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Nuclear Iran

A Glossary of Terms

Simon Henderson and Olli Heinonen

Policy Focus 121 | August 2012

HARVARD Kennedy School

for Science and International Affai

BELFERCENTERA C OP UB L IC A T ION W IT H


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Bonab

Marivan

Karaj

Lashkar Abad

Parchin

Natanz

Isfahan ArdakanSaghand

Gchine

Yazd

Bushehr

Fordow

Arak QOM

SHIRAZ

TEHRAN

TABRIZ

MASHAD

BANDAR ABBAS

UAE

Darkhovin

SAUDI ARABIAQATAR

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

IRAN

OMAN

IRAQ

TURKMENISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

Map: Nuclear installations in Iran.

2012 The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

Map: Nuclear installations in Iran.


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Nuclear IranA Glossary of Terms

Simon Henderson and Olli Heinonen

Policy Focus 121 | August 2012


for Science and International Affai

BELFERCENTERA C OP UB L IC A T ION W IT H


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A v. P U S A. N

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he authors extend special thanks to

Mary Kalbach Horan and her editorial

team at he Washington Institute.

n n n

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Contents

About the Authors v

About this Publication vii

Introduction ix

Index to Combined Glossaries (interactive) xi

1 | IAEA Reports on Iran 1

2 | Centrifuge Enrichment 20

3 | Initial US Development of Nuclear Weapons 23

4 | Basic Nuclear Physics and Weapons Design 24

5 | Pakistans Development of Nuclear Weapons 28

ILLUSTRATIONS

Map: Nuclear installations in Iran Frontispiece

Fig 1: Military organization and timeline of Irans nuclear program 2

Fig 2: Uranium enrichment 7

Fig 3: Gas Centrifuge 21

Fig 4: Implosion-type atomic bomb 23

Fig 5: Gun-type atomic bomb 23

Fig 6: Alternative routes to a nuclear weapon 25

Fig 7: Nuclear Fission 26

Fig 8: Excerpts from 1980s British intelligence document about Pakistan 29
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The Washington Institute for Near East Policy vii

About this Publication

INERNAIONAL DIPLOMACY I

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The Washington Institute for Near East Policy ix

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, v, J2006, U S, R, C j P5+1 (v - UN S C, G).

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I R A N S N U C L E A R P R O G R A M

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1990 v- I, w I v. S 2004, 370 (UF

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Simon Henderson and Olli Heinonen Nuclear Iran

x Policy Focus #121

I P1 v -v , . I w w ,

w , IAEA I .

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IAEA J 2008 Nv2011 q I v

w v.T v w 1990 P R C Lv, - AMAD P (v j v w ), 2004 w, v v v O Dv Iv R.


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The Washington Institute for Near East Policy xi

Casting o uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Center or Research and Development o Explosion andShock Technology: Ch. 1, IAEA

Central Islamic Revolution Committee: Ch. 1, IAEA

Centriuge: Ch. 1, IAEA

Chain reaction: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Chamaran Building: Ch. 1, IAEA

Chemical trap: Ch. 1, IAEA

Code 3.1: Ch. 1, IAEA

Cold test: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Cold trap: Ch. 1, IAEA

Comprehensive Separation Laboratory: Ch. 1, IAEA

Concealment methods: Ch. 1, IAEAContainment and surveillance measures: Ch. 1, IAEA

Copper vapor laser: Ch. 1, IAEA

Correctness and completeness: Ch. 1, IAEA

Corroboration o inormation: Ch. 1, IAEA

Corrosion-resistant valves, steels, and lters: Ch. 1, IAEA

Critical mass: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Critical speed: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Criticality: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Cylinders: Ch. 1, IAEA

Darkhovin: Ch. 1, IAEADeense Industries Organization: Ch. 1, IAEA

Depleted uranium: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Design inormation: Ch. 1, IAEA

Design inormation verication: Ch. 1, IAEA

Designation o inspectors: Ch. 1, IAEA

Destructive analysis: Ch. 1, IAEA

Destructive testing: Ch. 1, IAEA

Detonator: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Deuterium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Device: Ch. 3, U.S. Development

