calcite crystals.
Plaster type CC5
Group 0
Comments Same group as CC5.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 11a Location 1, fauces.
Decoration Black with a red stripe.
Layer Fragment found below raised floor.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Angular and rounded small particles 0.5-0.8 mm between medium size 1.2-1.5 mm. A few large.Compact : Mainly black, pale and warm grey anda few brown. Porous: Small red.
Crystalline: Many long black.Transparent uncoloured, grey and green.
Stucco - Lime Filler
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThe fragment was found in the filling for the raised floor at the
level of the 4th - 3rd century BC. It may be from the most antiquedecoration.
There is no paint layer on the sample, just plaster and preparation
for paint layer. It is of the same kind as CC1 and CC6. Same
period as the yellow socle in cubiculum 2.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 11b Location 1, fauces.
Decoration Red decoration
Layer Fragment found below the raised floor
Plaster Grey plaster, small grains Binder Grey lime with white lime lumps. Top layer:
white lime.
Filler Mainly rounded very small particles 0.1-0.2
mm and some 1-1.5 mm, a few large 2-2.5
mm.
Compact : Mainly black, grey, some beige
and brown, and a few ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 1-2 mm Lime White lime. Filler No crystals.
Plaster type CC 5
Group 0
CommentsThis fragment was found in the same stratum as the fragment,
sample 11a. The fragments have different kinds of decoration
and the plasters look different too. This plaster resembles plaster
type CC5. Same group as CC5. In the archaeological
documentation is mentioned fragments with red decoration in
period III phase 1, nucleo I. This fragments plaster type fits with
the period: plaster CC5 and the motif a onda belong to the same
period.
Analyses
Sample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Three layers.Inferior: Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: Rounded
grains, bimodal filler 200-600 µm and 1-1.5 mm. Composition: fragments of pyroxenes,
volcanic rock, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/3. Intermediate: Binder : Non homogeneous,
micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: rounded grains, unimodal filler 200-600 µm.
Composition: fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes. Proportion B/A: 1/1-1/2. Superior:
Binder : Non homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores, fissures. Aggregate: angular
grains, bimodal filler 100-200 µm and 800 µm – 1 mm. Composition: cocciopesto. Proportion
B/A: 1/1. The intermediate layers of CC11b and CC5 are similar. Similar to CA1, inferior level. SEM
analyses revealed precense of silica that may indicate the binder is slightly hydraulic.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 13 Location Room 4, atrium.
Decoration Wall decoration, “a onda”.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Grey plaster, small grains Binder Grey lime. Filler Mainly rounded, small and large particles.
Compact : Mainly black and grey, some beige and brown. Porous: Small red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 1-2 mm
Lime Clean lime. Filler No crystals.
Plaster type CC 5
Group 0
CommentsCC13 top same as CC17. This kind of motif should be dated to
mid-samnitic period around late 4th century-beginning of 3rd
century BC. Same group as CC5. This fragment belongs to
period III, phase 1, nucleo II. Period III is in the middle Samnite
period between of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd century
BC.the end
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Micritic –
microsparitic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate:
Rounded and angular grains, unimodal filler 800-1000 µm.
Composition: fragments of pyroxenes (prevailing), volcanic rock, lava and pyroclasts.
Proportion B/A: 1/3-1/4.
Similar to CC5, CC11b, CA3, GM4.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 14 Location cubiculum 5C
Decoration Wall decoration, “a fasce”, red, white, black.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Grey plaster, small grains Binder Slightly grey lime
Filler Large and small particles
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey. Some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 5
Group 0
Comments No stucco on the sample.CC13 and 14 are of the same kind as CC5. The fragment that
was placed in nucleo IV (period III, phase 2, end of the 3rd
century BC) has a plaster that belongs to the same group as CC5.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 15 Location cubiculum 5B
Decoration Ceiling fragment, white decoration.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime,much.
Filler Angular and rounded, mainly small grains. A
few large.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on the sample. Same period as the yellow socle incubiculum 2.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 16 Location cubiculum 5B
Decoration Ceiling decoration, blue.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime, much.
Filler Angular and rounded very small particles
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey.
Porous: Small red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 8 mm
Lime White lime. Filler Small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsSame period as the yellow socle in cubiculum 2.
Analyses -
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 17 Location Atrium 4
Decoration Wall decoration, white with black and red
bands, and with an impressed line “cordino”.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles.
Compact : Mainly black. A few pale grey and
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.Stucco 3 mm
Lime Pink stucco.
Filler
Plaster type CC 5
Group 0
CommentsThe sample is similar to CC11b which belongs to the same group
as CC5, but also has similarities with CC1, e.g relatively clean
lime, many crystals. The fragment was placed in nucleo IV (end
of the 3rd
century BC), in a group of fragments painted in red,
black and white.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate:
Angular and rounded grains, bimodal filler 1000-800 µm, and 100-200 µm. Composition:
fragments of volcanic rock, pyroclasts, silicate (sanidino). Proportion B/A: 1/2.
Similar to CC5.
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VI 9, 3-5 Casa del Centauro
Sample no 18 Location cubiculum 5B
Decoration White panel with recessed yellow border.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles 0.2-0.5
mm, 1-1.5 mm, and a few 3-4 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, a few brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, green
and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type CC 1
Group A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on the sample. The fragment belongs to a group of yellow and white fragments placed in nucleo III, (end of the 3
rd
century BC). The decoration was part of space E in the protocasa, now room 5B, with yellow socle and white main zone.The plaster is of the same kind as on the yellow socle in
cubiculum 2.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 1 Room c
Location West wall.
Decoration Yellow socle.
Layer First layer on the wall.
Plaster Many colours large grains Binder White lime with some lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized particles 0.8-1
mm between large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
brown, beige, white, pale yellow and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,grey, green and yellow.
Stucco 4 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 1
Group E
Comments
This kind of plaster was used for Third style paintings in e.g.
Casa del Frutteto and in the Edifice of Eumachia. The
decoration belongs to the phase when many rooms in the house
were redecorated, during the Augustan period at the end of the
1st century BC.
Analyses-
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 2 Room c
Location North wall, in the doorway to the
atrium, north side.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, covered by CM 3.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean white, slightly grainy lime.
Filler Irregular and rounded, mainly small size
particles 0.4-0.8 mm a few smaller and
larger.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
brown. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
grey, green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm
Lime “Pink stucco”
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type CM 2
Group A (Aa)
Comments
Plaster of this kind was used for decoration of the Samnite
period in Casa del Granduca Michele, for First style decoration
in Temple of Apollo, Temple of Jupiter.
Analyses
Sample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few
pores. Aggregate: Rounded and irregular grains, Unimodal filler, 700-1200 µm. Composition:Fragments of volcanic rock, pyroxenes. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to TJ3, used for First style decorations at the Temple of Jupiter, and TA2, used for
First style decorations at the Temple of Apollo.
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 3 Room c
Location North wall, in the doorway to atrium,
north side.
Decoration White stucco built up in several layers,
rounded corner.
Layer Second layer covering CM 2.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime, much. Lumps of lime.
Filler Mainly rounded medium size particles 0.8-
1mm between large 1.5-3 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
beige and brown, a few white, pale yellowand ochre. Some “beans”.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco 4 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 1
Group E
Comments
Same as CM1.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 4 Room c
Location South wall towards south-west corner.
