polish american women tracing ethnic achievement

Journal of Government Information, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 47–71, 1998Copyright © 1998 Elsevier Science LtdPrinted in the USA. All rights reserved

1352-0237/98 $19.00

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POLISH AMERICAN WOMEN: TRACING ETHNIC ACHIEVEMENTIN PUBLISHED U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCES

THOMAS DUSZAK*

Head, Cataloging Section, State Library of Pennsylvania, P.O. Box 1601, Harrisburg, PA 17105-1601, USA

Abstract —

Barbara Mikulski and Marcy Kaptur are the only two Polish Americanwomen who have been elected to the U.S. Congress. Besides the achievements of thesewomen, the lives of other Polish American women have been recorded in U.S. docu-ments. Using print and nonprint indexes, this article cites evidence of their presence inthe form of accomplishments, tributes, commemorations, and dedications with an em-phasis on what has been recorded in the

Congressional Record

, congressional hearingsand reports, publications of the U.S. Census Bureau, Library of Congress, and othergovernment agencies. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd

Keywords —

Polish women, Immigrants

INTRODUCTION

Polish immigrant women were conditioned in ways different than men. Polish Amer-ican women were conservative and expressed themselves in an ethnic context. Ignoredby native born female activists, they sought equality and organized mutual aid societiesto promote their interests. This is the thesis of William Galush’s “Purity and Power:Chicago Polonian Feminists, 1880–1914” [1]. Although class and ethnicity have affectedthe behavior of immigrant women, it has also been argued that the culture of country oforigin is the primary determinant of ethnic behavior. This article attempts to find evi-dence for these themes in government documents [2]. It also fills a gap in the literatureabout Polish American women. Donna Gabaccia’s bibliography,

Immigrant Women inthe United States

[3], for example, contains a disproportionately small number of cita-tions about Polish women compared with the number for Irish or Italian women.

It is arguable whether census data reveal an accurate count of the number of PolishAmerican women. In the censuses from 1870 to 1910 when Poland did not exist as asovereign country, Poles in the United States were counted as subjects of Prussia, Aus-tria, and Russia. Some had Polish surnames, but other names were Anglicized, Russi-fied, or Germanized. Basing ethnicity on country of birth has the effect of combiningPolish Jews, Ukranians, Lithuanians, and other groups. Valid estimates are also im-peded because the U.S. Census Bureau has counted native language differently fromcensus to census.

Congressman John Fary sponsored House Joint Resolution 333 in 1977–78 to pro-vide for an accurate counting of Slavic Americans. The officers of the Polish American

*Thomas Duszak is a life member of the Catholic Library Association and the Polish American HistoricalAssociation. He is head, cataloging section, State Library of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

48 T. DUSZAK

Congress testified at a House hearing in 1977 and before the U.S. Commission on CivilRights in 1979 to urge the Census Bureau to use adequate procedures for counting Pol-ish Americans. Representatives of the Polish American Congress testified that failureto collect data on Euro-ethnic Americans thwarts the progress of southern and easternEuropean Americans in the job market. The Polish American Congress recommendedthat the government implement separate categories for white ethnic groups in the col-lection of demographic data.

The 1960 census counted 378,833 women born in Poland and 1,029,645 women withat least one parent who was Polish. The 1970 census counted 1,804,000 women in theUnited States as Polish. Their median age was 47.8 years. The 1990 census counted 205,180 Polish women. The 1990 figures excluded ancestry of parents in the calculation.These statistics must be viewed with skepticism.

The New York Times

[4] noted thateight percent of the 1.8 million who said they were American Indians in the 1990 censusalso identified themselves as members of the Haitian, Polish, African-American, His-panic, or Arab tribe. Required reading on the use of census data and ethnic backgroundincludes William Douglass’s “Ethnic Categorization in the 1980 U.S. Census: TheBasque Example” [5] and John Kromkowski’s “A Compendium of Social, Economicand Demographic Indicators for Polish Ancestry and Selected Populations in the UnitedStates” [6].

METHODOLOGY

The majority of the citations in this article are to the


wheresearches under “Polish” and “Poland” in the print indexes found many citations. The


indexes from 1992–1996 and the


for 1994–1996 were also searched electronically on databases made available as result of theGovernment Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993.The search “polish adj women” on GPO Electronic Access yielded the essay about the70th anniversary of the Polish Women’s Club of Three Rivers, Massachusetts in the

Congressional Record 1994

. The search “Polish” and “three” on the CIS

CongressionalMasterfile

[7] covering 1983–1995 was an attempt to track down additional informationabout the Three Rivers club in the CIS CD-ROM database, which has congressionalhearings, reports, and prints as its scope.

The serendipitous find in this search was the “three Polish” members of the Con-cerned Citizens of Greenpoint (Brooklyn) who testified about the toxic effects of incin-eration emissions in the largest Polish neighborhood in the New York City metropoli-tan area. Irene Klementowicz, Elizabeth Roncketti, and Stella Harmatiuk joined thedirector of the Polish Slavic Center Community Services to voice their concern for pub-lic health in Greenpoint. Irene Klementowicz is listed as past director of the PolishSlavic Center. No citations were found about the Polish Women’s Club of Three Riv-ers, Massachusetts on the CIS CD-ROM.

To locate sources about Representative Marcy Kaptur and Senator Barbara Mikul-ski, their names were searched on

Congressional Masterfile 2: 1983–1995

. The search“Mikulski” found 53 citations; the search “Kaptur” found 85 citations. Not all citationsfound for Mikulski and Kaptur are cited in this article. The search “Kaptur” and “eth-nic” on CIS


yielded two hits: her testimony onthe Ukraine famine and her testimony on East European refugees.

The search “Polish” and “veterans” on CIS


found Wanda Swiecki’s testimony to grant a federal charter to the Polish Legion of

Polish American Women 49

American Veterans. Wanda Swiecki is president of the Polish Legion of American Vet-erans Ladies Auxiliary. The search “Polish” and “American” and “women” yieldedfive hits on CIS

Congressional Masterfile 1789–1969

. A curious find on this search alsocame up on the search “Polish” and “American” and “congress” which itself yielded 16hits. What was found was Aloise Wozniak’s testimony before a congressional hearing inGary, Indiana about public policy in the East European countries annexed by the So-viet Union. What was curious was that Aloise Wozniak, president, Polish AmericanCongress, Indiana Division, although having a feminine sounding name, is in fact male.Another find on the CIS “Polish” and “American” and “congress” search was HedwigGalinska’s testimony about her enslavement in Russian labor camps.

Auto-Graphics’s

Government Documents Catalog Service

[8] is a Government Print-ing Office index on CD-ROM. The keyword search “Polish” and “American” and“women” proved fruitless. The keyword search “Polish” and “American” and “con-gress” yielded five hits, none relevant to the present study. The keyword search “eth-nic” and “women” yielded five hits including the

Preliminary Report to the Task Forceof the D.C. Circuit on Gender, Race, and Ethnic Bias

. Although this report did not men-tion Polish American women, the report found that the number of women in the fed-eral judiciary contributed to the degree to which female members of the bar felt com-fortable and able to participate. The keyword search “Mikulski” yielded the testimonyof Senator Mikulski at a hearing. The keyword search “Kaptur” yielded two hits: oneNASA document on KAPTUR software and one General Accounting Office study re-quested by Congresswoman Kaptur.