Diusion: Ch. 1, IAEADished plates: Ch. 5, Pakistan

Diversion o nuclear material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Dump material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Education Research Institute: Ch. 1, IAEA

Eective kilogram (ekg): Ch. 1, IAEA

Index to Combined Glossaries (interactive)

Accountancy Reports: Ch. 1, IAEA

Ad hoc inspection: Ch. 1, IAEAAdditional Protocol: Ch. 1, IAEA

Alamogordo: Ch. 3, U.S. Development

Alpha decay: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Aluminum alloy: Ch. 1, IAEA

AMAD Plan: Ch. 1, IAEA

Amirkabir University o Technology: Ch. 1, IAEA

Ammonium diuranate (ADU): Ch. 1, IAEA

Ammonium uranyl carbonate (AUC): Ch. 1, IAEA

Anarak: Ch. 1, IAEA

Applied Physics Institute: Ch. 1, IAEA

Arak: Ch. 1, IAEAArdakan Yellowcake Production: Ch. 1, IAEA

Atomic bomb: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Atomic Energy Council: Ch. 1, IAEA

Atomic Energy Organization o Iran (AEOI) :

Ch. 1, IAEA

Atomic number: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Atomic vapor laser isotope separation: seeLaser enrichment

A w: Ch. 4, Nuclear PhysicsAutoclave: Ch. 1, IAEA

Bafes: Ch. 2, Centriuge EnrichmentBalancing machine: Ch. 1, IAEA

Bandar Abbas: Ch. 1, IAEA

Bearings: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Bellows: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Bench-scale experiment: Ch. 1, IAEA

Beryllium: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Biological Study Center: Ch. 1, IAEA

Bismuth: Ch. 1, IAEA

Board resolutions: Ch. 1, IAEA

Bonab: Ch. 1, IAEA

Boosted nuclear weapon: Ch. 4, Nuclear PhysicsBushehr: Ch. 1, IAEA

Cage: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Carbon ber: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Cascade: Ch. 1, IAEA

Casing: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment


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A Glossary of Terms Simon Henderson and Olli Heinonen

The Washington Institute for Near East Policy xiii

Neutron generator: Ch. 1, IAEA

Noncompliance: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nondestructive assay: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nondestructive testing: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nuclear device: Ch. 4, Nuclear PhysicsNuclear material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nuclear Nonprolieration Treaty: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nuclear-powered vessels: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nuclear weapon designs: Ch. 5, Pakistan

Oer in 1987: Ch. 1, IAEA

Oer in early 1990s: Ch. 1, IAEA

Openness: seeTransparency

Open-source inormation: Ch. 1, IAEA

Orchid Oce: Ch. 1, IAEA

Orchid Scientic Research Center: Ch. 1, IAEAOre Processing Center: Ch. 1, IAEA

Organization o Deensive Innovation and Research:

Ch. 1, IAEA

P1 centriuge: Ch. 5, Pakistan

P2 centriuge: Ch. 5, Pakistan

P5+1: Ch. 1, IAEA

Parchin: Ch. 1, IAEA

Pardis Tehran: Ch. 1, IAEA

Pars Trash: Ch. 1, IAEA

Passivation: Ch. 1, IAEAPassive Deense Organization: Ch. 1, IAEA

Permissive action links: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Physical inventory taking: Ch. 1, IAEA

Physics Research Center: Ch. 1, IAEA

Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant: Ch. 1, IAEA

Pishgam: Ch. 1, IAEA

Pit: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Plasma physics: Ch. 1, IAEA

Plutonium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Polonium-210: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

PUREX reprocessing: Ch. 1, IAEAPyroprocessing: Ch. 1, IAEA

Qom: Ch. 1, IAEA

Radioisotope batteries: Ch. 1, IAEA

Reactor: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Khondab: Ch. 1, IAEA

Khushab: Ch. 5, Pakistan

Kiloton: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Kimia Maadan Company: Ch. 1, IAEA

Kolahdouz: Ch. 1, IAEA

Laboratory-scale experiment: seeBench-scale experiment

Laser enrichment: Ch. 1, IAEA

Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory: Ch. 1, IAEA

Lavisan-Shian: Ch. 1, IAEA:

