POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Chapter 8: Key Issue 3 p. 276-285

MONDAY, JANUARY 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: I can explain how the contemporary political map has been shaped by events of the past.

Defined: legal document or treaty

Delimited: drawn on map

Demarcated: marked on ground (wall, fence, post)

Administered: enforced by gov’t / people

Superimposed: ignores existing cultural landscape

Relic: no longer exists, impact still felt

Antecedent: existed before humans settled

Natural: physical (desert, mts, water)

Shapes of States 44. Compact State •  Distance from center to

any boundary does not vary significantly

•  Easy to manage when capital city is near center

Shapes of States 45. Elongated State •  Long and narrow •  Difficult to defend •  Peripheral areas are

isolated

Shapes of States 46. Perforated State •  State that completely

surrounds another state •  Creates dependency in

the inner country

Shapes of States 47. Fragmented State •  Several disconnected

pieces of territory •  Off-shore islands make

communication difficult •  Fragments of land can

separate ethnic groups

Shapes of States 48. Prorupted State •  Has a long extension

projecting out from territory

•  Can provide easy access to resources

•  Might cause conflicts

Shapes of States Landlocked State •  Surrounded by land on all

sides •  No outlet to sea •  Must cooperate with

neighbors for seaports

MATCH THEM! Compact Elongated Prorupted

Perforated Fragmented Landlocked

Shapes of States 49. Enclave •  an enclosed territory that is

culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it

•  Vatican City and San Marion (enclaves of Italy)

•  Lesotho (enclave of South Africa)

•  Native American reservations

Shapes of States 50. Exclave •  a part of a country that is

separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory

•  Alaska (exclave of the continental US)

•  Kaliningrad (exclave port of Russia)

Law of the Sea

When Law of the Sea Doesn’t Work • Median-line principle: line is drawn equidistant from

each country •  Does not give equal access to resources

•  Iran is contesting this in the Caspian Sea because other countries (Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan) would receive greater percentage of the resources than Iran

Sea or Lake? Sea: equidistant, evenly divided exclusive economic zones Lake: 15 miles for mineral exploration + 10 for fishing, the rest is a joint area

Sea Lake

Global Commons • Areas where countries

do not have the right to search for natural resources •  Antarctica (scientific

research)

Exclusive Economic Zones

Who has legal claims to the South China Sea?

Click on image for link to article!

Important shipping lane Indian ! Pacific Ocean

¼ of traded goods Oil from Persian Gulf Chinese products Indonesian coffee

39. Redistricting reapportionment of representatives every ten years based on results of the census (so that each district has about the same number of people)

1973-1982 6 districts

2003-2013 5 districts

Since 2013 4 districts

40. Redistricting redrawing of political boundaries for political gain by one party Crash Course: Gerrymandering

41. Unitary States 42. Federal States

STATE / REGIONAL STATE / REGIONAL

power power

NATIONAL GOV’T NATIONAL GOV’T

● SIG:  in  general,  world  has  become  more  democratic  ○ more  rights,  voting,  democratic  governments  

 Arab  Spring  

● recent  dramatic  shift  in  governments  (2010-­2011)  ● major  protests  in  SW  Asia  and  N  Africa  

○ demonstrations,  rallies,  strikes  by  college-­aged  people  ○ used  social  media  to  organize  protests  ○ autocratic  regimes  suppressed  media  coverage,  so  protesters  used  social  

media  ● forced  autocratic  rulers  out  of  power  in  Egypt,  Libya,  Tunisia,  and  Yemen  

 Local  Scale:  Unitary  and  Federal  States  

● Unitary  state:  most  power  in  central  gov’t  ○ states  with  few  internal  cultural  differences  ○ strong  national  unity  ○ small  states  -­  easy  communication  

■ Europe  -­  France  ■ Kenya,  Rwanda  -­  one  ethnic  group  dominates  local  groups  ■ China  -­  promote  communist  values  

● Federal  state:  allocates  power  to  units  of  local  gov’t  ○ multinational  states  -­  empower  different  nationalities  across  state  ○ local  gov’t  boundaries  correspond  with  different  ethnic  regions  ○ large  states  

■ United  States,  Canada,  Russia,  Brazil,  India  ■ Belgium  -­  two  ethnic  groups  (Flemish  and  Waloons)  

   ELECTORAL  GEOGRAPHY  (p.  284-­285)    Electoral  Geography  

● redraw  districts  every  10  years  to  reflect  population  changes  ● gerrymandering:  redrawing  legislative  boundaries  that  favor  one  party  

○ Wasted  vote:  spreads  opposition  across  many  districts  ○ Excess  vote:  concentrates  opposition  into  a  few  districts  ○ Stacked  vote:  links  distant  areas  of  like-­minded  voters  

● Europe:  boundaries  drawn  by  independent  commissions  ● US:  redrawn  by  the  legislature  (except  Iowa,  Washington)  

   

43. Theocracy

religion is intertwined with the political structure Iran is under Sharia Law (Shiite Muslims)

43. Theocracy

In what ways is democracy a threat to theocracy? How does this relate to the Arab Spring?

Arab Spring

A series of protests in North Africa and the Middle East to overthrow dictators and replace them with dictatorships Began in 2011

● SIG:  in  general,  world  has  become  more  democratic  ○ more  rights,  voting,  democratic  governments  

 Arab  Spring  

● recent  dramatic  shift  in  governments  (2010-­2011)  ● major  protests  in  SW  Asia  and  N  Africa  

○ demonstrations,  rallies,  strikes  by  college-­aged  people  ○ used  social  media  to  organize  protests  ○ autocratic  regimes  suppressed  media  coverage,  so  protesters  used  social  

media  ● forced  autocratic  rulers  out  of  power  in  Egypt,  Libya,  Tunisia,  and  Yemen  

 Local  Scale:  Unitary  and  Federal  States  

● Unitary  state:  most  power  in  central  gov’t  ○ states  with  few  internal  cultural  differences  ○ strong  national  unity  ○ small  states  -­  easy  communication  

■ Europe  -­  France  ■ Kenya,  Rwanda  -­  one  ethnic  group  dominates  local  groups  ■ China  -­  promote  communist  values  

● Federal  state:  allocates  power  to  units  of  local  gov’t  ○ multinational  states  -­  empower  different  nationalities  across  state  ○ local  gov’t  boundaries  correspond  with  different  ethnic  regions  ○ large  states  

■ United  States,  Canada,  Russia,  Brazil,  India  ■ Belgium  -­  two  ethnic  groups  (Flemish  and  Waloons)  

   ELECTORAL  GEOGRAPHY  (p.  284-­285)    Electoral  Geography  

● redraw  districts  every  10  years  to  reflect  population  changes  ● gerrymandering:  redrawing  legislative  boundaries  that  favor  one  party  

○ Wasted  vote:  spreads  opposition  across  many  districts  ○ Excess  vote:  concentrates  opposition  into  a  few  districts  ○ Stacked  vote:  links  distant  areas  of  like-­minded  voters  

● Europe:  boundaries  drawn  by  independent  commissions  ● US:  redrawn  by  the  legislature  (except  Iowa,  Washington)  

   

Homework DUE THURSDAY DUE FRIDAY Read: p. 282-285 Read: p. 268-275 Vocab: #38-43 Vocab: #22-23 Questions: #20-27 Questions: #9-15