Other search strategies were used. Knowing, for example, that the Felician sisterswere founded in Poland with provinces in the United States, the search “Felician” in the


on GPO Electronic Access found Congressman William Lip-inski’s tribute to Sister Rosanne Klimasz. Lipinski’s tribute does not mention the word“Polish.” The inference is made from Sister Rosanne’s surname and her affiliation withthe Felician religious life. As of January 1, 1996, GPO Electronic Access did not list thepage numbers for references in the


, but it did list page num-bers for the


effective with the issue of January 4, 1995. Check-ing the paper copy of that issue of the


verified the page number.Critics, including Milton Gwirtzman [9], have objected to material inserted in the


that does not pertain to matters pending before Congress.Gwirtzman calls the


a “phantom document” in which “(o)nly asmall part of its contents is actually heard on the floor of Congress.” Gwirtzman de-nounces the practice of including extensions of remarks as wasteful of taxpayersmoney. Michelle Springer [10] has added that although the cost of printing nonspokenmaterial in the


is high, reform is unlikely to occur as long as mem-bers retain the privilege to send selections as franked mail. Springer discusses the vari-ous reform efforts to curtail misuse of the


.During the 104th session of Congress in 1995, Porter Goss proposed a resolution to

halt the printing of matter not related to legislative business in the

CongressionalRecord

. House Resolution 18 would require members to pay a $600 printing fee andwas not adopted. Notwithstanding these criticisms and reform measures, the

Congres-sional Record

is useful for documenting the contributions of individuals and groups.Members of Congress who insert remarks in the


about Poloniaare generally from states with large concentrations of Polish Americans.

ERIC [11] on CD-ROM was also searched. The search “Polish and woman” led toHelen Geracimos Chapin’s paper on the Polish American novels,

Our Natupski Neighbors

50 T. DUSZAK

by Edith Miniter and

Pulaski Place

by Ruth Tabrah Robert. The ERIC search alsofound Robert Hill’s paper on the Polish American underclass in Pittsburgh. RobertHill’s paper is also cited in Manuel Lopez’s bibliography,

The Polish-American Woman

[12]. Searching the name “Curie” found two papers on women scientists. Nobel laure-ate Marie Curie was a Polish physicist.

Black’s Law Dictionary

[13] defines private law as distinct from public law. Privatelaw means “that part of the law which is administered between citizen and citizen, orwhich is concerned with the definition, regulation, and enforcement of rights in caseswhere both the person in whom the right inheres and the person upon whom the obli-gation is incident are private individuals.” Thousands of private bills have been intro-duced and hundreds became law affecting U.S. residency and immigration quotas forPolish women who became citizens. Many of these women were refugees displaced af-ter World War II. The private bills that were enacted are recorded in the

Statutes atLarge

in a separate section after the public laws. See, for example, Private Law 83-264approved February 27, 1954 for the relief of Helena Lewicka. This paper does not at-tempt to document the displaced persons mentioned in private bills and private laws.Two print indexes,

Index to Government Periodicals

and

CIS Executive Documents,1789–1909

, were not helpful in locating sources for this paper.

CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS

Biographical sketches of Marcy Kaptur and Barbara Mikulski are found in

Bio-graphical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989

and

Women in Congress,1917–1990

. Marcy Kaptur of Toledo, Ohio, an assistant for urban affairs in the Carteradministration, defeated Republican Edward Weber in her first bid for elective officein 1982. She has represented the Ohio ninth congressional district since the 98th ses-sion. She reminisces on growing up in Toledo and listening to the polka radio programof Chet Zablocki in a tribute to Zablocki’s 40th anniversary of broadcasting. Zablockiand his first wife, Helen Zdawczyk, hosted “Helen-n-Chet’s Polka Party” until 1968when Helen died. Zablocki remarried in 1973 and the show became “Sharon and Chet’sPolka Party.”

Congresswoman Kaptur appeared before the Senate Energy and Natural ResourcesCommittee to move two companion bills to authorize the construction of a World WarII memorial in Washington, DC. and to mint three commemorative coins to pay for itsconstruction. The idea for this legislation came from one of her constituents who saidthere was no memorial for World War II veterans in Washington. The constituent con-sidered the Iwo Jima Memorial as a commemoration of one battle, not World War II it-self. Kaptur testified that the legislation had the support of the Veterans of Foreign Wars,the Polish Legion of American Veterans, and other veterans organizations. PresidentBush signed the “World War II 50th Anniversary Commemorative Coins Act” in 1992.

Kaptur introduced House Joint Resolution 388 in the 103rd Congress, which recog-nized the anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising and the Polish resistance to the occupa-tion forces during World War II, an important commemoration for her constituents.She also testified that she opposed the Mexican peso bailout. When the Economic Sta-bilization Fund is used as a form of foreign aid, congressional appropriation—not exec-utive discretion—should be required. She noted that the U.S. Treasury would not lendfunds to help Poland stabilize the zloty after the fall of Communism.

Senator Mikulski represented the Maryland third congressional district during the95th-99th sessions of the U.S. House of Representatives. She was elected to the U.S.


Senate in 1986. “The Ethnic American,” delivered in an address at a conference orga-nized by Monsignor Geno Baroni and recorded in print in a number of versions whenshe was assistant professor of urban affairs at the Community College of Baltimore, ap-peared in the


in 1971. Mikulski said, “For our protection, weformed our own institutions and organizations and clung together in our own neighbor-hoods. We created communities like Little Italy and Polish Hill in which to live andraise our families. The ethnic parish church and the fraternal organizations like the Pol-ish Women’s Alliance and the Sons of Italy became the focal points for the preserva-tion of our culture and provision of community services. It was these institutions thathelped set up citizen classes that established nursing homes for the elderly sick and pro-vided educational opportunities for the young.”

As a member of the U.S. Senate Character Counts Coalition, Senator Mikulski re-peated her espousal of the value of personal responsibility and self-reliance. “I believewe need to concentrate on community building and building individual capacity amongour young people so they can be part of a larger community. When my great-grand-mother came to this country, she did not come in search of guarantees, but in search ofopportunities.” In her eulogy for her former colleague, Congresswoman Barbara Jor-dan (1936–1996), Mikulski said, “Barbara inspired us because she was a visionary whofirmly believed in this nation’s potential.”

Senator Mikulski’s legislative work has included testimony before the Senate For-eign Relations Committee in favor of the ratification of the convention to eliminate po-litical, economic, social, and cultural discrimination against women. She was also thecatalyst for the background paper on

Menopause, Hormone Therapy, and Women’sHealth

prepared for the congressional caucus for women’s issues. There is room for lev-ity in Senator Mikulski’s speeches. She related the success of the Mikulski Bammers,her Senate staff softball team, in the


.Aldona Leszczynska Appleton [14] was the first Polish American woman to be a

candidate for the U.S. Congress. Appleton, a Democrat from Perth Amboy, New Jer-sey, was defeated by Peter Hood Ballantine Frelinghuysen, Jr. for a seat in the New Jer-sey fifth congressional district in 1952. Appleton was a graduate of the New Jersey Col-lege for Women and the New Jersey Law School and a member of the NationalAssociation of Women Lawyers. She was New Jersey’s first woman jurist.

PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS AND HIGH ACHIEVERS

Other Polonians who have attained influential positions include Janice Obuchowski,Cynthia Maleski, Carol Los Mansmann, Melanie Cyganowski, Clara Swieczkowska,Mary Anne Krupsak, and Marie Knaszak. Janice Obuchowski, Assistant Secretary forCommunications and Information in the Commerce Department for the Bush adminis-tration, was responsible for

The NTIA Infrastructure Report

. Cynthia Maleski, Pennsyl-vania Insurance Commissioner from 1992–1995 during the administration of GovernorBob Casey, is a member of the Polish Falcons of America. One of her main accomplish-ments in the Casey administration was the development of a program of comprehen-sive health insurance for uninsured children. She testified at a House congressionalhearing about deceptive sales practices in marketing life insurance.

Carol Los Mansmann [15] and Melanie Cyganowski are judges. President Reaganappointed Carol Los Mansmann to the U.S. Court of Appeals Third Circuit in 1982. Anative of the Polish Hill section of Pittsburgh, Judge Mansmann was a law school pro-fessor at Duquesne Law School and participated in the revision of the Pennsylvania

52 T. DUSZAK

Rules of Criminal Procedure for the protection of victims in rape trials. Judge DonettaAmbrose, U.S. district judge, Western District of Pennsylvania, gave credit to JudgeMansmann for guiding her in the law. “Carol Mansmann was someone I really lookedup to. She was a law student when I was an undergraduate. She had been my residentadvisor. I watched her and talked to her frequently. I thought Carol had some of thebest qualities I had ever seen in anyone. She was such a genuinely good person. Andshe was enthused about the study of the law. She was really the individual who con-vinced me, even though she didn’t know that she was doing it, to go to law school” [16].