Light-water reactor: Ch. 1, IAEA

Light-Water Subcritical Reactor: Ch. 1, IAEA

Limited requency, unannounced access: Ch. 1, IAEA

Little Boy: Ch. 3, U.S. Development

Location outside acilities: Ch. 1, IAEA

Low-enriched uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Malek Ashtar University o Technology: Ch. 1, IAEA

Manhattan Project: Ch. 3, U.S. Development

Manipulator: Ch. 1, IAEA

Maraging steel: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Marivan: Ch. 1, IAEA

Mass spectrometry: Ch. 1, IAEA

Material unaccounted or (MUF): Ch. 1, IAEA

Medical isotopes: Ch. 1, IAEA

Meeting in 1984: Ch. 1, IAEA

Megaton: Ch. 4, Nuclear PhysicsMilitary workshops: Ch. 1, IAEA

Milling o uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Miniature Neutron Source Reactor: Ch. 1, IAEA

Ministry o Deense and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL):

Ch. 1, IAEA

MIX acility: Ch. 1, IAEA

Moallem Kalayeh: Ch. 1, IAEA

Modality: Ch. 1, IAEA

Moderator: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Molecular laser isotope separation: Ch. 1, IAEA

Monte Carlo methodology: Ch. 1, IAEA

Nagasaki: Ch. 3, U.S. Development

Natanz: Ch. 1, IAEA

Natural uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Neutron: Ch. 1, IAEA

Neutron bomb: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics
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xiv Policy Focus #121

Unannounced inspection: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium alloy: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium Chemistry Laboratory: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium Conversion Facility: Ch. 1, IAEAUranium dioxide: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium hexafuoride: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium metal document: Ch. 1, IAEA

Uranium tetrafuoride: Ch. 1, IAEA

Urenco: Ch. 5, Pakistan

Vacuum system: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Vanak Square Laboratory: Ch. 1, IAEA

Veracity checking: Ch. 1, IAEA

Waste disposal acility, Qom: Ch. 1, IAEAWaste handling acility: Ch. 1, IAEA

Waste Storage Facility (Karaj): Ch. 1, IAEA

Whole body counter: Ch. 1, IAEA

Workplan: Ch. 1, IAEA

Yazd: Ch. 1, IAEA

Yellowcake: Ch. 1, IAEA

Zirconium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Recycled uranium: Ch. 1, IAEA

Refector: Ch. 4, Nuclear Physics

Remote monitoring: Ch. 1, IAEA

Reprocessing: Ch. 1, IAEA

Resolutions o the IAEA Board o Governors: see BoardResolutions

Resolutions o the UN Security Council: Ch. 1, IAEA

Rotor: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Routine inspections: Ch. 1, IAEA

SADAT Centers: Ch. 1, IAEA

Saeguards Agreement: Ch. 1, IAEA

Saghand: Ch. 1, IAEA

Satellite imagery: Ch. 1, IAEA

Scoops: Ch. 2, Centriuge Enrichment

Section or Advanced Development Applications and Tech-nologies: see SADAT Centers

Separative work unit: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shahab-3: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shahid Beheshti University: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shariaty Building: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shari University o Technology: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shielded window: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shielding material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Shockwave sotware: Ch. 1, IAEA

Signicant quantity: Ch. 1, IAEASource material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Special ssionable material: Ch. 1, IAEA

Special inspection: Ch. 1, IAEA

Starting point o IAEA saeguards: Ch. 1, IAEA

State Organization or Planning and Management:

Ch. 1, IAEA

Stuxnet: Ch. 1, IAEA

Subsidiary Arrangements: Ch. 1, IAEA

Supreme National Security Council: Ch. 1, IAEA

Suspension: Ch. 1, IAEA

Tails: Ch. 1, IAEA

Technical cooperation: Ch. 1, IAEA

Tehran Research Reactor: Ch. 1, IAEA

Transparency: Ch. 1, IAEA

Trinity: Ch. 3, U.S. Development
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The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1

1 | IAEA Reports on Iran

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Material balance report: IAEA

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2 Policy Focus #121

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Atomic Energy Council: A w S

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Atomic Energy Organization o Iran (AEOI): E-

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Anarak: A I, Yz, w w (see map).

Applied Physics Institute: A I, w Lv-S (seeP R C.)

