1BCM 501

GYANESHWAR JHA

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POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH

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The human population depends on the Earth at several different levelsHydrosphere Example: waterAtmosphere Example: airLithosphere Example: soilBiosphere Example: living world

INTRODUCTION

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Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

POLLUTANTPollutants are substances which causes pollution.Any solid, liquid or gases substance present in such

concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to environment.

POLLUTION

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Two concepts deals with the environment's capability to "support" an agent.

Contamination supported by the environment without stopping the general chemical cycles and life cycles.

Pollution producing damage in the environment damage the entire ecosystem.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLLUTION AND CONTAMINATION

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Pollution can be classified according to the medium which is contaminated or where the contamination occurs 1. Air pollution2. Water pollution3. Soil pollution

TYPES OF POLLUTION

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BASED ON SOURCE OF POLLUTION

1. Automobile pollution 2. Agricultural pollution3. Industrial pollution

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BASED ON KIND OF POLLUTANT1. Noise pollution2. Pesticide pollution 3. Plastic pollution4. Heavy metal pollution5. Radiation pollution6. Oil pollution7. Sewage pollution

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1. Non degradable pollutants:-There are the poisonous substances like aluminum cans, DDT, mercuric salts, glasses etc. that either do not degrade or degrade very slowly in nature.

2. Degradable pollutants:- These are domestic waste that can be rapidly decomposed under natural conditions.

BASIC TWO TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

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Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment

AIR POLLUTION

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Natural Example: forest fires, Volcanic eruptionsHuman Activities Example: combustion of fossil fuels as energy

Major sources of air pollution remain industrial processes and motor vehicles.

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

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1. Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities2. Burning Fossil Fuels3. Household and Farming Chemicals4. Mining operations5. Exhaust from automobiles6. Radioactive Fallout

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

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Carbon compoundsSulphur compoundsNitrogen oxidesOzone FluorocarbonsHydrocarbonsHeavy metalsPhotochemical products

AIR POLLUTANTS

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Asthma

Allergy

EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

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Inorganic Dust     Coal Dust - Anthracosis      Silica - Silicosis      Asbestos - Asbestosis  Iron - SiderosisOrganic Dusts      Cane Fiber - Bagassosis (Bronchi gets affected)

Cotton dust - Byssinosis (In Textile industries)       Tobacco - Tobaccosis, Lung Cancer    

      DUSTS (PNEUMOCONIOSIS)

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Coal Dust - Anthracosis

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Silica - Silicosis

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Asbestos - Asbestosis

Iron- Siderosis

The iris has the " rusty " appearance that results from siderosis. 01-12-2014

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PNEUMOCONIOSIS

A disease of the lungs characterized byfibrosis and caused by the chronicinhalation of mineral dusts, especially silicaand asbestos. When Insoluble Inorganic Material (likesilica and asbestos) enters the lungs, they stay in the lungs and cause inflammation and disease

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Oxides of Nitrogen - Brochiolitis

They cause eye irritation and respiratory trouble.

They have mutagenic properties

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Ozone - Broncho constriction

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Hydrocarbons – Lung Cancer

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Sulphur dioxide – COPD,Asthma

COPD - diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed

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Grain Dust -Farmer’s Lungs

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Carbon Monoxide It is formed by incomplete combustion of carbon fuels in various industries , motor vehicles, hearths, etc. It causes impairment of judgment and vision, headache and dizziness.

Sulphur Dioxide It is produced in large quantity during smelting of metallic ores. It causes trachial irritation, cough, bronchial spasms.01-12-2014

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Air Quality Index

The Air Quality Index (AQI), also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is an index for reporting daily air quality.

Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code.

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Clean Air Act has developed National Ambient Air Quality Standards to protect public health and environmental resources.

The air quality standards are classified into two types:Primary standards: Protect public health, including the health of

"sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly.

Secondary standards: Protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

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Good: The AQI value for a community is between 0 and 50 then the air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.

Moderate: The AQI is between 51 and 100 then the Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people.

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups: When AQI values are between 101 and 150, members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. This means they are l ikely to be affected at lower levels than the general public.

Unhealthy: Everyone may begin to experience health effects when AQI values are between 151 and 200. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.

Very Unhealthy: AQI values between 201 and 300 trigger a health alert, meaning everyone may experience more serious health effects.

Hazardous: AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more l ikely to be affected.

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB)Pollutant Time weighted

Average Concentration in Ambient

air (g m-3)

Industrial Rural and Residential

Sensitive

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)Annual Average * 80 60 1524 hr ** 120 80 30

Oxide of nitrogen (NO2)Annual average * 80 60 15

24 hr ** 120 80 30

Suspended Particulate matter (SPM)Annual average * 360 140 70

24 hr ** 500 200 100

Respirable suspended particulate matter (<10 micron) (RSPM)

Annual average * 120 60 50

24 hr ** 150 100 75

Lead Annual average * 1.0 0.75 0.50

24 hr ** 1.5 1.00 0.75

Carbon monoxide (mg m-3)8hr 5.0 2.0 1.0

1 hr 10.0 4.0 2.0

•*Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year taken for a week, 24 hourly at uniform interval.•** 24 hour/ 8 hourly values should meet 98% of the time in a year01-12-2014BCM 501 28

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Use public mode of transportationConserve energyUnderstand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and RecycleEmphasis on clean energy resourcesEmphasis on clean energy resources

PREVENTION

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Any chemical, biological and physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms.