Melanie Cyganowski [17], daughter of Bishop Daniel Cyganowski of the Polish Na-tional Catholic Church, was appointed federal bankruptcy judge for the eastern districtof New York and sworn in on March 1, 1993. Since bankruptcy judges are appointedbased on the recommendation of the Merit Selection Panel of the U.S. circuit courts,her name was not placed before the Senate for confirmation. Other high achievers in-clude Clara Swieczkowska, appointed jury commissioner for Detroit by Governor Mur-phy in 1939; Mary Anne Krupsak, former New York state senator and lieutenant gov-ernor; and Marie Knaszak, lieutenant colonel in the Women’s Air Corps. Searching theCIS

Masterfile

on CD-ROM revealed no citations for these three women.

RELIGIOUS WOMEN

The Polish American Catholic tradition is steeped in Marian devotion. Countlesschurches are named in honor of Mary, such as St. Mary’s Polish National Catholic Churchin the anthracite coal region in Pennsylvania. The Mother of Jesus is often depicted asOur Lady of Czestochowa, also known as the Black Madonna. The shrine of the BlackMadonna is located in Czestochowa, Poland. Its American equivalent has the samename and is located near Doylestown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Father Majka pre-sents a history of the devotion to the Black Madonna in an article transcribed in the


by Congressman Lee.The first Polish settlement in the United States was founded by the Franciscan friar

Father Leopold Moczygemba in 1854 at Panna Maria, Texas, located 47 miles from SanAntonio. Panna Maria is Polish for the Blessed Virgin Mary. Congressmen Radwanand Machrowicz introduced bills for the issuance of a commemorative stamp for thecentennial of Panna Maria in 1954.

Two Polish female religious orders are significant for their ministry which promotedsocial harmony among immigrant families through education in the parochial schoolsystem. These orders are the Felician sisters founded by Sophia Truszkowska (1825–1899) and the Nazarene sisters (see Figure 1) founded by Frances Siedliska (1842–1902). Modeled on the Franciscan discipline of St. Felix of Cantalice, the Felician orderincludes thousands of women in seven provinces. The sisters take vows of poverty,chastity, and obedience in the vocation of teaching and care for the aged and infirm.The Felicians had 5,000 members in 1973. The first five sisters came to the UnitedStates in 1874.

The Felician centenary in the United States was celebrated in 1973–1974. New JerseyCongressman Henry Helstoski noted the omnipresence of the order in New Jersey pa-rochial schools by reprinting an article from the

Messenger

(Garfield, New Jersey) inthe


. The Immaculate Conception province with headquarters inLodi, New Jersey was the order’s fourth province in the United States to be established.Among the schools in New Jersey the Felicians served are St. Anthony, Jersey City(1897); St. Stanislaus, Newark (1897); St. Joseph, Camden (1901); St. Joseph, Passaic


(1902); Holy Cross, Trenton (1902); Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, Bayonne (1902); SacredHeart, South Amboy (1902); St. Stephen, Perth Amboy (1906). The press release forthe celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Felicians Mother of Good Counsel Prov-ince appeared in 1985.

Congressman Lipinski called attention to the accomplishments of Sister RosanneKlimasz, Superior of the Felician Sisters Generalate in Rome, who celebrated her 50thanniversary at a Mass of Thanksgiving on May 29, 1994. The religious life can lead tomartyrdom, as seen in the murder of the Felician turned Franciscan nun in 1993. Sena-tor Mikulski eulogized the native of Fels Point, Baltimore, Sister Mary Ann Glinka, whowas murdered in her convent. Sister Mary Ann Glinka, an educator in Maryland andVirginia, graduated from Felician College in Lodi, New Jersey in 1970. The Felician sis-ters were named Polish Americans of the Year in 1995 in Wisconsin.

Another pioneer in the development of leadership roles for women in teaching andmedical care was Frances Siedliska, who was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1989.Mother Mary Frances crossed the Atlantic three times to visit the convents she estab-lished in the United States. She became a naturalized citizen on July 20, 1897. Her beati-fication is a step in the process toward canonization. Mother Mary Frances Siedliska’sSisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth, also known as the Nazarenes, teach in the con-gressional districts of Congressman Solarz in Brooklyn and Congressman Borski inPhiladelphia, which explain their tributes to the beatified nun. In Philadelphia the sis-ters staff Nazareth Hospital, St. John Neumann Nursing Home, Holy Family College,and Nazareth Academy Elementary and High School. The photograph shows the sis-ters at the convent of Our Lady of Calvary Roman Catholic Church in 1959.

Figure 1. The Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth are shown in the community room of the new convent at OurLady of Calvary Roman Catholic Church, Philadelphia in 1959. From left to right are: Sister Mariella, Sister Martin,Sister Noemi, Sister Noreen, Sister Louise, Sister Josepha, and Sister Helena.

54 T. DUSZAK

Tributes to religious women in secular life include Congressman Bonior’s salute toAlfreda Kemp, who was named Mother of the Year by St. Barbara’s Group 481 of thePolish Women’s Alliance. Frances Sikorski Dulski (1892–1972), active in the VillaMaria Ladies Auxiliary, attended Transfiguration School and was a member of St.Luke’s Church, Buffalo, New York. She was a member of the Polish Women’s Alli-ance, Group 376, and the mother of Congressman Thaddeus Dulski (1915–1988) whoserved during the 86th–93rd sessions of Congress.

ATHLETES, SCHOLARS, PROFESSIONAL WOMEN, ARTISTS

Stanislawa Walasiewiczona (1911–1980), better known as Stella Walsh, was born inpartitioned Poland on April 11, 1911 and moved to the United States when she was two.She was raised in Cleveland. On May 30, 1930, she became the first woman to break 11seconds in the 100-yard dash. She held the world 200-meters record at 23.6 seconds,which stood for 16 years. Olympic regulations at the time of the 1932 Olympics disqual-ified Stella Walsh from competing for the United States because of employment inphysical education. Walsh obtained a job with the Polish consulate in New York andcompeted under the Polish flag. Walsh placed sixth in the discus in the 1932 Olympicsin Los Angeles. She won the gold medal in the 100 meters in the 1932 Olympics and thesilver medal in the same race in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. She won 41 Amateur Ath-letic Union titles. On December 4, 1980 Stella Walsh was caught in the crossfire of aholdup and fatally wounded. An autopsy revealed that Stella Walsh had male sex or-gans [18], a fact unknown to Senator Metzenbaum when he paid her tribute in 1979.

Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska (1829–1902), a physician who founded women’s hospi-tals and established the first American school for women nurses, was a pioneer in themovement to offer equal opportunity for women in medical education. Her autobiogra-phy is

A Woman’s Quest: The Life of Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D.

[19]. Barbara Mikul-ski initiated the drive to issue a commemorative postage stamp for Dr. Zakrzewskaduring the 96th and 97th Congresses, but the stamp was never approved. Caroline V.Still (1848–1919), one of the first Afro-American women to enter the medical field, wasan intern in a hospital founded by Dr. Zakrzewska.

There is a great admiration among Polish Americans for Maria Sklodowska. Theyoungest of five children of Wladyslaw and Bronislawa Bogucka Sklodowska, MariaSklodowska is more widely known as Madame Marie Curie (1867–1934). She and herhusband announced the existence of the element polonium, named for Poland, in 1898.Later that year they discovered radium. Marie Curie shared the Nobel Prize in physicswith her husband in 1903 and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1911. Madame Curiecoined the word “radioactive.” Her discoveries led to the development of radiationtherapy for the treatment of cancer. Her laboratory always had a large number ofwomen. In 1931, 12 of the 37 researchers at her lab were women.