Arak: T A v w , - K (see K). I 1990, v -

-v P, w IAEA v. T A - IR-1 .

Ardakan Yellowcake Production: A w

FIG. 1: Military organization and timeline o Irans nuclear program (source: IAEA)

ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

2002 Aug 2008 201020062004 Feb 20111998-99

Scientific Committee with office at ERI

Ministry of Defence Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL)

Institute of Applied Physics (IAP)

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FIG. 1


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Center or Research and Development o Explosion

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Biological Study Center: I 2004 v P R C Lv-

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4 Policy Focus #121

ACK TO INDEX

Centriuge: M - U-235 (w 0.7 ) U-238 ( 99.3 ). S v

. F w , see . 2, CE.

Chamaran Building: Bw 1995 1998, I - , N R C.

Chemical trap: (NF) - .

Code 3.1: P S A, w IAEA w . A v I C 3.1, 1976, - w 180 .I 2003, I C3.1, w q - IAEA w .I v

F 2006. I - w .

Cold trap: A w , vv v .

Comprehensive Separation Laboratory (CSL):I 1991, I w C , w w

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Darkhovin: S I- -w w , w v 360 w (see map). T w 2011, w 2015. T Dv Avz w I, w F w - w 1979 I Rv.

Deense Industries Organization: T DIO (P: Sasadjah Sazemane Sanaye Defa) - I w v w w . T DIO I M D AF L (MODAFL), , DIO . S w v vv - .

Depleted uranium: U 0.7 U-235 (.., ). F .

Design inormation: U IAEA SA, v w : -, ( - ) w ,q, , w .K T (seeC 3.1).

Design inormation verication (DIV): P - IAEA v v -

v . A DIV - w . T w DIV v -

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Destructive testing: C

v v q (.., ), w v w.

Deuterium: A - w, 150. T w v w, w 99 (D

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Diusion: T f w w (.., q) wv f v v. T ( ) w v q f . T v w , w q v - v . I 1945, q

q 4,000 , U S - v . B -, q 64 z ,w v q.


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6 Policy Focus #121

ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

Enrichment: T

U-235 w .N 0.7 U-235,

35 ( v

) v 90 ( ). E v

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q 75 w. A 20 v I -

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Education Research Institute: E - v I M- D A F L.

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q v; - w w 1% v 0.5%, w 0.0001; w 0.5% w( ), w 0.00005.

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U-235 238 . I Kj,w . C w U.S. w S H 1980 Iq.
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BACK TO IN

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Feed systems/product and tails withdrawal system:

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v UF6 . F /, UF6

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Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP): F -

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3,000 . S ,

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Frequency changers: A w v; -

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Fakhrizadeh, Mohsen: T I w ( w M Fz M). H v P R C v

AMAD P, v f w w O O. A 2004,

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v z .

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0.7%

3.5%

20% 60%

90%

F. 2: U

To enrich uranium so that the percent-age o fssile isotope U-235 increases

rom 0.7% to 90%, UF6 gas is passed

through our processes: (1) throughtwo groups o 12 cascades o cen-

triuges, each having 164 machines,

taking the enrichment level to 3.5%;

(2) through eight cascades each oanother 164 machines to increase the

level rom 3.5% to 20%; (3) through

our cascades o 114 machinesincrease rom 20% to 60%; (4)

through two cascades o 64 machines

each, to increase rom 60% to 90%.At each stage, gas depleted o U-235

is passed back to the previous stageor out o the system completely. Asthe schematic suggests, the process

becomes relatively easier.

Each 1,000 atoms o natural uranium contains 993 atoms o U-238 and seven o U-235. At 3.5% enrichment, the ratiobecomes 193:7; i.e., 800 atoms o U-238 have been removed. Removal o just another 158 U-238 atoms eects a ratio

o 35:7, or 20% enrichment the level Iran currently achieves. Comparatively little eort, or as it is known in the jargon,

work, is needed to remove another 34 U-238 atoms to reach 90% enrichment, suitable or an atomic bomb, and a ratio

o 1:8.


24/50


8 Policy Focus #121

ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

Graphite Subcritical Reactor: A z-w -w (w ) I, - . C 1991.