Decoration Black socle.
Layer First layer on the wall.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime with large lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized particles 0.8-1
mm between large 1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
brown, beige, pale yellow and ochre. A few
“beans” and black with red dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
grey, yellow and orange.
Stucco 5 mm
Lime White lime
Filler Large and small calcite crystals
Plaster type CM 1
Group E
Comments
Same as CM1.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 5 Room m
Location East wall, close to the north-east corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, covered by a
later decoration.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime with large lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded large and small particles.
Compact : Mainly black and brown, some
beige, pale yellow and ochre. Some “beans”.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type CM 1
Group E
Comments
Same as CM1.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 6 Room r
Location East wall, at the south-east corner.
Decoration Yellow decoration.
Layer The layer continues behind the south
wall, cross-wall to room q.
Plaster Black and white rounded grains Binder White lime, little, some lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded small particles 0.2-0.4 mm
between medium size 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Black and pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm
Lime Clean white.
Filler Red and black particles.
Plaster type CM 6
Group A (Aa)
Comments
There are remains of First style plasterwork at the upper level
of the wall, too high up to reach for sampling. The plaster is
similar to CM2, but has smaller grains, more rounded. Same
kind of red stucco as CM2. Even though the plasters are quite
similar, I consider them two types for the moment.
Analyses
Sample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. No lumps. Few
pores. Aggregate: Irregular and angular grains, unimodal filler 500-700 µm. Composition:Pyroxenes. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to TA1. The composition of the filler of this plaster is similar to TA2, but not the
relation lime/filler and not the grain sizes. Pigment : The pigments of the paint applied in one
layer, are yellow ochre and a few orange grains.
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 7 Room q
Location North wall, cross-wall towards room r .
Decoration White stucco.
Layer -
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime with some lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized particles 0.8-1
mm between large 1.5-3.5 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
brown, beige white and ochre. Some “beans”.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco 4 mm
Lime White lime.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 1
Group E
Comments
Same as CM1.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 8 Room l
Location Saggio B, US 9.
Decoration Red and black, wall decoration, panel.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white rounded grains Binder White lime, little, some lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded small particles 0.2-0.4 mm
between medium size 0.8-1 mm and a few
large 1.5 mm.
Compact : Black and pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm
Lime Red stucco.
Filler Many red, some black particles.
Plaster type CM 6
Group A (Aa)
Comments
Same as CM 6. Same red stucco as CM2 and CM6, plasters
used for the original decoration of room c and room r .
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 9 Room c
Location Saggio A.
Decoration Yellow and white, wall decoration, panel.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white rounded grains Binder White lime, little, some lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded small particles 0.2-0.4 mm
between medium sized 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Black and pale grey, a few brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green.Stucco 5 mm
Lime Clean white.
Filler Medium size and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 6
Group A (Aa)
Comments
Same as CM 6.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 10 Room c
Location Saggio A, US 9.
Decoration Yellow and white, panel with impression “a
cordino”.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder
White lime, some lumps. Little lime. Filler Mainly rounded, small grains.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, green and yellow.Stucco 5 mm
Lime White.
Filler Medium and small size calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 6
Group A
Comments Same as CM 6.
Analyses -
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VII 15, 1-2 Casa del Marinaio
Sample no 11 Room c
Location Saggio A, US 9.
Decoration Yellow, monochrome.
Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White, slightly beige lime, some lumps.
Little lime.
Filler Mainly rounded small grains.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, and green.
Stucco 5 mm Lime White.
Filler Medium and small size calcite crystals.
Plaster type CM 6
Group A (Aa)
Comments
Same as CM 6.
Analyses -
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Temple of Venus
Sample no 3
Location US PTV 4032. Saggio 2b. Fragment found
underneath the Temple of Venus at the
distruction level of a 3rd century edifice.
Decoration White decoration. Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals
Binder White lime, little.
Filler Angular and rounded, small 0.2-0.4, and medium
sized 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Mainly black. Some pale grey and
brown. Black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, some transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm.
Lime White lime.
Filler Small calcite crystals.
Plaster type Venus 3
Group A (Ab)
Comments
Lots of crystals. Same group as CC1, First style decoration in
Casa del Centauro (CC1).
Almost exclusively black particles.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous, micritic lime. One lime lump. Few
pores. Aggregate: Angular and rounded grains, unimodal filler 600-700 µm. Composition:
Pyroxenes, fragments of volcanic rock, feldspar, a carbonate fragment. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
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Temple of Venus
Sample no 4
Location US PTV 2128. Fragment found underneath the
Temple of Venus at a distruction level not
known during excavation in 2005.
Decoration Yellow decoration. Layer Fragment.
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals
Binder White lime, much.
Filler Irregular and rounded, small 0.2-0.4, and
medium sized 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Mainly black. Some pale grey and a
few brown. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, some transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm.
Lime White lime.
Filler Small calcite crystals.
Plaster type Venus 3
Group A (Ab)
Comments
Lots of crystals. Same as Venus 3.
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous,
micritic lime. No lumps. Few pores. Aggregate: Rounded
grains, bimodal filler 600 µm (prevailing) and 1-1.5 mm.
Composition: Pyroxenes, fragments of volcanic rock, feldspar.
Proportion B/A: 1/2-1/3.
Similar to EG 1G11.
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 1 Room 12, trench BB
Fragment BB 12.6, large fragment.
Decoration White.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean white, slightly beige lime with some lime
lumps. Little lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small particles 0.1-0.3
mm, medium size 0.8-1 mm. Lots of crystals
Compact : Mainly black, some pale grey, brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 6 mm Lime Creamy white.
Filler Medium size and large calcite crystals.
Plaster type ML 1
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame type of plaster as used for First style decorations at e.g.
the Temple of Apollo (TA 1/TA2), the Temple of Jupiter (TJ3),
Casa del Granduca Michele (GM4), and a layer in connection
with terra battuta floor in the House of Sallustius (Sall 1).
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 2 Room 12, trench BB.
Fragment BB 12.6, medium sized fragment.
Decoration White.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean white lime. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.1-0.3 mm,
medium size 0.8-1 mm, and a few large, lots of
crystals.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparentuncoloured, green, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 1
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame as ML 1.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 3 Room 12, trench BB.
Fragment BB 12.5.
Decoration Black profile.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean white, slightly beige lime with some
lumps. Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, very small grains 0.2-0.8
mm, a few very large, lots of crystals.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparentuncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 1
Group A (Aa)
CommentsMainly black particles. Lots of crystals. Very similar to ML1,
more crystals.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 4 Room 12, trench BB.
Fragment BB 12.61.
Decoration Cornice.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Clean white lime, enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.2-0.8 mm,
lots of crystals.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, uncoloured,
green and yellow. Stucco 2 mm, remains of stucco
Lime Creamy white.
Filler Medium size calcite crystals.
Plaster type ML 1
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame as ML 1, 2, 3, 5.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 5 Room 18, trench BD.
Fragment BD 18.129.
Decoration Dentil frieze.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Much lime, clean, white.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.1-0.3 mm
and 0.8-1 mm. A few large. Lots of crystals.
Compact : black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow. Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 1
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame filler as ML1, 2, 3, 4. More lime. Same as Sall1.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 6 Room 18, trench BC.