President Herbert Hoover’s remarks at the National Academy of Sciences on Octo-ber 30, 1929 during the presentation of 1 gram of radium to Madame Curie are re-corded in his

Public Papers

. Congressmen from districts with large Polish popula-tions—Pucinski of Chicago, Meskill of Connecticut, Derwinski of Chicago, Zablocki ofMilwaukee—gave salutary remarks on the centennial of her birth in 1967. Congress-men Helstoski and Minish of New Jersey were the prime sponsors of two bills in the90th Congress to issue a commemorative stamp in her honor. The Polish AmericanHeritage Committee of Bayonne, New Jersey sponsored a ceremony at the BayonnePublic Library on April 26, 1987 to sign a contract for a Curie monument to be designed


by Andrew Pitynski. Illinois Congressman Thomas Sylvy Gordon inserted a tribute toMarie Curie reprinted from the

Polish American Journal

in the


in 1953. An ERIC search of “Curie” yielded two papers on women as scientists.David H. Kraus pays tribute to Dr. Janina Wojcicka Hoskins in the foreword of her

last book,

Visual Arts in Poland

[20]. Dr. Hoskins discussed various Polish artists,among them Anna Bilinska (1857–1893) whose portrait, “George Grey Barnard,” is inthe collection of the State Museum of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hoskins also compiled workson Polish books in English translation, Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Casimir Pulaski, IgnacyJan Paderewski, and Polish genealogy. During her career at the Library of Congressshe helped Quincy Mumford and the director of the library’s overseas office negotiatethe Public Law 480 program with the Polish government. Public Law 480 permitted therepayment of United States aid after World War II through Polish publications given tolibraries in the United States. She died in Menlo Park, California on October 19, 1996(see Figure 2).

President Eisenhower was presented with a painting of the Battle of Monte Cassinoon May 27, 1953 as a token of appreciation for signing legislation to admit 11,000 exiledPolish soldiers to the United States. Irena Piotrowska’s critique of Feliks Topolski, theartist, is included in Congressman Sadlak’s remarks in the


aboutthe ceremony.

Arden, the California home of Helena Modrzejewska (1840–1909), Shakespeareanactress, has been a national historic landmark since 1972. The national historic land-mark designation commemorates her theatrical achievements. As part of a landmarkstudy of sites associated with immigrants, this designation honors Poland’s most famousactress who lived at Arden with her husband, Karol Bozenta Ch

ł

apowski, from 1888 to1906. Correspondence between Minnie Maddern Fiske and Helena Modjeska in the18,000 items of the Fiske collection at the Library of Congress spans 1884–1932.

Modrzejewska’s surname was truncated to Modjeska for her stage name. Modjeskanamed her home Arden after the forest of Arden in “As You Like It” in which she

Figure 2. Dr. Janina Wojcicka Hoskins was a member of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences.

56 T. DUSZAK

played a lead role. Designed by Stanford White, the house was purchased in 1986 byOrange County and dedicated on May 18, 1994. Terry DiMattio, Superintendent, Na-tional Park Service, presented the historic landmark plaque on May 18, 1994. Theplaque reads: “Arden, the Helena Modjeska Historic House and Gardens, has beendesignated a National Historic Landmark. This property possesses national significancein commemorating the history of the United States of America. 1994 National ParkService, United States of the Interior.” Jan Szewc, General Consul, Republic of Poland,and Pamela Harrell, President, Helena Modjeska Foundation, were among those whoaddressed the assembly. For more information, write to the Helena Modjeska Founda-tion, P.O. Box 9582, Newport Beach, California 92658 or call 714-855-2028.

“The Flowers of Freedom” (“Kwiaty Wolno ci”), a song composed by Joan BaldwinZalewski, appeared twice in the


in 1982. The idea for the compo-sition originated with the imposition of martial law during the Solidarity era. The lyricsare:

Years ago in Poland, red flags consumed the land.Papa spoke of a garden, with flowers rare and grand.He said: “Grow up, my brave one. Grow quickly as you can.Then find my special garden, when you become a man.”

Chorus One

Go and find the freedom flowers,Plant them deep so they will grow.Shade them for the summer sun,Shelter them from winter snow.Harvest time will come, my son,In our land, ’twas ever so.Ah, how fair the freedom flowers!How I pray one day you’ll know.Kwiaty Wolno ci, dla Polakòw, dla mnie.

Chorus Two

I have found the freedom flowers Blooming in the eyes of men.They remember years gone by,Polish hearts were happy then!Harvest time will come, my friends,One day soon, I know not when.Guard them well, the freedom flowers,’Til my land is free again!Kwiaty Wolno ci, dla Polski, dla Polski.Kwiaty Wolno ci, dla Polakòw, dla mnie.Flowers of freedom, for Poland, for Poland.Kwiaty Wolno ci, for my people, for me.

CHRISTIANITY, FOREIGN OPPRESSION, NAZI PERSECUTION

The woman named Piasecka led a protest against German school officials in PrussianPoland on May 20, 1901 after authorities banned Polish as the language of instructionand caned pupils who refused to respond to questions during religion class conducted inGerman. At the trial held in Gniezno in November, 1901, Piasecka was sentenced to aprison term of 2 1/2 years. The trial aroused worldwide sympathy for the Poles againstthe domination of Prussian oppressors. German Catholic and socialist blocs in parlia-ment criticized the school language policy. The Wrze

ś

nia Strike was reported in the im-migrant press in the United States as another struggle against foreign oppression. The

s

s

ss

s


story in the


originally appeared in John Kulczycki’s “Polish Chil-dren’s Strike in Wrze

ś

nia in 1901” in

Zgoda

, the organ of the Polish National Alliance,on June 15, 1986.

Congressman Lester Wolff gave a tribute to Irene Kucharzak, who saved the lives of13 Jews in Nazi occupied Poland from 1943–1945. Kucharzak was recognized as one ofthe “Righteous among the Nations” on November 11, 1969, and a tree has been plantedin her honor at Yad Vashem in Israel. Congressman Peter Visclosky noted the gallantryof Rosa Robota, Ester Wajcblum, Ala Gertner, and Regina Safirztain who led the re-volt at Auschwitz. The Rosa Robota Foundation was founded to educate Americansabout their heroism.

Congressman Alfred F. Beiter of Buffalo, New York inserted a resolution adoptedby the Polish women’s organizations in Buffalo condemning the Nazi execution of Pol-ish women in occupied Poland. The protest about the slaughter of Polish women wasobserved in Buffalo on July 30, 1942. Among the signatories of the resolution datedJuly 30, 1942 were Emilia J. Linetty, Polish Women’s University Club; Helena Urban-owicz, Kolko Polek Charity Organization; Cecylia Szelaczkiewicz, Polish Singers Alli-ance of America; Jozefina Judkiewicz, Kalina Singing Society; Wladyslawa R. Runni-ska, Midway Girls Drum Corps of Erie County; Stefania Przewozna, Polish ArmyVeterans Ladies Auxiliary; Rozalia Biedrow, Polish Women’s Alliance of America;Zofia Schoen, Polish Federation of Women’s Clubs; Katarzyna L. Wozniak, Polish Na-tional Alliance; Maria Marlinska, Polish Union of America; and Agnieszka Jarnczak,Polish American Women’s Democratic Club of Erie County.

The Ravensbrueck Lapins were survivors of medical and surgical experimentationby Nazi doctors during World War II in the concentration camp at Ravensbrueck.Thirty-five women, subjected to bone transplant experiments and other barbaric warcrimes, were brought to the United States in 1959 for reconstructive surgery. Other ex-amples of the suffering of Polish women include Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur’s state-ment that her Polish great-grandmother died trying to save orphan children during theUkraine famine. Hedwig Galinska, secretary, Polish American Congress, recountedher enslavement in Russian labor camps during a House hearing in Washington, DC onDecember 1, 1953.

