CONCEPTof

STATEand

GOVERNMENT

MEANING of STATE

STATE

•Is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control

The state alone has the right to use force

It is inclusive, for all departments of life within its area are under its control

Entry into it is compulsory for everybody and everyone everywhere must be a citizen of some state

It has complete independence and sovereignty over its area

THE STATE IS UNIQUE OF ALL HUMAN INSTITUTIONS

BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS

ELEMENTS OF STATE

PEOPLE TERRITORY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY•Refers to the inhabitants of the state•If there is no people there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed•There is no requirement as to the number of its population

•Most populated•CHINA•Less populated•VATICAN CITY•PHILIPPINE population•90,000,000 as of 2009

•Refers to the fixed portion of the earth surface inhabited by the people

•As stated in ARTICLE I-The National Territory

•Largest territory•CANADA•Smallest territory•VATICAN CITY

•Refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out•Sometimes used to refer to the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands placed for the time being the function of political control

•This “body of men” is usually spoken of as “administration

•Ordinary citizen is not part of the government

Refers to the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction and corollary, to have freedom from foreign control

TWO MANIFESTATION OF SOVEREIGNTY

INTERNAL

The power of the state to rule within

its territory

EXTERNAL

The freedom of the state to carry out its activities

without subjection to or control by other states

OFTEN REFERRED TO AS

INDEPENDENCE

PERMANENT

EXCLUSIVE

COMPREHENSIVE

ABSOLUTE

INDIVISIBLE

INALIENABLE

CHARACTERISTICS OF

SOVEREIGNTY

lasting forever or for a very long time, especially without

undergoing significant change

including everything, so as to be complete

complete and in no way conditional on any future

evidence or behavior

not capable of being separated into parts

not able to be transferred or taken away

only available to or used by one person, group, or organization

ORIGIN OF STATESDIVINE RIGHT THEORY

• It holds that the state is of divine creation and the

ruler is ordained by God to govern the people

NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY

• It maintains that the states must have been

created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon

the weak

PATERNALISTIC THEORY• It attributes the origin of

states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the

authority of the father or mother

• STAGES• 1. Clan 2.

Tribe • 3. Nation

4.state

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

• It asserts that the early states must have been

formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among

the people to form a society and organize government for their

common good• It justifies the right of the

people to revolt against a bad ruler

ADVOCATES OF DIVINE RIGHT THEORY

“ let every soul be subject unto

the higher powers; for there is no power but

of God; the powers that be are ordained of

God”ST. PAUL the APOSTLE

(Romans 13:1-2)

ADVOCATES OF FORCE THEORY

Bluntshli David Hume

Gen. Von Bernhardi

“ might is the supreme right”

ADVOCATES OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

DUTY OF THE STATE

Peace and

Order

National Security

Political Harmony

Enactment of Good Laws

Social Justice

Economic

Development

STRICTLY SYNO

NIM

OU

S W

ITH PEOPLE

STATE

It is a political concept

Group of people bound together by political aspirations

Not subject to any external control

A single state may consist of one or more nations or people

STAT

E D

ISTI

NGU

ISHE

D F

ROM

N

ATIO

N

STAT

E D

ISTI

NGU

ISHE

D F

ROM

GO

VERN

MEN

T

STATE

It is a comprehensive political concept

It cannot exist without a government

There is no state when it is under foreign domination

It will never change as long as its essential elements are present

ADVANCEMENT OF THE

PUBLIC WELFARE

• Necessary for the protection of society and its members

• Necessary for the security of persons and property

• Necessary for the administration of justice• Necessary for the preservation of the state

from external danger• Necessary for the advancement of the

physical, economic, social and cultural well-being of the people

CONSEQUENCE OF

ABSENCE

•Anarchy, and disorder , and a general feeling of fear and insecurity will prevail in society•Progress and development will not be possible•Values like truth, justice freedom, equality, rule of law, and human dignity can never be enjoyedPURPOSE AND NECESSITY

OF GOVERNMENT

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT• MONARCHY

• Absolute• Limited

• ARISTOCRACY• DEMOCRACY

• Direct or Pure• Indirect, Representative or Republican

As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers

•UNITARY•FEDERAL

As to the extent of powers exercised by

the central or national government

•PARLIAMENTARY•PRESIDENTIAL

As to the relationship between the

executive and the legislative branches of the government

MONARCHY

The supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without

regard to the source of election or duration of tenure

ABSOLUTE

One which the ruler rules by divine right

LIMITEDOne which the ruler rules in

accordance with a

constitution

ARISTOCRACY

•One which political power is exercised by a few privileged class which is know as an aristocrats•It is also referred to as OLIGARCHY