Fragment BC 18.95, large fragment.
Decoration Black, purple, cinnabar band.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white, slightly beige lime with some
lumps. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, small grains 0.2-0.8 between
large 1-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, pale grey. Some brown.
Dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 6
Group B
CommentsMainly black particles. Same group as plasters used for First
style decorations in e.g. Casa del Centauro (CC2), Casa del
Bell’Impluvio (BI1), and for Second style decorations in e.g.
Casa di Cerere (C9).
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 7 Room 18, trench BC.
Fragment BC 18.95, large fragment.
Decoration Yellow ochre, red border and white lines.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Clean white lime, slightly beige with some
lumps. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded small grains 0.2-0.8 mm
between large 1-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey. Some
brown. Dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 6
Group B
CommentsMany black particles. Same as ML6.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 8 Room 12, trench BB.
Fragment BB 12.55, large fragment.
Decoration White with floral decoration.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lumps, enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles, 0.2-0.8
mm. A few large. Lots of crystals
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow. Stucco 4 mm
Lime Clean, creamy white.
Filler Medium and large size calcite crystals.
Plaster type ML 8
Group F
CommentsLarge and small grains, lots of crystals. Same group as many 3rd
style decorations e.g. at Casa del Bell’impluvio (BI7), at the
Edifice of Eumachia (E6) and Casa del Frutteto (F6).
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 9 Room 12, trench BB.
Fragment BB 12.5, large fragment.
Decoration Grey and white with red decoration.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Photo sam 1012, 6256.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Unclean lime.
Filler Very small particles 0.1-0.2 mm and 0.4-0.8
mm, crushed materials.
Compact : many black. Grey, beige, brown.
Some ochre and white.
Porous: Many red.Crystalline: black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 9
Group G
Comments No stucco on this sample.
To the same group belong plasters used for Fourth style decorations in e.g. Casa di Amarantus
(A2).
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 10 Room 2, trench AA.
Fragment AA 2.79, small fragment.
Decoration Blue.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Slightly grey lime with white lime lumps.
Enough.
Filler Very small particles 0.1-0.2 mm and 0.4-0.8
mm, crushed materials.
Compact : Black, brown, ochre and white.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey anduncoloured.
Stucco 4 mm. Lime Red stucco, lime lumps.
Filler
Plaster type ML 9
Group G
CommentsSame as ML 9.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 11 Room 2, trench AA.
Fragment AA 2.6, small fragment.
Decoration Black with yellow band, green leaf.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Unclean lime.
Filler Very small particles 0.1-0.2 mm and 0.4-
0.8 mm, crushed materials.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, pale
yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, uncoloured, and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 9
Group G
CommentsSame as ML 9, 10.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 12 Room 18, trench BC.
Fragment BC 18.148, large fragment.
Decoration Red ochre with yellow ornamental decoration.
Layer Fragment with all layers.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Clean lime.
Filler Crushed materials.
Compact : Black, pale grey, pale yellow and
ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
yellow and orange. Stucco 3 mm
Lime Creamy white.
Filler Large and small calcite crystals.
Plaster type ML 9
Group G
Comments
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 13 Room 25
Location West wall, h. 2.67, 2.85 from NW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer in the gap. Seemingly the only layer.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime. Enough.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles, 0.2-0.8
mm. A few large. Lots of crystals.
Compact : Many black, pale grey, some beige,
brown, a few ochre and white. Black with red
dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 13
Group F
CommentsSample 1 in situ.
Same group as Third style decorations in Casa del
Bell’Impluvio (BI7), Casa del Frutteto (F6), Edifice of
Eumachia.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 14 Room 25
Location West wall, h. 2.67, 0.05 from NW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Top layer.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean lime with lime lumps.
Filler Reused, crushed material, very small particles.
Compact : Many black. Some brown, beige,
and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 9
Group H
CommentsSample 2 in situ.
Reused plaster, very small particles.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 15 Room 25
Location South wall, h. 1.63, 0.86 from the SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Top layer.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean lime with some lumps.
Filler Reused, crushed material, very small particles.
Compact : Many black. Beige, brown, ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime Filler
Plaster type ML 9
Group H
Comments
Sample 3 in situ. Same as ML 14.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 5 & 24 Casa di Marcus Lucretius
Sample no 16 Room 25
Location South wall, h. 1.49, 0.79 from the SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall.
Plaster Many colours lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lime lumps.
Enough.
Filler Small grains. Lots of crystals.
Compact : Mainly black, pale grey, many brown,
some beige and a few ochre. Dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type ML 13
Group F
CommentsSample 4 in situ.
Same as ML13.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Sample no 1 Room 112.
Location South wall, h. 1.40, 0.78 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer covered by PS 2.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Slightly beige lime, sandy.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium sized grains 0.8- 1.2
mm and large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Many black, pale grey, brown,
ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,grey and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type Pap 1
Group E
CommentsPreparation for layer Pap 2.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Sample no 2 Room 112.
Location South wall, h.1.49, 0.21 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer Top layer
Plaster Many colours large grains Binder Clean white lime. Enough.
Filler Mainly rounded, large grains 0.8-1.2 mm and
1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Many black, some pale grey, beige,
brown, ochre. A few white. Some grains
shaped as beans.
Porous: Many red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow.
Stucco 3 mm Lime White lime.
Filler Medium sized uncoloured and yellowish
calcite crystals.
Plaster type Pap 2
Group E
CommentsSame kind of filler as Pap 1, clean white lime.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Sample no 3 Room 112
Location West wall, h. 1.74, 0.32 from SW corner
Decoration -
Layer
Plaster only stucco Binder
Filler
Compact :
Porous:
Crystalline:
Stucco Lime Filler
Plaster type
Group
Comments
Analyses
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Sample no 4 Room 112.
Location West wall, h. 1.74, 0.32 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, covered by PS 5.
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime with some small lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, medium size particles 0.8-1
mm, some small 0.1-0.3 mm. A few large.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown, and
ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type Pap 2
Group E
CommentsSame kind of plaster as Pap 2.
Analyses -
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IX 3, 19-20 Casa e panificio di Papirius Sabinus
Sample no 5 Room 112.
Location South wall, h. 1.73, 0.21 from SE corner.
Decoration -
Layer Top layer covering PS 4.
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Unclean lime with large lumps of white lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small and large grains.
Crushed materials.
Compact : Black, grey, brown, and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
yellow. Stucco -
Lime
Filler
Plaster type Pap 5
Group H
CommentsReused, crushed material, including terracotta and glass.
To the same groups belong plasters used for many repairs and decorations of the final period
of Pompeii.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1B2 Room i. peristyle
Location South wall, h. 1.80, 3.70 from south-east
corner.
Decoration -
Layer Spolium.
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder White lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles 0.2-0.4 mm
and 0.8-1.2 mm. Some large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale and warm
grey, brown. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Mainly black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1B2
Group A (Aa)
CommentsTo the same group belong plasters used for early First style decorations in e.g. Casa del
Granduca Michele (GM4), Casa di Sallustius (Sall1), the Temple of Apollo (TA2) and the
Temple of Jupiter (TJ3).
AnalysesSample analysed at CNR/ICVBC. Binder : Homogeneous lime, micritic. No lumps. Few
pores. Aggregate: Rounded grains, bimodal filler 600-700 µm and 1.5-2 mm. Composition:
Pyroxenes, fragments of volcanic rock, feldspar. Proportion B/A: 1/3.