HEROES, LEADERS, COMMUNITY ACTIVISTS

The youngest hero is 13-year-old Marlene Ann Zolnowski, an eighth grade studentat Our Lady of Czestochowa School in suburban Buffalo, New York who won an essaycontest “How I Can Make a Better America.” Zolnowski’s essay, reprinted in the

Con-gressional Record

, resonates with the theme of Senator Barbara Mikulski’s speech oncharacter building.

Other heroes include Ursula Preebe, Helen B. Karpinski, Loretta Chmura, NancySzwec Czarnecki, Carol Cichowski, Mary Pankala Barr, Jane Droby, Florence Dom-rois, Sue Mikolajczyk, Janet Banach, Eleanor Konieczka Kahle, Christine McMullan,Marion Sobanski, and Janina Igielska. Ursula Preebe is known for her philanthropicwork at Marymount Hospital in Ohio. Helen B. Karpinski served as chair of the 1970campaign to elect the first woman as State Treasurer of Ohio. Loretta Chmura, hon-ored for her work as director of volunteers at St. Stanislaus Medical Care Center andthe General Pulaski Committee of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, is active in the Dem-ocratic Party.

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Nancy Szwec Czarnecki was the first woman president of the Jefferson Medical Col-lege Alumni Association in Philadelphia. Carol Cichowski, a member of the PolishAmerican Veterans Ladies Auxiliary, was honored as a fundraiser for leukemia. MaryPankala Barr and Jane Droby were two winners of the Rhode Island Polish AmericanAward for 1992. Florence Domrois, a member of St. Joseph Women’s Club and St.Francis Hospital Auxiliary, was named 1994 Woman of the Year by the Polish NationalAlliance Ladies Auxiliary in Milwaukee. Sue Mikolajczyk, a member of the PolishAmerican Congress and Polish Women’s Alliance, received the Pulaski Council of Mil-waukee’s 1995 Polish Heritage Award. Janet Banach, a member of the St. Vincent DePaul Society and the American Red Cross, was named 1995 Woman of the Year by thePolish National Alliance Ladies Auxiliary in Milwaukee. Eleanor Konieczka Kahle wasa member of the Toledo, Ohio city council.

Christine McMullan, the Pulaski Association’s Woman of the Year, is regional presi-dent of the Polish National Alliance and president of the Krakowianki & Gòrale Chil-dren’s Polish Folk Dance & Song Ensemble. Marion Sobanski was honored with herhusband, Ted, as the Outstanding Couple of the Year by the Polish Legion of Ameri-can Veterans in northern New Jersey. Janina Igielska was the grand marshal of the60th Annual General Pulaski Memorial Parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City.

Before James Florio was elected governor of New Jersey, he paid a tribute to themayor of Clifton, Gloria Kolodziej. Mayor Kolodziej was active in the Polish Scholar-ship Club which provided scholarship aid to students of Polish ancestry. Angela Turo-chy, the most prominent woman of Delaware Polonia, is listed as an officer of theCouncil of Polish Societies in remarks of Senator J. Caleb Boggs. Mary Poburka, a Pol-ish immigrant in Chicago, became a United States citizen at age 100. Congressman EdBonin, the first Polish American elected to the U.S. Congress from Pennsylvania, listsMrs. Anna Paruch and Mrs. John Wojcik as members of the Flag Day committee. AnnaKostanski, a member of the Polish Women’s Circle, was honored as a political ally ofMassachusetts Congressman Silvio Conte.

Barbara Walewicz, one of Congressman Les Aspin’s constituents in Wisconsin,wrote an essay about the anniversary of the Polish Third of May Constitution of 1791.Helen Szymanowicz, vice president, Polish National Alliance, also wrote on the Thirdof May celebration. The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 has a special significance inthe history of Polonia because it is the second oldest constitution in modern history af-ter the U.S. Constitution. The Polish Constitution marked the final step in the long pro-cess of limiting the power of the king. An annual tradition in cities with large PolishAmerican populations is the commemoration of what in Polish is known as “TrzeciegoMaja.”

Congressman Harold Donohue included an address by Margaret Law in the

Con-gressional Record–Appendix

. The address was originally heard on the Justice for Po-land radio program sponsored by the Polish American Congress. The theme of Law’saddress is a reminiscence of her 1929 visit to Poland and a commentary of the Polesyearning for freedom and its relevance to the Polonian spirit in the United States.

WOMEN AND ORGANIZATIONS

The membership of the Polish Women’s Alliance includes Senator Barbara Mikulskiand her mother, Christine. Senator Mikulski paid tribute to the Polish Women’s Alli-ance, which “sponsors a number of important programs, including support for hospi-tals, orphanages, and religious and educational institutions . . . . In the 19th and early


20th centuries, when Polish women had great difficulty getting insurance, the foundersof the Polish Women’s Alliance got together and helped Polish American women tohelp themselves.” The alliance focused on activities outside the home and helped tobroaden involvement in Polonian affairs.

Founded in 1898, the Polish Women’s Alliance provided burial insurance for women.Other Polish fraternal aid societies offered insurance to women, but only through theirhusbands. The Polish Women’s Alliance offered an option for women to sustain them-selves, independent of their spouses [21]. This small step helped to shape the identity ofimmigrant women. As Polish Women’s Alliance national president for 24 years, AdelaLagodzinska (1895–1990), epitomized the proactive character of the association.

Council 4-A of the Polish Women’s Alliance held its 17th annual Polonaise ball inWilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1983. Twenty-six students were awarded scholarships.The 26th annual convention of the Polish Women’s Alliance, held in Hartford, Con-necticut in 1971, featured Barbara Mikulski as the guest speaker. The Polish Women’sAlliance helped to finance the opening of a prosthetics factory in Katowice, Poland.The president of the Polish Women’s Alliance in Connecticut was Julia K. Leniart.

The Polish American Congress is a federation of Polish American organizations andassociations located in 30 states. The Polish American Congress, founded in 1944 inBuffalo, lobbied for the admission of 140,000 Polish displaced persons to the UnitedStates after World War II. The Polish American Congress also backed the creation ofRadio Free Europe. Its leaders include Helen Zielinski, who served as vice president in1983. She was also president of the Polish Women’s Alliance from 1971–1987. Zielinskiis a signatory to the Polish American Congress position paper which opposed lifting ofU.S. sanctions against Poland when martial law was imposed in December, 1981. ThePolish American Congress argued that suspension of U.S. sanctions would legitimizethe totalitarian regime of General Jaruzelski.

The largest Polish fraternal insurance association is the Polish National Alliance. In1995 it had 245,000 men, women, and children as members and more than $300 millionin assets. The PNA granted full membership rights to women in 1900. PNA womenplayed a lead role in resettling Polish orphans and the displaced persons who soughtrefuge in the United States after World War II. They conducted classes in Polish his-tory, language, and music [22]. A number of citations in the


men-tion the PNA and women. Mary Grabowski is commissioner of the Polish National Al-liance, District 9. Congressman Boland attended the testimonial for Alice A.Nahormek, the commissioner of Polish National Alliance, District 1. Nahormek wasthe first woman police officer in Chicopee, Massachusetts. Congressman Weller com-memorated the 80th anniversary of the Polish National Alliance, Group 1837. This par-ticular group was all male when it was founded on August 22, 1915, but admitted 35women as members on September 1, 1942.

Another fraternal association, the Alliance of Poles of America founded in Cleve-land on September 22, 1895, held its 35th Quadrennial Convention in Cleveland onSeptember 5–7, 1982. The governing board included Genevieve Sandej, Marie Kroll,Stella Reklinski, Estelle Kar, and Stella Czarnecki.