DEMOCRACY

One in which the political power is exercised by a majority of the people

DIRECT or PURE

One which the will of the state

is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a

mass meeting or primary assembly

rather than through

delegates

INDIRECT, REPRESENTA

TIVE, or REPUBLICAN

One which the will of the state

is formulated and expressed

through the agency of a

relatively small and select body

of persons chosen by the

people

ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of DEMOCRACY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. It minimizes the danger of revolution through peaceful and legitimate means

2. It encourages all citizens to take an interest in the affairs of the government

3. It educates the people in the science of politics

4. It inculcates a sense of responsibility among the people regarding the success or failure of the government

5. It safeguards the rights and liberties of the people

1. It may lead to the “rule of ignorance” according to Plato

2. Corrupt and dishonest politicians are elected to the public office

3. It pay too much attention to the quantity and not to the quality of things

4. Real talents and brilliant minds are seldom elected and seldom given proper recognition

5. There is no permanence in government policies because it changes when a reigning party replaces by another one, “to the victors belong the spoils” system

UNITARY

•One in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government

FEDERAL

•One in which the powers or government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme within its own sphere

BRIEF PICTURE

OF A FEDERAL GOVERN

MENT

One national

flag+ separate

local flags

Different official

languages

Local government remits only few taxes to

the national

government

Different laws on

education, taxation, customs

dues, labor marriage

etc

Separate constitutions and

legislatures, chief

executives and

judicial systems

PARLIAMENTARY

•One which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive.•The Cabinet or ministry is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature and immediately or politically responsible to the electorate•The titular or nominal executive or the chief of state occupies a position of irresponsibility

PRESIDENTIAL

•One which the state makes the executive continually independent of the legislature as regards his tenure and to a large extent as regards his policies and acts, and furnishes him with sufficient powers to prevent the legislature from trenching upon the sphere marked out by the constitution as executive independence and prerogative

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE

DE JURE GOVERN

MENT

• Is one that has the legal recognition of the family of nations

• Constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the state

DE FACTO GOVERN

MENT

•Not constituted or founded but has general support of the people and effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers •It can acquires a de jure status when it gains wide acceptance from the people and recognition from the community of nations

CAPITALISM

Occurs in a democratic form of government

Its essential characteristics are; private ownership, freedom of enterprise, pursuit of

private profit as the motive of economic activity and minimal government interference

Election Resignation of the Chief Executive

Impeachment

Natural Death of the

LeaderAssassination

Coup d'état

Civil War

Revolution

WAYS OF CHANGING A

GOVERNMENT

IDEOLOGYDefined as a political

philosophy which seeks to gain adherents and

perpetuate itself as the government in various

states

LEFT

COMMUNISM

ANARCHISM

DEMOCRATIC

SOCIALISM

CENTER

MIXED CAPITALISM

RIGHT

CLASSICAL CAPITALISM FASCISM

NAZISM

KINDS OF IDEOLOGIESthose political parties

or the section of a party holding views that are neither left-wing nor right-wing

the advocating of liberal, socialist, or communist political and social change or

reform

favoring or relating to political conservatism

the political theory or system in which all property

and wealth is owned in a classless society by all the members of that society

an economy in which some industries and businesses

are government-owned and some are privately owned

distribution of wealth is most efficiently

accomplished through free trade without government

interference.

ideology that favors dictatorial government, centralized

control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition,

and extreme nationalism

the philosophy of the German National Socialist Party under the leadership

of Adolf Hitler

political ideology incorporating a degree of socialism but including such values as private property and representative government

an ideology that rejects the need for a system of

government in society and proposes its abolition

DISMISS!

QUIZ NEXT

MEETING

QUIZ NOV. 30. 20101. Defined as a political philosophy which seeks to gain adherents and perpetuate itself as the

government in various states2. A community of persons, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a

government of their own, and enjoying freedom from external control3. An economic system occurs in a communistic form of government4. This “body of men” is usually spoken of as “administration5. A government which is not constituted or founded but has general support of the people and

effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers6. Characteristic of sovereignty which means not able to be transferred or taken away7. In this type of government, the chief of state occupies only a position of irresponsibility8. It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact

among the people9. He postulated that “Might is the supreme right”10. Group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as origin, language, customs, and

traditions11. One which political power is exercised by a few privileged class12. Type of democratic government which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly

through the people in a primary assembly rather than through delegates13. The power of the state to rule within its territory14. According to Aristotle, this situation or scenario will happen in a democratic form of government15. ideology that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression

of all opposition, and extreme nationalism

1. Ideology2. State3. Socialism4. Government5. De Facto Government6. Inalienable7. Parliamentary8. Social Contract Theory9. Gen. Von Bernhard10. Nation11. Aristocracy12. Direct or Pure Democracy13. Internal Sovereignty14. Mobocracy15. Fascism