Similar to plaster used for First style decoration at the Temple of Jupiter (TJ3) and thecomposition of the filler is similar to plaster used for early First style decoration at the Casa
del Granduca Michele (GM4).
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1A12 Room i, peristyle.
Location South wall, h. 2.94, 4.76 from south-west
corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer on the wall, covered by plaster
type 1A13 (group F).
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Slightly beige lime with some large lumps.
Airbags.
Filler Mainly rounded, large grains. Lack of small.
Compact : Black, pale grey and a few brown.
Some black with red dots. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, and
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1A12
Group B
CommentsLack of small grains. To the same group belong plasters used for First style decorations in e.g.
Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI1), the Basilica (B1), and plaster used for Second style decorations
in e.g. Casa di Cerere (C9).
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1B8 Room i, peristyle.
Location East portico, column 10, h. 1.97.
Decoration -
Layer First layer.
Plaster Black and warm colours Binder Grainy, slightly unclean lime with lumps.
Good proportion with the filler.
Filler Mainly rounded, very small grains 0.1-0.4
mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige and brown.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Lots of black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow. A few orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1B8
Group C
CommentsTo the same group belong plasters used for Second style decorations in e.g. Casa del
Bell’Impluvio (BI 2), Casa di Cerere (C2) and in the cella of the Temple of Jupiter (TJ8).
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1A13 Room i, peristyle.
Location South wall, h. 1.80, 5.43 from south-west
corner.
Decoration -
Layer Second layer, covering plaster type B.
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder White lime with lime lumps. Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small and medium
sized grain 0.5-1 mm and a few 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown and
ochre. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.Crystalline: Lots of crystals, black,
transparent uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1A13
Group F
CommentsTo the same group belong plasters used for Third style decorations at e.g. Casa del
Bell’Impluvio (BI7), Casa di Cerere (C14) and the Edifice of Eumachia (E6).
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1G8 Room i, peristyle.
Location West wall close to the entrance to room m’ , h.
0.90, 2.00 from south corner.
Decoration Red decoration.
Layer Second layer.
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Dirty lime with lumps. More lime than filler.
Filler Crushed and reused materials 0.2-1 mm and
1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, grey, some beige, brown,
pale yellow and ochre. A few white. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent green and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1G8
Group G
CommentsSimilar to the plaster used for the Fourth style decoration in the tablinum of Casa di
Amarantus (A2). To this group belong many plasters from late decorations and repairs.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 1C3 Room i, peristyle.
Location Intercolumnary wall, east part in front of
room k .
Decoration -
Layer Second layer, covering plaster type F.
Plaster Sandy beige plaster Binder Unclean lime with white lumps. Good
proportion between lime and filler.
Filler Small particles between large 0.2-2 mm.
Crushed materials.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, ochre. Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey, and
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1C3
Group H
CommentsSimilar to plaster used for 4th style decoration at Casa di Amarantus. To this group belong
many plasters from late decorations and repairs.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 10F2 Room i, peristyle.
Location Column 7.
Decoration Red decoration.
Layer Top layer.
*
Plaster Black and warm colours Binder Beige lime, grainy with some lumps.
Filler Very small grains, 0.1-0.5 mm and some large
1-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown. Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow, and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1B8
Group C
CommentsSampling by C. Pettersson 2005.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 12A1 Room i, peristyle garden.
Location South wall, h. -0.40, 0.82 from SW corner.
Decoration -
Layer -
*
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Jelly-looking, glassy lime. Some lime lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded, small particles, 0.8-1.2 mm
and medium sized 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some brown, pale yellow and ochre. Some black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1B2
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSampling by C. Pettersson 2005.
Plasters with this kind of “glassy” appearance have been
found as waterproof layers, e.g. in a water channel,
canaletta, dated to the period of the Samnitic house at Casa del Granduca Michele (3rd
century BC). What causes this wet look is not yet quite clear.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 12A7 Room x.
Location West wall, below floor level, -0.07, 1.52 from north-west corner.
Decoration -
Layer Spoil, fragment in the wall.
*
Plaster Many colours, rounded grains Binder Clean white lime, much.
Filler Mainly rounded and irregular small particles
0.8-1.2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, beige
and brown. A few ochre. Porous: Red.Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco 5 mm red stucco Lime “Pink” lime.
Filler Red and black grains.
Plaster type EG 1B2
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSampling by C. Pettersson 2005.
Analyses -
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V 1, 18 Casa degli Epigrammi Greci
Sample 12A8 Room x
Location West wall, - 0.04, 0.10 from south-west corner.
Decoration -
Layer First layer covered by plaster type EG 1B2.
*
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Slightly beige lime with some lumps. Enough
lime.
Filler Mainly rounded, small grains 0.2-0.8 mm.
Some large 1 mm.Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some
brown and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type EG 1B2
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSampling by C. Pettersson 2005.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12D5 (Type/Phase C)
Room e, west wall.
Location H. 0.22, 0.05 from south-west corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer covered by 12D6 (with black paint layer).
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, rounded grain Binder Beige, grainy lime with white and yellowish
lime lumps.
Filler Rounded and angular small particles 0.2-0.8
mm between a few larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown and a
few ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12D5
Group A (Aa)
CommentsYet another beige plaster. The beige lime and many
rounded grains make it similar to plasters in group 0 andsubgroup Aa. It resembles very early plasters in Casa delle Amazzoni, group 0.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12G11 (Type/Phase E)
Room f , north wall.
Location H. 1.37, 0.08 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer, going behind east wall.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Slightly beige lime, enough.
Filler Mainly rounded very small grains 0.2-0.4
mm, and 0.8-1 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown, and a few
pale yellow. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12G11
Group A (Aa)
CommentsGood proportion lime/filler. Similar to plasters in group A
subgroup Aa. It has slightly more warm colours than usualin the filler, but since it is the only plaster of this type in the northern area, and the layer
continues behind the east wall, and the first layer on the east wall is a plaster in group A, this
one could not be later.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12G8 (Type/Phase D)
Room f , outer façade.
Location H. 2.00, 1.75 from north-west corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer, that goes into the wall, closed door opening.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Slightly beige lime with small lime lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.2-0.8 mm
and a few larger.
Compact : Black and pale grey. A few brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12G8
Group A (Ab)
CommentsLots of crystals. Mainly black grains in the filler. This
plaster has all characteristics of such in subgroup Ab, lots
of crystals and mainly black particles. Similar to EG 1G11.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 13D1 (Type/Phase B)
Room f , east wall.
Location H. 0.30, 1.94 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer, going behind the wall structure.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean slightly beige lime with some small
lime lumps. Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm, some larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 13D1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsMany black crystals (augite). Same kind of filler as 12G8.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12E7 (Type/Phase G)
Room b, north wall.
Location H. -0.03, 0.59 from north-west corner.
Decoration Red paint layer. (red stucco). Layer Spoil, piece of plaster under the floor.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White, slightly grey lime with lime umps.
Filler Rounded grains, medium sized and large 0.5-1
mm and 1.5-2.5 mm.
Compact : Black, beige, brown and ochre. A
few white. Some black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Plaster type Cau 12E7Group E
Comments -
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12G2 (Type/Phase F)
Room d , east wall.