Green salt: T v, , - , -v (U

3O

8 UO

2) . T -

G S Pj I, w , v w- w .

Hat-e-Tir (Seventh o Tir): A w I I D I Oz. I

.

Hashtgerd: A Kj w (see map), w A E O-z I (, LA R).

Heavy water: W 99 (D

2O). I

.

Heavy-water production plant (HWPP): I -

HWPP A 2006. I v w IR-40 v-w , w .

Heavy-water reactor: A v w() . A C (CANDU) -, w v w w . S q ,

v. I -1990 IR-40 v-w , 40 w w. L K I, v w , I. I 2013. S

Fuel element chopping machine: R - q ,, ,, (.., -) .

Fuel Enrichment Plant: T Nz, w v , , . I 54,000 .

Fuel Fabrication Laboratory: A Iw v w.

Fuel Manuacturing Plant:

I - I R R, IR-40 v-w A, -w .P .

Gchine: T A E Oz Iw G B A (see map), w G .C, v , IAEA 21 . T

2006.

Girdler-sulde (GS) process: Hv w - w v : w- (GS ) -- . T GS , w K, w w w w w . T w 30

-v w (.., 99.75 ).

Graphite, nuclear-grade: G . M v v 5 qv 1.5 /3.


25/50



BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

w-

v . IAEA

I q 27-w

v-w C.

Heavy-water-reactor-related projects: UN S- C v I

v-w-- j, - v-w , IR-40

,

.

Hex: S (UF6).

High-enriched uranium (HEU): U -

20 U-235.

W- 90 - v U-235.

High-strength aluminum: T 7000 -

. C 6000

.

Hold-up: N -

q, , , j-

w . F , -

.

Imenista Andish: A v -

w A E Oz I

v P2 . T

w

v . T

AEOI 2003, w

.

Inert gas testing o centriuges: X

-

v. T , wv,

w .

Inspections: M IAEA

,

-. I

w - . D v, - , v v,

v , v . Tq - v . A -w (.., B) q,w (.., Nz) w - v . T IAEA f I 500 -.

Institute o Applied Physics (IAP): P I P- R C.

Isahan Nuclear Technology Center: I , 1975 w F (see map). A F v , w , w C- . T , , U Cv F-, Z P F.

IR-1 centriuge: T I D SNOR q P -

A Q K, w v P1. T w q v I, L, N K.

IR-2 centriuge: I IR-2 w - , w w. A v , IR-2, w w. B P P2 -, G q A.Q. K, w .

IR-3 centriuge: O

I P F E P.

IR-4 centriuge: A I PP2 , v w.

IR-5 centriuge: O I P F E P.


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10 Policy Focus #121

ACK TO INDEX

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Laser enrichment: S wv, w

U-235 U-238. S w

: v v . T v (AVLIS),

w I L A (seemap). v q - , wv ( -

, w MLIS MOLIS). AVLIS w R C,

MLIS q U S.

Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory (LSL): I 1991,

A E Oz I w C

. T LSL w O- 2002, w

w v L A. N v- w IAEA. T q wv .

Lavisan-Shian: A w P

R C w . I z Nv 2003; IAEA v J 2004.

Light-water reactor (LWR): A w () w.LWR Z-

w - ( 5 ). T w

LWR: w z w. T LWR B .

Light-Water Subcritical Reactor: A C-z-w I, -

.

Limited requency, unannounced access (LFUA):

A IAEA v - w 5 . LFUA

v q (SQ) (

IR-6 centriuge: O I P F E P.

Isotope: A w w

v w f f . See alsoA w.

Jabr Ibn Hayan Laboratories: P - N R C, vv , -v, v.T w J I -H, - S M .

Kalaye Electric Company: A AE Oz I vv v w Nz.

Karaj Agricultural and Medical Center: A AE Oz I w (see map) w q v L A.

Khondab: S, A (see map), w IIR-40 v-w -. T , v. K v-w .

Kimia Maadan Company: A v - AMAD P.T A E Oz I

w . K Mw v vv G .

Kolahdouz: A w . I 2003, IAEA v - v.


27/50



BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

wPB vX vY v

PE vMUF z -, v - v. U v, - w MUF v.

Medical isotopes: I v N R C. T - -99. See alsoMIX .

