polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the san francisco estuary setac annual meeting november...
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the San Francisco Estuary
www.sfei.org
SETAC Annual MeetingNovember 2007
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Susan Klosterhaus, Daniel Oros, John Oram, Don Yee, and Cristina Grosso
San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, California.
Francois RodigariEast Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, California.
David CraneCalifornia Dept. of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California.
Richard GraceAXYS Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, British Columbia.
Talk Outline
I. Introduction to the Estuary and our dataset
II. PBDEs in biota are high
III. PBDEs in sediment seem low
IV. What’s going on?
San Francisco Estuary
• Largest estuary on west coast
• Urban, industrial, agricultural
• 90% of freshwater from Delta
• Shallow, highly mixed
• Net erosional except for Lower South Bay
Delta
Pacific Ocean
Central V
alley
Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in the San Francisco Estuary (RMP)
I. Status & Trends Monitoring (1993 - ) -- Sediment, water (annually) -- Bivalves (every 2 years) -- Sport fish (every 3 years) -- Cormorant eggs (every 2 years)
II. Pilot and Special Studies -- Provides framework for adaptive management -- e.g. emerging contaminants
Collaboration: SFEI, State, Discharging Community
Objective: Support management decisions
Comprehensive PBDE Dataset Br BrO
Br Br
• Water, sediment, bivalves (SFEI monitoring)
• Sport fish (Holden et al. 2003; Greenfield et al. 2003; Brown et al. 2006; Davis et al. 2006)
• Harbor seals (She et al. 2002; SFEI unpublished)
• Bird eggs (She et al. 2004; Davis et al. 2006; Hooper, unpublished)
• People (She et al. 2002; Petreas et al. 2003; Fischer et al. 2006; Bradman et al. 2007)
Sources • Wastewater effluent (North 2004; SFEI unpublished)
• Loadings from the Delta and local watersheds (SFEI in prep)
• Atmospheric deposition (CA Air Resources Board)
Accumulation
Mass Budget and Modeling
Bivalves
• Annually since 1993
• Deployed Mussels (90-100 days)
• Resident clams
• PBDEs since 2002
BD20
BD30
BC61
BC10
BB71
BA40
BA30
BA10
BD40
Resident Clams
BG20
BG30
Deployed Mussels
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Tot
al P
BD
E (
ng/g
dry
wei
ght)
30405060708090
100110
Resident clam concentrations have decreased
Corbicula fluminea
Sacramento River (BG20)
San Joaquin River (BG30)
Deployed mussel concentrations may be decreasing
Mytilus californianus2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Tot
al P
BD
Es
(ng/
g d
ry w
eig
ht)
0
10
20
30
40
50
San Pablo Bay (BD30)Central Bay (BB71) Central Bay (BC10) Central Bay (BC61) South Bay (BA40)
Data: 2006 NOAA Mussel Watch Program
Deployed mussels comparable to resident mussels in other urban estuaries
Total PBDE (ng/g dry weight)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Delaware Bay
Tampa Bay
Long Island Sound
San Francisco Bay
Puget Sound
Sport Fish
• Every 3 yrs since 1994
• Popular fishing areas
• 7 species
• Organics, Hg, Se
• PBDEs since 2000
South Bay
Oakland Inner Harbor
Berkeley
San Francisco Waterfront
San Pablo Bay
Trends in sport fish?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ShinerSurfperch
WhiteCroaker
StripedBass
WhiteSturgeon
To
tal
PB
DE
s (
ng
/g w
et
we
igh
t)
2000
2003
2006
2006NA
Median
Range
Congener patterns in sport fish
Shine
r Sur
fper
chW
hite
Cro
aker
Stripe
d Bas
sW
hite
Stu
rgeo
n ‘Penta-BDE’
% o
f Tot
al P
BD
E
47 99 100 153 154 Other
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sport fish among the highest
SF white croaker
SF shiner surfperch
SF striped bassSF white sturgeon
San Francisco Bay
Total PBDE (ng/g lipid)0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Japan
China
European Average
TaiwanEuropeAsia
> 5000
Chesapeake Bay
N. American Average
Maine
Others in North America
Great Lakes
Cormorant eggs
Wheeler Island
Richmond Bridge
Don Edwards NWR
• 3 nesting sites
• Biennial since 2002
• Organics, Hg, Se
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
PB
DE
s (n
g/g
lip
id)
PB
DE
s in
egg
s (n
g/g
lipid
)
2002 2003 2004 2005
24,000
20,000
16,000
12,000
8,000
4,000
Don Edwards Pond (South Bay)
Richmond Bridge
Wheeler Island (near Delta)
Cormorant concentrations may be decreasing
Congener patterns in cormorant eggs
47 99 100 153 154 17,28/33,66,85,138
Whe
eler
Is.