Location H. 1.25, 0.35 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Spoil, filling in the opening.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime with small lime lumps.
Much lime.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains 1.5-2 mm, some
larger.
Compact : Black, beige, brown, some ochre.
Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12G2Group E
CommentsLack of small grains.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12F12 (Type/Phase H)
Room d , north wall.
Location H. 0.44, 1.85 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Second layer with cut traces covered by 12F13 (with red stucco and red paint layer, type/phase
I)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Beige plaster Binder Beige lime with white lime lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles 0.2-0.8mm.
Compact : Black, grey, brown, pale yellow
and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12F12Group G
CommentsThis brown plaster resembles plasters in group 0, brown
plasters in subgroup Aa and plasters in group G. It has the
same kind of slightly beige lime as Cau 12D5 and a filler
with lots of small black angular grains among mainly
rounded. The plaster only appears at one area of the house and it is the only sample of its
kind. Since the plaster has indentations from a tool it is a decoration layer prepared for
redecoration. It is applied on a layer in group A, and is covered by a plaster in group G,12D2). It is most probably a late plaster in group G.
Analyses -
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V 1, 13 Caupona
Sample 12D2 (Type/Phase I)
Room e, east wall.
Location H. 0.06 at the southern door post.
Decoration Black decoration (red stucco). Layer First layer, going around SW edge and SE corner.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Unclean lime with lots of lumps.
Filler Mainly angular, small particles 0.2-0.8 mm,
some larger.
Compact : Black, grey, pale yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
grey.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Cau 12D2Group G
CommentsFiller of crushed materials. This kind of plaster was used
e.g. for the Fourt style decoration in the tablinum of Casa di
Amarantus.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and Shop
Sample 6A1 (Type/Phase A)
Room 15c, South wall.
Location H. 1.48, 0.09 from south-west corner.
Decoration Red decoration. Layer First layer, covered by 6A2 (= stucco with red decoration)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded, small particles 0.4-0.8
mm. Some larger.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale and warm
grey and a few brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6A1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThe many long broken black crystals are characteristic for
plasters I group A, subgroup Ab. The plaster belongs to the
same group as plasters used for First style decorations in
e.g. Casa del Frutteto (F1). Similar to EG 1G11.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6A11 (Type/Phase B)
Room 15 c, south wall.
Location H. 1.67, 0.40 from south-west corner.
Decoration - Layer Spoil.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lime lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains, 0.4-0.8
mm, some larger.
Compact : Mainly black, some pale and warm
grey. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent
uncoloured, grey, and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6A11
Group A (Ab)
CommentsSame group as 6A1.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6E3 (Type/Phase C)
Room 15 i, east wall.
Location H. 2.97, 1.50 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder White, slightly beige lime with some lime
lumps. Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded grains 0.5-1.5 mm, some
larger 2-3 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige and
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
grey.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6E3Group B
CommentsFiller similar to 6A1, more lime, larger grains.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 8E13 (Type/Phase F)
Room g , north wall.
Location H. 0.23, 0.51 from north-west corner.
Decoration - Layer Second layer covering 8E12 (type/phase C)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Compact plaster, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some lumps. Little lime.
Filler Angular and rounded very small grains 0.2-0.5
mm.
Compact : Black.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent
uncoloured, grey, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 8E13
Group D
CommentsThe components of this sample are mainly crystals
(pyroxenes) and some volcanic grains. Same group of
plaster as used for Third style decoration in Casa del
Bell’Impluvio (BI6) and as a plaster in Casa di CaeciliusIucundus North House, CaeN 4G5. The plaster occurs only
in room g and only at one wall, where it covers 6E3 (group
A). At the same wall plaster type 6F8 (group E) covers 6E3.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6A3 (Type/Phase G)
Room 15 c, south wall.
Location H. 0.95 at south-west corner.
Decoration Red decoration. Layer Red paint layer, covering 6A2.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder clean, slightly beige lime with some lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized and large
grains 0.8-1.2 mm and 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown,
ochre and white. Some grains shaped as
beans.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
grey, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6A3Group E
CommentsSame group as EG 2C1.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6F8 (Type/Phase D)
Room f , south wall.
Location H. 2.16, -0.17 from south-east corner. Decoration -
Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White, slightly beige lime with some lime
lumps. Much lime. Airbags.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains 0.8-1.2 mm,
some larger 1.8-2 mm.Compact : Black, pale grey, beige and brown
and a few white and pale yellow. Black with
red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
grey. One yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6F8
Group E
CommentsThis sample has characteristics of group B as well as group E – both have mainly rounded
large grains. The large amount of black and grey components point at group B but the two
ochre grains point at E. The documentation show that, type BaS 6F8 is at two occasions
covered by a later decoration, plaster type 6B1, which belongs to group H. At one occasion
type 6F8 covers a layer of plaster type 6E3, which belongs to group A. Therefore it is possible
to place BaS 6F8 in either group B or group E. Having studied the context in which this
plaster appears, it seems most probable it belongs to group E. That would also explain the
presence of white grains in the filler.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 12C3 (Type/Phase E)
Room (Bakery box 1)
Location
Decoration - Layer Loose fragment.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White, slightly beige lime with some lime
lumps. Much lime.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains 0.8-1.5 mm,
some larger 2-3 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige and
brown and one pale yellow.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured,
grey and yellow.
Stucco 3 mm red stucco Lime Pink lime.
Filler Crystals and grains.
Sample BaS 12C3Group E
CommentsThe sample mainly consists of red stucco and is therefore not representative. However the
large sized black and grey filler may indicate group E.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6B1 (Type/Phase I)
Room 15 a, south wall.
Location H. 0.23, 0.54 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer covered by 6B2 (same as 6B1)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Unclean, yellowish lime with large lime
lumps.
Filler Very small particles, 0.2-0.8 mm and some
larger.
Compact : Black, grey, beige and brown. Pale
yellow and ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured
and yellow.
Stucco - Binder
Filler
Sample BaS 6B1Group G
CommentsCrushed particles, reused materials.
Analyses -
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V 1, 14-16 Bakery and shop
Sample 6C7 (Type/Phase H)
Room 14 I , south wall.
Location H. 0.17, 0.69 from south-east corner.
Decoration Red decoration. Layer Fourth layer covering 6C6 (type/phase G)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2007.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy beige plaster Binder unclean, yellowish lime with large lime lumps.
Filler Very small particles, 0.1-0.8 mm and some
larger.
Compact : Black, grey and warm grey, some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample BaS 6C7
Group H
CommentsMainly black particles. Crushed particles, reused materials.
I blue paint flake.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 8H8 (Type/Phase A)
Room a, south wall.
Location H.0.80, 0.32 from south-west edge.
Decoration - Layer Small remain. From the big ashlar in the door opening.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Beige grainy lime. Enough
Filler Rounded and irregular small grains 0.1-1mm,
some larger.
Compact : Many black and pale grey, a few
brown. One white.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 8H8
Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame as 8H4. The plaster belongs to group A. Its main
characteristics are of plasters in subgroups Aa. Lots of black crystals, rounded grains.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 8H4 (Type/Phase B)
Room a, east wall.
Location H. 0.32, 0.97 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Small remain. From the big ashlar under a modern safety repair.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, rounded grains Binder Beige grainy lime. Enough
Filler Rounded and irregular small grains 0.1-1
mm, some larger.