Other associations include the Polish Roman Catholic Union, the Polish BeneficialAssociation, the Ladies Auxiliary of the Polish Army Veterans of America, and thePolish Women’s Club of Three Rivers, Massachusetts. The Polish Roman CatholicUnion is a fraternal association based on Catholicism. The 50th anniversary of theMichigan Women’s Division of the Polish Roman Catholic Union, which sponsors anannual Wigilia (Christmas dinner) and wi

ę

conka (Easter blessing of food), was held inS

60 T. DUSZAK

1988. Helen Zimlong is president of the Polish Beneficial Association. Zimlong is alsorecording secretary of the Polish American Heritage Society, Inc. and active with theUnion of Polish Women in America, Group 5. Her daughter, Arlene Zimlong Powers,has served as chair of the “Outstanding Polish Americans of the Year” banquet.

Congressman Robert Menendez saluted Clara Wozniak, the first commander of thePolish Veterans Ladies Auxiliary in his congressional district in northern New Jersey.Congressman Matthew Rinaldo presented the history of the Ladies Auxiliary of thePolish Army Veterans of America, Post 91 in Elizabeth, New Jersey on the occasion ofits 25th anniversary in 1974. The past presidents of Post 91 have included Veronica Mi-siur (1949–1951), Mary Wlazlowska (1951–1953), Mary Simmons (1953–1954), VeraKloza (1954–1955), Wanda Starosciak (1955–1957), Rosalie Misiur (1957–1959 and1969–1971), Gertrude Polny (1959–1961 and 1968–1969), Adele Lakatos (1961–1963),Joan Androlowicz (1963–1965), Anne Regit (1965–1967 and 1971–1973), BlancheMiksiewicz (1967–1968), and Catherine Kraus (1973–1974).

Helen Kiczek, president, Ladies Auxiliary of the Polish Army Veterans of America,was honored with the presence of Czeslawa Durska at her testimonial dinner in Eliza-beth, New Jersey. Congressman Roman Pucinski called the election of Jewel Fifielski,the newly elected national President of the Ladies Auxiliary of AMVETS, significantbecause it “ . . . . emphasizes the increasing importance being played by women of abil-ity in high administrative positions throughout the country.”

Congressman Edward Boland and Richard Neal presented the history of the PolishWomen’s Club of Three Rivers, Massachusetts. Established in 1924, the 58 foundingmembers adopted the name the Polish American Women Citizens Political Club ofThree Rivers and Thorndike. The primary purpose was to help Polish women becomecitizens, to take an active role in politics, and to support businesses owned by people ofPolish extraction. Politically, the group has supported both Democrat and Republicancandidates. In 1933, the club joined the Massachusetts Federation of Polish Women’sClubs, Inc. The club had been involved in relief work during World War II and as fund-raisers for the Blind Children of Poland and Pope John Paul II’s Endowment Fund.Mary A. Socha, Esq. delivered the address entitled “Women’s Organization in Today’sWorld” at the 50th anniversary banquet on April 27, 1974. Judge Elizabeth A. Poradawas the keynote speaker at the 55th anniversary banquet on October 27, 1979. Pastpresidents have included Anna Rusek, Nellie Motyka, Stephanie Kolbusz, Mary Ja-juga, Anna Kulig, Genevieve Janosz, Sophie Zerdecki, Julie Midura, and Edna Pytka.The president in 1994, Helen Grzywna, served as president for 22 years.

Mrs. Francis P. Tarnapowicz, chair of the U.S. Treasury Nationality Groups Divi-sion, led the campaign of 101 ethnic groups that sold $269 million war bonds used forthe construction of two Veterans Administration hospitals in western Pennsylvania.Her papers (MG-215) are located in the State Archives, P.O. Box 1026, Third andNorth Streets, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108-1026.

CONCLUSION

One of the earliest references to Polish American women is the 1914 report of Le-Roy Hodges who stated that the Poles on farms in Texas “produce a much larger yieldof cotton per acre than the average native Texan. This is possible, first, because thePoles work in the fields themselves, while the native Americans generally employ ne-groes to do their work; and, second, because the Polish women and children work with


the men in the fields, thereby more than doubling the labor force without an increasedlabor expense.”

Whether working in the cotton fields or on the floor of Congress, the story of PolishAmerican women has not been fully told. For Polish American women, some born inthe United States and others born abroad, Polonia is neither a nation nor a slogan on abumper sticker. Polonia is the ideal of a millenium of history and religious tradition.The use of government documents can help to uncover the story of this tradition.

NOTES

1. William J. Galush’s “Purity and Power: Chicago Polonian Feminists, 1880–1914,” Polish AmericanStudies 47 (Spring 1990):5–24 was awarded the Joseph Swastek Prize as the best essay published in Pol-ish American Studies in 1991. Jo Anne Schneider’s “Patterns For Getting By: Polish Women’s Employ-ment in Delaware County, 1900–1930,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 114 (October1990):517–41 discusses the themes of family structure, community needs, and the availability of net-works for different kinds of work women did in small textile communities near Philadelphia.

2. Thomas Duszak, “Polish Americana in Government Documents,” Documents to the People 20 (June1992):88–92 and 21 (June 1993):86–95. The author’s “The Polish Presence in North America,” Choice32 (November 1994):399–419 is a bibliographic essay about books on Polish Americana.

3. Donna R. Gabaccia, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Selectively Annotated MultidisciplinaryBibliography. Bibliographies and Indexes in Women’s Studies, vol. 9 (New York: Greenwood Press,1989).

4. Felicity Barringer, “Ethnic Pride Confounds the Census: So Who Are We?” New York Times, May 9,1993, section 4, p. 3.

5. William A. Douglass, “Ethnic Categorization in the 1980 U.S. Census: The Basque Example,” Govern-ment Publications Review 12 (July/August 1985):289–96.

6. John A. Kromkowski, “A Compendium of Social, Economic and Demographic Indicators for Polish Ances-try and Selected Populations in the United States,” Polish American Studies 47 (Autumn 1990):5–74.

7. Congressional Information Service, Inc., Congressional Masterfile 1789–1969 and Congressional Master-file 1983–1995 (Bethesda, MD: CIS, 1988) CD-ROM v.2.23.

8. Auto-Graphics, Inc., Government Documents Catalog Service (GDCS) (Pomona, CA: IMPACT/GDCS, 1987–1995) CD-ROM v.7.04.

9. Milton Gwirtzman, “Congress’s Daily Advertisement for Itself,” Wall Street Journal, October 8, 1992, p.A14.

10. Michelle M. Springer, “The Congressional Record: ‘Substantially a Verbatim Report?’” GovernmentPublications Review 13 (May/June 1986):371–78.

11. SilverPlatter Information Service, ERIC (CD-ROM)(Boston: SPIRS, 1986). 12. Manuel D. Lopez, The Polish-American Woman, Her Antecedents and Her Immigrant Sisters: A Select

Bibliography, Polish Room Bibliographical Series, No.6 (Buffalo: State University of New York, 1978).13. Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1979),

1076.14. “Polonia’s Woman of the Week,” Polish American Journal 41 (24 May 1952):1.15. Jim Davidson, “The Trials and Era of Judge Carol Los Mansmann,” Pttsburgh Press Sunday Magazine,

October 26, 1986, pp. 8–13, 16.16. “In Chambers: A Conversation with Judge Donetta Ambrose, Western District Court of Pennsylva-

nia,” Pennsylvania Law Weekly 19 (February 5, 1996): 5, 26 (weekly ed.).17. Melanie Cyganowski and H. A. Zionts. “Survey: The Buffalo Polish-American Legal Experience,” Buf-

falo Law Review 30 (Winter 1981):161–84; “Melanie Cyganowski,” New York Law Journal 209 (March2, 1993):1; and U.S. Administrative Office of the United States Courts, The Third Branch 25 (April1993):8(SuDoc: Ju 10.3/2).

18. Mary Walton, “Olympic Star Stella Walsh: She Ran Fast—Like a Man,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Decem-ber 14, 1980, pp. 1A,22–23A.