WATER POLLUTION

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TYPES OF WATER POLLUTIONPollution of Streams and LakesOcean PollutionGroundwater Pollution

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Point-source pollution: single source (oil spill, oil wells, oil tankers etc)

Non-point-source pollution: many sources .

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

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SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

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Rivers • Rivers have been easy targets for dumping of sewage and

industrial wastes.• Many rivers that are in industrial areas are so polluted and

low in oxygen that very few species can live in them anymore.

• River ganga is the most polluted rives in India.

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flowing water can recover rapidly by dilution and decayPollution of Streams and Lakes

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

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•Coastal areas most impacted – especially wetlands and estuaries, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps

•Half of world's population lives within 100 km (60 miles) of oceans and 14 of 15 largest cities coastal

•About 35% of U.S. municipal sewage discharged virtually untreated in ocean waters

•Dumping of industrial waste directly into ocean off U.S. coasts stopped, but many countries still dump large quantities of toxic substances

•Ocean is the ultimate repository of waste

Ocean Pollution

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• Greater threat to humans than much of more visible surface water pollution• Much groundwater renewed slowly, such that pollution lingers for long time• Crude estimates indicate that up to 25% of usable groundwater in the U.S.

contaminated• Extremely difficult to clean up contaminated groundwater; prevention more

effective• Main approach: pump groundwater to surface, purifying water, and returning to

aquifer; costs high

Groundwater Pollution

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich01-12-2014

BCM 501 40bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

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Groundwater Pollution

Salt Water Intrusion

Extensive pumping in coastal areas can cause salt water to rise into wells, forming a cone of ascension

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Chemicals in drinking water

1.Fluoride Dental fluorosis

2. Methyl Mercury Minamata

HEALTH EFFECTS

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Lead poisoning colica pictonium (plumbism)

Cadmium poisoning Weak and brittle bones

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Bacterial infections Typhoid Cholera Paratyphoid fever Bacillary dysenteryViral infections Infectious Hepatitis (jaundice) PoliomyelitiProtozoal infections Amoebic dysentery

WATER-BORNE DISEASES

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Amoebiasis, is one of those common diseases, caused by a parasite which infects the bowel casing a type of gastroenteritis infection.

This disease generally occurs in young to middle aged adults who ingest contaminated food or water containing the Entamoeba histolytica microorganism

Amoebiasis

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Giardiasis Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia lamblia The most common manifestations of giardiasis are diarrhoea and abdominal pain, particularly cramping.

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Fish Die01-12-2014

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“The word noise comes from the Latin word noxia meaning "injury" or "hurt" .” Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant and annoying sound caused by vibration of the matter.

Vibrations impinge on the ear drum of a human or animal and setup a nervous disturbance, which we call sound. When the effects of sound are undesirable that it may be termed as “Noise”.

NOISE POLLUTION

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Traffic noise Air Craft Noise from railwaysConstruction NoiseNoise in IndustryNoise in buildingLoud SpeakersFirecrackers

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION

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There are 2 kinds of noise pollution. A. Community Noise (non industrial noise pollution). 1. Air craft noise 2. Roadway noise pollution 3. Under water noise pollution

B. Occupational Noise( industrial noise pollution)

CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE POLLUTION

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It is an instrument that measures sound pressure level, commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of different kinds of noise, especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise.

Noise is measured in terms of desibles

SOUND LEVEL METER

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Area code Category of area

Limits in dBDay time

Limits in dBNight time

A Industrial area 75 70

B Commercial area

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C Residential area

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D Silence area 50 40

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STANDARDS WITH RESPECT NOICE IN AMBIENT AIR

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Hearing lossAge-related (presbycusis)Cardiovascular effectsStressAnnoyanceCognitive development

EFFECTS ON HUMANS

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At Source Maintenance of automobiles Control over vibrations Prohibition on usage of loud speakers Selection of machineryTransmission Protect exposed personCreate Vegetation coverEducation

CONTROL

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Soil pollution refers to undesirable change in physico-chemical, or biological condition of soil quality that becomes unsuitable for plant growth and microorganisms in soil.

SOIL POLLUTION

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During earth quakes ,land slidesVolcanoesHurricanes and floods

NATURAL CAUSES LAND POLLUTION

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Application of Pesticides Indiscriminate use of fertilizers Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides Dumping of large quantities of solid waste Deforestation and soil erosion Urbanization

ARTIFICIAL CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION

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Heavy metalsOxides of nitrogen and SulphurIndustrial wasteSewageAgricultural wastesVolcanoesPlastics glasses

SOIL POLLUTENTS

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4 R's: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and RefuseReducing chemical fertilizerReducing pesticide useReusing of materialsRecycling and recovery of materialsReforestingSolid waste treatment

CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION

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WikipediaEcology and Environment by P.D. Sharma Introduction to Environmental science by Y. AnjaneyuluA Text book on Environmental science by P.C. Joshihttp://www.mass.gov/dep/air/aq/env_effects.htm- See more at: http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-

solutions-of-air-pollution.php#sthash.b9jay4DO.dpuf

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REFERENCE

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THANK YOU ALL

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