Compact : Many black and pale grey, a few
brown, one white.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 8H4Group A (Aa)
CommentsSame kind of filler as Tab 8H8.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 9A1 (Type/Phase C)
Room e, north wall.
Location H. 0.79, 0.73 from north-west corner. Decoration -
Layer First layer. Small remain.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Compact plaster, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime. Little lime. One large lime
lump. Filler Angular and rounded very small grains 0.1-
0.8 mm.Compact : Mainly black, some beige and
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 9A1Group D
CommentsThis plaster has a filler of extremely small grains, mainly
crystals. Plasters in this group were used for e.g. Third style
decorations at the black triclinium of Casa del
Bell’Impluvio and at decoration in the nearby Casa di
Caecilius Iucundus, North House, sample CaeN 4G5.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 8H13 (Type/Phase D)
Room b, north wall.
Location H.0.38, 0.26 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Small remain. From the big ashlar.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime with lime lumps.
Filler Rounded, medium sized and large grains 0.5-1
mm, and 2-2.5 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige and brown.
Some ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 8H13
Group E
CommentsSimilar to EG 2C1. Same group as plasters used for Third
style decorations at many buildings of Pompeii.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 8K3 (Type/Phase F)
Room d , north wall.
Location H. 0.22, 0.72 from north-east corner.
Decoration Red stucco. Layer First layer. Overlapping the cistern corner.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder Clean white lime with some lumps.
Filler Mainly rounded large grains, 1.5-3 mm.
Compact : Black, some pale grey, beige, brown
and few ochre. Some black with dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured.
Stucco 3 mm pink stucco Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 8K3
Group E
CommentsDirty sample. Not representative, too small. There are
however large grains, which indicate either group B or E. In
this case it should be group E due to the presence of beige and
ochre grains.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 8H1 (Type/Phase G)
Room a, north wall.
Location H. 0.56, 2.18 from north-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Small remain.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy brown plaster Binder Unclean lime with lime lumps.
Filler Mainly angular very small particles 0.2-0.8
mm, some larger.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some
pale yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 8H1
Group G
CommentsCrushed materials. Similar to EG 1G8. Same group as
plaster used for Fourth style decoration in Casa di
Amarantus, A2.
Analyses -
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V 1, 20-21 Taberna
Sample 9A6 (Type/phase E)
Room e, south wall.
Location H. 1.07, 0.92 from south-east corner. In the door opening towards 23 b.
Decoration - Layer First and second layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2003.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy beige plaster Binder Beige, unclean lime with large beige and
white lime lumps.
Filler Mainly angular, very small particles 0.2-0.8
mm, a few larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown and
pale yellow.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample Tab 9A6
Group H
CommentsCrushed materials.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 5K1
Room p, north wall.
Location H. 0.78, 0.23 from north-west edge.
Decoration Phase C. Layer Small remain, sample taken from the ashlar.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Brown plaster, small grains Binder The sample is prepared with some wet
substance.
Filler Very small grains 0.1-0.3 mm, 0.8-1.2 mm
and some larger.Compact : Mainly black and warm grey. Some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 5K1Group 0
CommentsThe sample is prepared with some kind of wet substance
that makes it very dark and therefore impossible to see what
the binder looks like. Therefore I looked at some other
samples labeled type 5K1, e.g 5I3 and 5I7, and these are of
the same kind. I have used the study of those to place 5K1
in a group of plasters. Similar to CC5, same kind of plaster as CA1.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North House
Sample 4D1
Room k , south wall.
Location West side of door opening, h. 0.99, 0.05 from north-west edge.
Decoration Phase A. Layer First layer. Small remain.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder White lime with some lumps. Little lime
Filler Angular and rounded, small grains 0.4-0.8
mm, and some larger.
Compact : Mainly black, pale and warm grey.Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4D1
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThis plaster is of the same kind as the lower level of sample
13C10. These belong to the same group. There are also
some very small grains in this small-sized fragment.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4D8
Room k , west wall.
Location H. 1.40, 1.45 from north-west corner.
Decoration Phase B. Layer Spoil.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with some white lime lumps.
Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm, some large 1.5-2 mm.Compact : Black, some pale and warm grey.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured and green.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4D8
Group A (Ab)
CommentsThis plaster is of the same kind as the top layer of sample
13C10 and belongs to the same group.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 13C10
Room d’ , west wall.
Location H. -0.62, 0.20 from north-west corner.
Decoration Phase A0. Layer First layer. Under the floor.)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Creamy white lime with small lumps. Two
layers, at the top much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded, small grains 0.4-0.8
mm. Compact : Mainly black, some pale and warm
grey.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 13C10Group A (Ab)
Comments No stucco on this sample. This sample is a fine example on
the plastering technique, the lower layer with a filler of
slightly larger grains than the upper, and the greater amount
of lime used at the top layer. The layers indisputably belong
to the same period, the same group; just the amounts of
components differ.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4E13
Room l , south wall.
Location H. 0.00, 0.15 from south-west edge. Decoration Phase D.
Layer Spoil?
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, large grains Binder Slightly beige lime with some lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm, some large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Mainly black and pale grey, some
beige and brown.
Porous: Red, dust.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
and uncoloured.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4E13Group B
CommentsSame kind of filler as 4D1 and 13C10 but larger grains and the lime has a slightly different
colour.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4G5
Room 24b, north wall.
Location H. 0.34 at the north-east corner.
Decoration Phase E. Layer First layer. Small remain. Going behind east wall.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Compact plaster, lots of crystals Binder White lime with a few small lime lumps. Little
lime.
Filler Manily angular, very small particles 0.1-0.3
mm, 0.5-0.8 mm.Compact : Mainly black, some beige and
brown. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow, and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4G5Group D
CommentsVery fined grained filler, little lime. To the same group
belongs the Third style decoration in the black triclinium in
Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI6).
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4D4
Room k , south wall.
Location H. 0.25, 2.05 from south-west corner.
Decoration Phase G. Layer Second layer, covering 4D3 (plaster type 4D3)
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Grainy beige lime with white lime lumps.
Filler Very small particles 0.1-0.8 mm and some large
1-2 mm. Some angular small particles
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown, andsome ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4D4
Group F
CommentsThis plaster sample has been the object of intense discussion
between Arja Karivieri and me. The sample has
characteristics of Third style plasters as well as such used for
Fourth style decoration. The many small angular particles
resemble a crushed and reused plaster in relatively much lime. On the other hand, the sample
contains large, many-coloured grains that are characteristic of Third style plasters. This
sample has no characteristics that are absolutely specific of any group; its colour falls between
group G and H, its filler is similar to plasters in group E (large grains) but also group F (smallgrains). In Pettersson’s documentation it is registered and described as a reused plaster. Since
there was no information of objections based on archaeological evidence, my choice was to
place the plaster in group G. Due to convincing archaeological evidence, and observations of
additional samples with the same label, I now place the plaster in group F: a Third style
plaster with dirty appearance.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4D3
Room k , south wall.
Location H. 1.42, 1.33 from door opening to south-west side.
Decoration Phase F Layer First layer, covered by 4D4 (plaster type 4D4, phase G).
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder White lime with large lime lumps.
