polymer solar cells - backend.orbit.dtu.dk
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Dow
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Po
lymer so
lar cells
Kreb
s, Fred
erik C
Publication date:
2009
Link back to DT
U O
rbit
Citation (A
PA
):K
rebs, F. C
. (Author). (2009). P
olymer solar cells. S
ound/Visual production (digital)
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Polymer Solar Cells
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2
Overview
• What constitutes a polymer solar cell
• What is the potential and why the interest
• Where is the technology today
• Performance
• Stability
• Processing
• Status at Risø DTU
• Outlook
• Conclusions
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3
What constitutes a polymer solar cell
• The carrier substrate may be a polymer (or plastic) material
• The active material is a polymeric material
• Typically it is a multilayered structure
• Flexible
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4
What is the potential and why the interest
• All other solar cell technologies have consitently failed when itcomes to reduction of cost
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5
Where is the technology today
The Unification Challenge
Efficiency
Process Stability
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6
Performance
• 6.5% For tandem cells 5% for single junctions
• > 99.9 % of scientific reports have efficiency as the selling point
• > 99.9 % of scientific reports employ spin coating
• > 99.9% of scientific reports employ evaporated metal back electrodes
• > 99.9% of scientific reports employ indium based transparent electrodes
Science 317 (2007) 222.
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7
Stability
• Rarely reported/documented – while this is starting to change
Jørgensen et al. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 686-714.
Hauch et al. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 727-731.
Krebs et al. Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 15 (2007) 697-712.
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8
Processing
Processing is still rather unexplored and limitedto a few materials using virtually one single film forming technique.
Adv. Mater. 19 (2007) 3973-3978.Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008) 033306.Mater. Sci. En. B 138 (2007) 106-111.
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9
New materials and processing techniques are needed
• Low cost
• Fast
• R2R
• Ambient air
• No vacuum steps
• Environmentally friendly
Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 805
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10
Multilayer processing
Wavelength (nm)
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Fil
m a
bso
rban
ce (
a.u
.)
ITO-ZnO-P3CT
ITO-ZnO-P3CTTP
S
S
O OH
nP3CT
(insoluble)
S
S
NN
S
S
O
OH
P3CTTP(insoluble)
Glass
ITO
ZnO
P3CT/ZnO
PEDOT:PSS
ZnO
P3CTTP/ZnO
PEDOT:PSS
Ag-paste +
–
Light
High band gap cell
Low band gap cell
Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 1327
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11
Real world demonstrations
• Many challenges for the development of the process thatcompromised performance
• No volatile solvent
• No toxicity
• Air stability of printing ink
• Long open time on mask
• Solution to large wet thickness obtained with screen printing
• All 5 layers had to be processed by screen printing
• Demonstration in July 2008
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12
Real world demonstrations
• Concept/Mock-up
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Real world demonstrations
• Processing entirely by screen printing
• All steps done in ambient air
• No special requirements to processing atmosphere
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14
Real world demonstrations
• Processing entirely by screen printing
• All steps done in ambient air
• No special requirements to processing atmosphere
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15
How did it go
2124 functional modulesproduced in final run
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16
How did it go
Prerun #2/3
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How did it go
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18
Roskilde festival (Denmark)
Module cost complete ~ 4.5 EuroProcessing cost ~ 1.5 EuroMaterials cost ~ 3.0 Euro
Cost savings:Minus ITO ~ 3.2 EuroMinus crimping ~ 2.5 EuroNew printing method ~ 1.5 Euro
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19
Samsø Energy Academy
• Promotes Danish sustainable energy.
• Permanent exhibition of polymer solar cells.
AREVA visit 06/1/2009
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20
St. James Park (Loop.PH, London)
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21
Status at Risø DTU
• We believe in the full package (materials, processing and perfromance)
• First public demonstrations in 2008
• Several processes available
• ProcessOne
• 2.33% PCE, full R2R, all solution, all air, semitransparent, flexible
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22
Outlook
• The technology is likely to appear in niche products in 2009 onwards
• Potential for low cost and energy savings demonstrated
• On-grid electrical energy production lies somewhere in the future(10-20 years)
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23
Conclusions
• We must find convincing means to combine efficiency, stability and process, thermocleavable materials is one possibility
• Many processing techniques are available that should be explored
• An application example is given, and, while being far from anythingthat can be rated as a commercial product, it shows some level offeasibility
• Cost analysis show that it is possible to prepare a low cost polymer PV product, but also that it will only come at an effort.