Whe
eler
Is.
Ric
hmon
d Br
.D
. Edw
ards
D. E
dwar
ds
Ric
hmon
d B
r.
Ric
hmon
d B
r. D
. Edw
ards
D. E
dwar
ds
Ric
hmon
d B
r.
2002 2004
% o
f T
otal
PB
DE
Penta-BDE
Location SpeciesΣPBDEs
(ng/g lipid)Reference
San Francisco Bay cormorants 4,000 - 24,000 Davis et al. 2006 (SFEI)
San Francisco Bay terns, clapper rail 300 - 63,000She et al. 2003; She et al. 2004
Chesapeake Bay osprey 200-700 (wet wt) Rattner et al. 2004
Great Lakes herring gull 1800 - 16,000Norstrom et al.
2002
British Columbiacormorants, herons,
petrels Max 7700 Elliot et al. 2005
Norway osprey, sea eagle 300 - 20,000 Herzke et al. 2005
UK herons, cormorants max 4,000 D'Silva et al. 2004
Sweden guillemot Max 2700Sellström et al.
2003
Japan cormorants 600 - 3,300Watanabe et al.
2004
Bird eggs among the highest
BDE 47 in Sediment (2004 - 2006)
• Range: 0.2 – 4 ng/g
• Segment averages < 0.4 – 0.8 ng/g
• No trend over 3 years
BDE 47 within range of other locations
LocationBDE 47
(ng/g dry)Reference
San Francisco Estuary <0.2 - 4 SFEI 2006 Monitoring
Chesapeake Bay mainstem <0.1 - 2 Baker et al. unpublished
Newark Bay, NJ <0.1 - 16 Wenning et al. 2004
Great Lakes <2 Zhu and Hites 2005
Lake Winnipeg, Canada 0.01-0.2 Law et al. 2006
China (Pearl River Estuary) 0.1 - 5 Mai et al. 2005
China (Yangtze River Delta) Chen et al. 2006
Japan <2 Choi et al 2003
Denmark <0.1 - 1 Christensen and Platz 2001
Netherlands 0.3 – 7 de Boer et al. 2003
Portugal <1 - 10 Lacorte et al. 2003
Spain 0.1 - 0.2 Eljarrat et al. 2004
Germany, Czech Republic Sawal et al. 2004
BDE 209 in Sediment (2004, 2006)
• Range: < 1 – 19 ng/g
• Segment averages 0.6 – 9 ng/g • 2006 2X higher than 2004
LocationBDE 209
(ng/g dry)Reference
San Francisco Estuary <1 - 19 SFEI 2006 Monitoring
Chesapeake Bay, MD, VA <0.1 - 30 Baker et al. unpublished
Newark Bay, NJ 0.1 - 700 Wenning et al. 2004
Great Lakes 40 - 60 Zhu and Hites 2005
Lake Winnipeg, Canada 0.5-0.8 Law et al. 2006
China (Pearl River Estuary) 1 - 110 Mai et al. 2005
China (Yangtze River Delta) <1 - 100 Chen et al. 2006
Japan <25 – 11,600 Choi et al 2003
Denmark <1 - 20 Christensen and Platz 2001
Netherlands <4 – 510 de Boer et al. 2003
Portugal Lacorte et al. 2003
Spain 2 - 40 Eljarrat et al. 2004
Germany, Czech Republic 1 - 20 Sawal et al. 2004
BDE 209 lower than other locations?
Suis
un B
aySa
n Pa
blo
Bay
Cen
tral
Bay
Sout
h B
ay
Low
er S
outh
Bay
Pattern in sediments varies spatially
209 208 207 206 154 153 100 99 66 47 28,33
% o
f To
tal P
BD
E
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bal
timor
e H
arbo
r**Klosterhaus et al. 2006
Summary
1. PBDEs in biota are high, may be decreasing
2. PBDEs in sediments are comparable?
4. Watershed characteristics drive spatial
variation in congener patterns
5. Effect of California flammability standard is unclear
3. BDE 209 may be increasing in sediments
Acknowledgements
RMP committees, participants
San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board
SFEI: Jay Davis, Meg Sedlak, Ben Greenfield
Data and reports available at: www.sfei.org/rmp