Filler Small grains 0.5-1 mm and some large 1.5-2
mm.
Compact : Many black, some pale grey, beigeand brown. A few ochre and some black with
red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4D3Group F
CommentsTo the same group belong plasters used for Third Style
decorations in Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI7) and at the
Edifice of Eumachia (E6).
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 4G1
Room 24 b, door opening towards room 23 b, east side.
Location H.0.10, 0.09 from SE edge.
Decoration Phase H Layer First layer covered by 4G2 (plaster type 4G1).
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy beige plaster Binder Grainy beige lime with white lumps.
Filler Small and large particles, crushed materials.
Compact : Black, pale grey, beige, brown, and
ochre. Porous: Red dust.
Crystalline: Black, transparent uncoloured and
yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 4G1
Group H
CommentsSame kind of plaster as 4D4. The composition of the filler is
slightly different since this plaster contains more red
particles. The principal characteristics of both samples are
crushed materials in slightly beige lime. The variations depend on what materials were
crushed and mixed into the fresh lime.
Analyses -
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V 1, 23 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, North house
Sample 8A1
Room l , east wall.
Location H. 0.00, 1.20 from door opening towards room m, south-east edge, 0.09 from the wall.
Decoration - Layer First layer. Plaster layer on the basin. (Phase I).
Sampling C. Pettersson 2002-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy beige plaster Binder Beige lime, some lime lumps. Good
proportion lime/filler.
Filler Small particles 0.2-0.8 mm and some 1-1.5
mm. Reused material.Compact : Black, some brown, pale yellow and
ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey and
yellow
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeN 8A1Group H
CommentsYet another beige plaster with crushed materials. This one
is most similar to 4G1.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 9D5 (Type/Phase A)
Room h, East wall.
Location H 0.67, 1.54 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean slightly beige lime with some lumps
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm. Some large 1.5-2 mm.Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 9D5
Group A (Ab)
CommentsA black and white plaster with small grains.
Same group as F1, EG 1G11.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 9D6 (Type/Phase B)
Room h, east wall.
Location H. 0.80, 1.22 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer First layer? Spoil?
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean slightly beige lime with some lumps.
Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm. Some large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 9D6Group A (Ab)
CommentsLots of lime. Same filler as 9D5.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 9D12 (Type/Phase C)
Room h, west wall.
Location H. 0.45, 1.21 from south-west corner.
Decoration - Layer Small remain.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Black and white, lots of crystals Binder Clean slightly beige lime with some lumps.
Much lime.
Filler Angular and rounded small grains 0.4-0.8
mm. Some large 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale and warm grey, some
brown.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 9D12Group A (Ab)
CommentsSame as 9D5.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 11I7 (Type/Phase G)
Room c, south wall.
Location H. 1.56 at the north-east edge of door opening towards room b.
Decoration - Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Compact plaster, lots of crystals Binder White lime with a few small lime lumps. Little
lime.
Filler Rounded and angular small grains 0.2-0.8 mm
and a few 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, some beige and brown. A
few pale yellow.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 11I7Group D
CommentsPlaster with a very fine-grained filler, little lime. To the
same group belongs Third style decoration in the tablinum
of Casa del Bell’Impluvio (BI6) and CaeN 4G5 in Casa diCaecilius Iucundus, North House.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 10H11 (Type/Phase D)
Room f , north wall.
Location West edge of door opening towards room b, h. 1.44, 1.60 from north-west corner.
Decoration - Layer Small remain.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime with a few small lime lumps.
Filler Rounded and angular medium sized and large
grains 0.4-0.8 mm and 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige and
brown. A few white.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 10H11
Group E
CommentsThis sample consists of small fragments and therefore not very representative. There are just
two groups of large-grained plasters, B and E. The beige, brown and white large grains
indicate group E in spite of the lack of ochre grains. The plaster type was found as the first
layer covered by type 11B1, a plaster that belongs to group H.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 11C9 (Type/Phase E)
Room u, east wall.
Location H. 2.23, 0.09 from south-east corner.
Decoration - Layer Third layer covered by 11C10.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, large grains Binder White lime with many lime lumps. Much lime.
Filler Mainly rounded medium sized grains 0.8-1.2
mm. A few smaller and larger.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some beige and
brown, a few ochre. Beans.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 11C9Group E
CommentsSame group as CaeS 10H11.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 10K1 (Type/Phase F)
Room k .
Location H. 0.46, 1.53 from door opening towards room b.
Decoration Black decoration. Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder White lime with a few small lime lumps.
Filler Rounded and angular small grains 0.4-0.8 mm
and a few 1.5-2 mm.
Compact : Black, pale grey, some brown. A
few ochre and white. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 10K1
Group F
CommentsThe filler of this plaster is of the same kind as 9D5, but the
lime is slightly different. On the other hand, the fact that
there are orange crystals and some white grains in the compact filler suggests a plaster in
group F.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 9E6 (Type/Phase H)
Room l , garden, east wall.
Location H. 0.92, 0.20 from south-west egde of the window opening towards room s. South edge! Decoration -
Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder White lime with many lime lumps.
Filler Angular and rounded small and medium sized
grains, 0.2-0.5, 0.8-1.2 mm. Some large.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown and a fewochre. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 9E6
Group F
CommentsSimilar to CaeS 11I7 but not the same. CaeS 11I7 has
smaller grains, more crystals and little lime. Same group as 11B1.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 11B1 (Type/Phase I)
Room l , west portico.
Location H. 0.92, 0.22 from north-east edge of door opening towards room u.
Decoration Yellow decoration. Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Many colours, lots of crystals Binder Clean white lime with many lime lumps.
Little lime.
Filler Rounded and angular small and medium sized
particles,0-2-0.5 mm and 0.8-1.2 mm. A few
large.
Compact : Black, pale grey, brown and a few
ochre. Black with red dots.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Many black. Transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 11B1
Group F
CommentsSame group as CaeS 9E6.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 10K8 (Type/Phase K)
Room m, south wall.
Location H. 0.52, 0.20 from south-west corner.
Decoration Red decoration. Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Beige lime. Much.
Filler Small grains 0.2-0.8 mm and 1-1.5 mm.
Crushed, reused materials.
Compact : Black and pale grey. Some ochre.
Porous: Red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green and yellow.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 10K8Group H
CommentsA sandy-looking plaster with crushed materials.
Analyses -
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V 1, 26 Casa di Caecilius Iucundus, South house
Sample 12K2 (Type/Phase L)
Room Taberna 27 , west wall.
Location H. 1.34, 0.04 from north-west corner.
Decoration White decoration. Layer First layer.
Sampling C. Pettersson 2005-2006.
*
Plaster Investigation
Plaster Sandy grey plaster Binder Beige lime with lots of white lime lumps.
Much lime.
Filler Small grains 0.2-0.8 mm and 1-1.5 mm.
Crushed, reused materials.
Compact : Black and grey. Some beige, pale
yellow and ochre.
Porous: Many red.
Crystalline: Black, transparent grey,
uncoloured, green, yellow and orange.
Stucco - Lime
Filler
Sample CaeS 12K2Group H
CommentsThis plaster belongs to the same group as CaeS 10K8. It has
the same kind of composition as CaeN 8A1.