19. Marie Zakrzewska, A Woman’s Quest: The Life of Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D. Ed. and trans. by AgnesC. Vietor (New York: Arno Press, 1972).

20. U.S. Library of Congress, Visual Arts in Poland: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Holdings in theLibrary of Congress, Comp. by Janina Hoskins, (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1993). AnnaBilinska (1857–1893) painted the portrait of “George Gray Barnard” in Paris in 1890. George GrayBarnard (1863–1938) was a sculptor who designed the statuary that flanks the main entrance to the Cap-itol in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hoskins features a self-portrait of Bilinska on p. 68.

21. U.S. Library of Congress, National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections: Index 1991–1993, 491,refers to National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections: Catalog, 1992, 167. MS92-1139 contains

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“correspondence, constitutions, sheet music and scores, Polish song title and composer indices, Polishplaylets and verses for children, Polish grammars, readers, and histories, awards, testimonies, docu-ments, programs, and photos, relating to [Anne J. Wosachlo] Rychlicki, Polish National Alliance, PolishWomen’s Alliance, and other women’s and youth organizations in the Detroit . . . .”

22. “Women of the PNA,” Zgoda 114 (August 15, 1995):12 (Special ed.).

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—. —. “In Honor of Virginia and Pawel Bednarek.” Congressional Record (August 1,1997). Daily ed. E1578.

—. William J. Martini (R-NJ). “Tribute to Janina Igielska and the Central of Polish Or-ganizations of Passaic, Clifton, and Vicinity.” Congressional Record (September 24,1996). Daily ed. E1677.

—. Robert Menendez (D-NJ). “In Honor of the 100th Anniversary of Perth AmboyHigh School.” Congressional Record (October 15, 1993). Daily ed. E2456.

—. —. “In Honor of the 50th Anniversary of the American Polish Veterans, Inc.” Con-gressional Record (October 7, 1994). Daily ed. (Pt. II). E2171.


—. —. “ In Honor of Regina Rutkowski: Chosen to be Marshal of Bayonne’s Contin-gent in the Tri-State Pulaski Day Parade.” Congressional Record (April 17, 1997).Daily ed. E696.

—. Thomas J. Meskill (R-CT). “Maria Sklodowska Curie.” Congressional Record–Appendix 113 (November 7, 1967), A5465–66.

—. Richard E. Neal (D-MA). “Leukemia Benefit to Honor Carol Cichowski.” Con-gressional Record (May 29, 1991). Daily ed. E1964.

—. —. “Sixty-fifth Anniversary of Polish Women’s Club of Three Rivers.” Congres-sional Record 135, Pt. 18 (October 25, 1989), 26096.

—. —. “The Polish Women’s Club of Three Rivers, MA, 70th Anniversary.” Congres-sional Record (September 27, 1994). Daily ed. E1955-56.

—. Mary Rose Oakar (D-OH). “Polonia Foundation Honors Two Ohio Women.” Con-gressional Record 131, Pt. 1 (January 28, 1985), 1155–56.

—. —. “The Alliance of Poles of America.” Congressional Record 128, Pt. 16 (August17, 1982), 21812–13.

—. Roman Pucinski (D-IL). “A New Citizen at 100.” Congressional Record 105, Pt. 12(August 14, 1959), 15882.

—. —. “Marie Sklodowska-Curie: Daughter of Poland.” Congressional Record–Appen-dix 113 (May 8, 1967), A2225–26.

—. —. “Mrs. Jewel Fifielski.” Congressional Record 111, Pt. 16 (August 24, 1965), 21618.

—. Jack Quinn (R-NY). “Saluting the 50th Anniversary of the Polish-American Con-gress.” Congressional Record (October 8, 1994). Daily ed. E2263.

—. John H. Ra67y (R-NY). “Cultural and Citizenship Activities of the Bay Ridge HighSchool.” Congressional Record–Appendix 102 (June 3, 1956), A4586.

—. Matthew J. Rinaldo (R-NJ). “Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Ladies Auxillary of Pol-ish Legion of American Veterans of Elizabeth.” Congressional Record 120, Pt. 9 (April24, 1974), 11792–93.

—. Peter W. Rodino, Jr. (D-NJ). “Polish Constitution Day.” Congressional Record–Appendix 110 (May 4, 1964), A2246–47.

—. Antoni N. Sadlak (R-CT). “Presentation to President Eisenhower of Painting ofBattle of Monte Cassino, Italy.” Congressional Record–Appendix 99, Pt. 11 (May 27,1953), A2971–72.

—. Jim Santini (D-NV). “Poland Crisis.” Congressional Record 128, Pt. 2 (February 23,1982), 2171 and “Freedom Flowers.” 128 Pt. 4 (March 24, 1982), 5436–37.

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—. Stephen J. Solarz (D-NY). “Mother Mary of Jesus the Good Shepherd.” Congres-sional Record 136, Pt. 2 (February 27, 1990), 2853–54.

—. Louis Stokes (D-OH). “Anastasia’s Story: A Special Tribute to Anastasia D. Kap-tur.” Congressional Record (April 8, 1997). Daily ed. E591-93.

—. Peter J. Visclosky (D-IN). “50th Anniversary of Prisoner Revolt at Auschwitz.”Congressional Record (October 8, 1994). Daily ed. E2237.

—. Samuel A. Weiss (D-PA). “Mrs. Francis P. Tarnapowicz—A Great American.”Congressional Record–Appendix 91, Pt. 13 (November 19, 1945), A4983–84.

—. Jerry Weller (R-IL). “80th Anniversary of the National Polish Alliance Group No.1837.” Congressional Record (September 7, 1995). Daily ed. E1731–32.

—. Lester L. Wolff (D-NY). “Tribute to Irena Kucharzak, A Heroic Woman.” Con-gressional Record 126, Pt. 22 (October 1, 1980), 28922–23.

—. Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI). “The Centennial Anniversary of Madam Sklodowska-Curie’s Birth” Congressional Record–Appendix 113 (November 8, 1967), A5503–04.

—. Herbert Zelenko (D-NY). “Report of Dr. William M. Hitzig on the RavensbrueckLapins.” Congressional Record–Appendix 105 (April 16, 1959), A3141–47.

—. Energy and Commerce Committee. Testimony of Cynthia Maleski, 41–55. Decep-tive Practices in the Sale of Life Insurance: Hearing. Washington, DC: GovernmentPrinting Office, 1994. (SuDoc: Y 4.En 2/3:103-136)(1995 CIS microfiche H361-13).

—. Foreign Affairs Committee. Testimony of Aloise Wozniak, 611. Building a World ofFree Peoples: Hearing, May 20, 1957 (SuDoc: Y 4.F 76/1:B 86/7)(CIS microfiche 85H1638-6-D).

—. —. Testimony of Marcy Kaptur, 6-9. Commission on the Ukraine Famine Act. Wash-ington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1984. (Y 4.F 76/1:Uk 7/2)(1985 CIS micro-fiche H381-24).

—. Government Operations Committee. Testimony of Concerned Citizens of Green-point, 268–286. Public Health Impacts of Incineration: Hearing, January 24, July 8, Au-gust 8, 1994. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1994 (SuDoc: Y 4.G 74/7:P96/5)(1994 CIS microfiche H401-48).

—. Judiciary Committee. Testimony of Marcy Kaptur, 3-5. Eastern European Refugees(S.Hrg. 101–51). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989 (SuDoc: Y 4.J 89/1:S.Hrg. 101-51)(1990 CIS microfiche H521–27).

—. —. Testimony of Wanda Swiecki, 56. Polish Legion of American Veterans, U.S.A.,Charter. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989 (SuDoc: Y 4.J 89/1:98/24)(1984 CIS microfiche H521-13).


—. Office of the Historian. “Marcy Kaptur” on p. 121–122 and “Barbara Ann Mikul-ski” on p. 169–170. Women in Congress, 1917–1990. (H.Doc. 101-238). Washington,DC: Government Printing Office, 1991 (SuDoc: Y 1.1/7:101-238).