Analyses -
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TABLE, Samples group Asample bl dots gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w b
8:3 x x x x x x x xx x x x x8:5 x x x x x x xx x x x x8:14 x x x x x x xx x x x x1 16 5:1 x x x x x xx x x x1 16 5:2 x x x x x xx x x x1 16 5:3 x x x x x xx x x x
5 3 8:1 x x x x x xx x x x5 3 8:2 x x x x x xx x x x5 3 8:3 x x x x x xx x x xBaS 6A1 x x x x x x xx x x xBaS 6A11 x x x x x xx x x xCaeN 13C10 x x x x x xx x x x xCaeN 4D1 x x x x x xx x x x xCaeN 4D8 x x x x xx x x xCaeS 9D12 x x x x x xx x x x xCaeS 9D5 x x x x x x xx x x xCaeS 9D6 x x x x x xx x x x xCau 12D5 xx x x x x x x x xCau 12F5 xx x x x x x x x x x xCau 12G11 xx x x x x x xx x x x xCau 13D1 x x x x xx x x x xCau 12G8 x x x x xx x x xEG 1B2 xx x x x x x xx x x x xEG 1G11 x x x x x xx x x x xEG 12A1 xx x x x x x x x x x x x xEG 12A8 xx x x x x x x x x x x xEG 12A7 xx x x x x x x x x xTab 8H4 xx x x x xx x x xTab 8H8 xx x x x xx x x x
sample bl dots gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w b
CA1 xx x x x x xx xx x x x xCA2 xx x x x x x xx x x x xCA3 xx x x x x x xx x x x xCA5 xx x x x x x x x x x
CC5 xx x x x x x xx x x x xCC9 xx x x x x x xx x x x x xCC11b xx x x x x x x xx x x x x xCC13 xx x x x x xx x x x x xCC14 xx x x x xx x x x xCC17 xx x x x xx x x x xGM2 xx x x x x x xx x x xGM11 xx x x x x x xx x xGM19 xx x x x x xx x xVenus1 xx x x x x x x xx x x x
Venus2 xx x x x x x xx x x xCaeN 5K1 xx x x x xx x x x
TABLE samples, group 0
7/28/2019 Pompeian Plasters. Buildings in Regiones i, V, Vi, Vii and Ix
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TABLE, samples group A
sample bl dots gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w b
CA4 xx x x x x xx xx x x x xCA6 xx x x x x xx xx x xCA8 xx x x x x x xx x x x xCA10 xx x x x x xx x x xCC1 x x x x x xx x x x xCC6 x x x x xx x x x x
CC10 x x x x x x x xx x xCC11a x x x x x x xx x x xCC12 x x x x x xx x x x xCC15 x x x x xx x x x xCC16 x x x xx x x x xCC18 x x x x xx x x x xCM2 xx x x x x xx x x x xCM6 xx x x x x xx x x x xCM8 xx x x x xx x x x xCM9 xx x x x x xx x x xCM10 xx x x x xx x x x x
CM11 xx x x x xx x x xGM1 x x x x x x xx x x xGM4 xx x x x x xx x x x xGM5 x x x x x x xx x x x xGM6 xx x x x x xx x x x xGM7n xx x x x x xx x x x xGM8 xx x x x x xx x x x xGM12 x x x x xx x x x xGM13 xx x x x x x xx x x x xGM14 xx x x x x x xx x x x xGM15 x x x x xx x x x x
GM16 x x x x x xx x x x x xGM17 xx x x x x xx x x x xGM18 x x x x x x xx x x xGM20 xx x x x x xx x x x xSall1 xx x x x x xx x x xSall2 xx x x x x xx x x xSall3 xx x x x x xx x x xVenus3 xx x x x x xx x x xVenus4 xx x x x x xx x x xML1 xx x x x xx x x x xML2 xx x x x xx x x x xML3 xx x x x xx x x x xML4 xx x x x xx x x x xML5 xx x x x xx x x x x
Tables, samples, group 0-H.Column 1 = sample.
Column 2-7: compact grains, fragments of volcanic rock; Dots = black with red dots, bl = black, gr = dark grey,
pgr = pale grey, wgr = warm grey, bro = brown.
Column 8-10: compact grains, limestone; bei = beige, pye = pale yellow, ocr = ochre.
Column 11: porous grains: red = red cruma, generally, occasionally baked brick.Column 12: crystals; bl = long black crystals.
Column 13-17: vitreous particles, transparent; un = uncoloured, gr = grey, yel = yellow, o = orange.
Column 18: Marble or limestone, w = white.
Column 19: compact grains, generally beige, shaped as beans: b = beans.
7/28/2019 Pompeian Plasters. Buildings in Regiones i, V, Vi, Vii and Ix
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Table, samples, group B
TABLE, samples group D
sample bl dot gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w b 8:1 xx x x x x x x x x8:4 xx x x x x x x x x8:6 xx x x x x x x x x
8:13 xx x x x x x x x x8:15 xx x x x x x x x x10:1 xx x x x x x x x x x x10:3 xx x x x x x x x x x xCC2 xx x x x x x x x x xCC3 xx x x x x x x x x xCC4 xx x x x x x x x x xCC7 xx x x x x x x x xCC7b xx x x x x x x x xCC8 xx x x x x x x x x
ML6 xx x x x x xx x x xML7 xx x x x x xx x x xBaS 6E3 xx x x x x x x x xEG 1A12 xx x x x x x x xCaeN 4E13 xx x x x x x xx x x
sample bl dot gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w bT2 xx x x x x xx x x x xT5 xx x x x x x xx x x x xT6 xx x x x x x xx x x x xT9 (top) xx x x x x xx x x x xCaeN 4G5 xx x x x x x xx x x x x xEG 1B8 xx x x x x x xx x x x x xEG 10F4 xx x x x xx x x x x x
sample bl dot gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w bBaS 8E13 xx x x x xx x x x x xCaeN 4G5 xx x x x x xx x x x x xCaeS 11I7 xx x x x x xx x x x x xTab 9A1 xx x x x xx x x x x x
TABLE samples, group C
7/28/2019 Pompeian Plasters. Buildings in Regiones i, V, Vi, Vii and Ix
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TABLE samples, group E
sample bl dot gr pgr wgr bro bei pye ocr red bl un gr gre yel o w b BaS 6A3 xx x x x x x x x x x x x xBaS 6F8 xx x x x x x x x x x x xBaS 12C3 xx x x x x x x x x x x
24:1 xx x x x x x x x x x x x24:2 xx x x x x x x x x x x x24:3 xx x x x x x x x xCaeS 10H11 xx x x x x xx x x x x xCaeS 11C9 xx x x x x x x x x xCau 12E7 xx x x x x x x x x x x x xCau 12G2 xx x x x x x x x x xCM1 xx x x x x x x x x x x xCM3 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xCM4 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x xCM5 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xCM7 xx x x x x x xx x x xEG 2C1 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xPap1 prep xx x x x x x x x xPap2 xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xPap4 xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xT1 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xT3 xx x x x x x x x x x x xT4 xx x x x x x x x x x x x xT7 xx x x x x x x x x x x x xT8 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x
T10 xx x x x x x x x x x x xTab 8H13 xx x x x x x x x x xTab 8K3 xx x x x x x x x x x8:11 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x10:2 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x10:4 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x10:5 xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x
7/28/2019 Pompeian Plasters. Buildings in Regiones i, V, Vi, Vii and Ix
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TABLE, samples group F