—. Post Office and Civil Service Committee. Testimony of Polish American Congressofficers, 179-88. 1980 Census. (Serial no. 95-41). Hearing, June 9, 10, and 24, 1977.Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1977(SuDoc: Y 4.P 84/10:95-41)(1978CIS microfiche H621-3).

—. Select Committee to Investigate the Incorporation of the Baltic States into theU.S.S.R. Testimony of Hedwig Galinska, 89-97. Baltic States Investigation, Part I. No-vember 30, December 1,3–5,7,8,10,11, 1953. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 1954(Y 4.B 21:B 21/pt. 1)(CIS microfiche 83 H1474-1-A).

—. H.R.9037 and 9039 of 1954. Congressional Record 100, Pt. 5, 6175. To provide forthe issuance of a special postage stamp in commemoration of the centennial of the firstPolish settlement in 1854 at Panna Maria, Texas.

—. H.R. 16935 and 16978 of 1967-1968. Congressional Record 114, Pt. 9, 11343, 11536.To provide for the issuance of commemorative stamp honoring Madam MarieSklodowska-Curie, the discoverer of radium.

—. 96th Congress, 1st Session. H.Con.Res.170. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 1979. (GPO microfiche 012, coordinate H3). To express the sense of the Con-gress that the United States Postal Service should issue a postage stamp to honor Doc-tor Marie Zakrzewska.

—. 97th Congress, 1st Session. H.Con.Res.93. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 1981. (GPO microfiche 003, coordinate F9). To express the sense of the Con-gress that the United States Postal Service should issue a postage stamp to honor Doc-tor Marie Zakrzewska.

—. 103rd Congress, 2nd Session. H.Jt.Res.388. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 1994. Recognizing the anniversaries of the Warsaw Uprising and the Polish re-sistance to the invasion of Poland during World War II.

—. 104th Congress, 1st Session. H.Res.18 of Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 1995. Requiring members of the House of Representatives to pay $600 from theOfficial Expenses Allowance for each instance of extraneous matter printed in thatportion of the Congressional Record entitled “Extensions of Remarks” (SuDoc: Y 1.4/7:104-1).

U.S. Joint Committee on International Relations. Testimony of Marcy Kaptur, 6-9,52-61. The Mexican Peso Bailout: Hearing, February 22, 1995. Washington, DC: Govern-ment Printing Office, 1995(SuDoc: Y 4.In 8/16:M 57/4) (1995 CIS microfiche H461–12).

U.S. Joint Committee on Printing. “Marcia Carolyn Kaptur,” 1287 and “Barbara AnnMikulski,” 1498 in Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989, theContinental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the

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United States, from the First through the One Hundredth Congress, March 4, 1789, toJanuary 3, 1989, Inclusive. (S.Doc. 100-34). Washington, DC: Government Printing Of-fice, 1989. (SuDoc: Y 1.1/3:100-34).

U.S. Library of Congress. National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections: Catalog,1992. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1994 (SuDoc: LC 9.8:).

U.S. National Archives and Records Service, Public Papers of the Presidents of theUnited States: Herbert Hoover, 1929. “Remarks at a Ceremony Honoring MadameMarie Curie” (30 October 1929), 361-62. Washington, DC: Government Printing Of-fice, 1974 (SuDoc: GS 4.113:929).

U.S. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The NTIA Infra-structure Report: Telecommunications in the Age of Information. Washington, DC:NTIA, 1991 (SuDoc: C 60.2:T 23).

U.S. Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. “California-Orange County-Modjeska House (Forest of Arden),” 67–68, v.1. National Register of Historic Places.2v. Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1969, 1976 (SuDoc: I 29.76:).

U.S. Office of Technology Assessment: Menopause, Hormone Therapy, and Women’sHealth: Background Paper (OTA-BP-BA-88). Washington, DC: Congressional Caucusfor Women’s Issues, 1992 (SuDoc: Y 3.T 22/2:2 M 52) (1992 CIS microfiche J952-32).

U.S. Senate. J. Caleb Boggs (R-DE). “Pulaski Day Celebration.” Congressional Record111 Pt. 20 (October 11, 1965), 26570-71.

—. Howard M. Metzenbaum (D-OH). “Stella Walsh.” Congressional Record 125, Pt. 8(May 7, 1979), 10066.

—. Barbara A. Mikulski (D-MD). “Character Building in the United States.” Congres-sional Record (July 14, 1994). Daily ed. S8933–34.

—. —. “In Honor of the Mikulski Bammers Softball Championship.” CongressionalRecord (September 14, 1994). Daily ed. S12945.

—. —. “Murder in a Sanctuary.” Congressional Record (April 1, 1993). Daily ed. S4239.

—. —. “Sister Mary Ann Glinka.” Congressional Record (March 25, 1993). Daily ed.S3713.

—. —. “Tribute to Adela Lagodzinska.” Congressional Record 136, Pt. 7 (May 4, 1990),9456–57.

—. —. “Tribute to Barbara Jordan.” Congressional Record (January 26, 1996). Dailyed. S393–94.

—. —. “A Tribute to Christine Mikulski.” Congressional Record (April 23, 1996). Dailyed. S3879-80.


—. —. “Tribute to Polish Women’s Alliance of America.” Congressional Record (May12, 1993). Daily ed. S5840.

—. Edmund Muskie (D-ME). “Ravensbrueck Lapins.” Congressional Record 105, Pt. 6(May 19, 1959), 8458–62.

—. Donald W. Riegle (D-MI). “The 50th Anniversary of the Polish Roman CatholicUnion of America’s Michigan Women’s Division.” Congressional Record 134, Pt. 4(March 22, 1988), 4710.

—. Paul Simon (D-IL). “Anniversary of Poland’s Constitution.” Congressional Record(April 24, 1991). Daily ed. S5048–49.

—. Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. Hearing on Janice Obu-chowski, 1-35. Nominations—July: Hearings before the Committee on Commerce, Sci-ence, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, First Ses-sion, on Nominations, July 12, 1989, Janice Obuchowski . . . . (S.Hrg. 101-256).Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989 (SuDoc: Y 4.C 73/7:S. Hrg.101-256)(1989 CIS microfiche S261-65).

—. Energy and Natural Resources Committee. Testimony of Marcy Kaptur, 60-63. Re-vere Beach; Memorial to World War II Veterans . . . . Hearing, August 6, 1992 (S.Hrg.102-954) Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1992. (SuDoc: Y 4.En 2:S.Hrg.102-954)(1993 CIS microfiche S311-5).

—. Foreign Relations Committee. Testimony of Sen. Barbara Mikulski, 31-33. Conven-tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: Hearing, Au-gust 2, 1990. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1990 (SuDoc: Y 4.F 76/2:S.Hrg.101-1119)(1991 CIS microfiche S381-18).

—. Judiciary Committee. Hearing on Carol Los Mansmann, 134-36. Confirmation ofFederal Judges, Part 3. March 11, 1982. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1982 (SuDoc: Y 4.J 89/2:97/52/pt. 3)(1982 CIS microfiche S521-56).

—. 63rd Congress, 2nd Session. (S.Doc.595). Hodges, LeRoy. “Slavs on SouthernFarms: An Account of the Bohemian, Slovak, and Polish Agricultural Settlements inthe Southern States.” Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1914. (Serial Set6596) (CIS Serial Set Cong.63-2 v.29 microfiche 5-6 of 10).

Walentynowicz, Leonard F. “Employment and Ethnicity.” Paper presented in forumsponsored by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Chicago, December 3, 1979. 62p.(ERIC microfiche ED200682). Not available separately. See ERIC UD021324. For arelated document see ERIC UD021332.

“World War II 50th Anniversary Commemorative Coins Act” (PL 102-414, October14, 1992), 106 United States Statutes at Large, 2106–11.