Meeting in 1984: T IAEA I - -v 1984 - vv -v -. I .

Military workshops: A Iv IAEA 2004, - w z.

Milling o uranium: A w

. T - v -. A , , , w v. I A Yz G B A (see map).

Miniature Neutron Source Reactor: A I C .

Ministry o Deense and Armed Forces Logistics:

E 1989, MODAFL - (A) I RvG C (IRGC P). MODAFL I D I Oz , A I Oz, w vv .

MIX acility: A M, I,

v ) w v - .

Location outside acilities (LOF): A

, w f-v . A I LOF ,w .

Low-enriched uranium (LEU): D - 0.7 U-235 20 .A 20 w - .

Malek Ashtar University o Technology (MUT):A I v -

, , . O 1986, I, w -v M D. I 2005, G- v MU v- v. T v w I M Fz, w SADA C MU, w w P .

Manipulator: T v( w v) - v - -w w .

Marivan: A I Iq (seemap) w IAEA - -v .

Mass spectrometry: A q w q z,

, . T f .

Material unaccounted or (MUF): T fw - w w ,v q MUF=(PB+X+Y)-PE,


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ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

, w w . P v w D-D w, v-

C.Noncompliance: W v- S A w IAEA, v v, , v , IAEA , w q, wv vv. I v , IAEA- B Gv, w - . T IAEA , UN SC, G A. T SC , -, .

Nondestructive assay (NDA): M / w .

Nondestructive testing (NDT): A w - q -z , , - w .

Nuclear material: U, , ( ). O v .

Nuclear Nonprolieration Treaty (NPT): A w-

, -, . T NP,w w 1970, v w : w - w . T v w- U S, R, B, F, C. T - w w

X R P F N R C.

Modality: A - w IAEA

jv v v .

Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS or MOLIS):A I .

Monte Carlo methodology: C w w - w U.S. w. T - .

Moallem Kalayeh: A w IAEA v 1992. T A EOz I , w - .

Natanz: T I , I- (see map).

Natural uranium: U -

0.7 U-235 99.3 U-238, w q U-234 .

Neutron: A v . I -, , w .

Neutron generator: A w initiator neutron source, v v. I

v - w v . T v v v wv. IAEA I w - 1994, w


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BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

A E Oz Iv v .

Oer in early 1990s: S 19931994, - P A.Q. K

w f I . I - f v P1 19941995. T v P2 , I - w w 1995 2002.S w v I . T w f v K , v vv w v P I.

Open-source inormation: I v , v , , z, , .

Orchid Oce: Ev AMAD P,

O S .

Orchid Scientic Research Center: P IP R C.

Ore Processing Center: A N R C - v .

Organization o Deensive Innovation and

Research: A M Fz,w w I -

.

P5+1: T - w I. L E UH Rv C A B, v UN S- C ( U S, B, C, F, R) G. I w E3+3.

I w .

T w v w w

w .Nuclear-powered vessels: I J 2012, Iv w

-w . S w, w -

w . A v - - (HEU) z (.., U.S. Nv -

97 HEU, R - 75 ), v .T F v w- (LEU)

( 7.5 ) ,

v . Bz LEU . E - Savannah (U.S.), Otto Hahn

(G), Mutsu (J) LEU , . I , . N-

w w Cv SA w v

IAEA , -

w .

Oer in 1987: A w -

v I Swz v P- A.Q. K. T f :

; w, , ; w ;

2,000 ; v v q;

v q. T v w - w. I

f v w q w v,


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ACK TO INDEX

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1998, w 1990 2000, PHRC f w AMADP. I 2003 2004, I PHRC Lv-S .

Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant: A v Nz. U , v .C, vv w , I - . S vv .

Pishgam: A I w v , P E IDv C. P E I

Dv C (PEI). I v v AE Oz I j, Z P P, U Cv- F, F M P I N Cw Yw P P A.T UN S C R- 1803 (2008).

Plasma Physics: A N

R C 1990.

Plutonium (Pu): A v . W , v P-238, 239, 240, 241, 242. P P-239 . T I AE A 8 - q, ,

.PUREX reprocessing: A 2000, P w vv PUREX- AE Oz I. T PUREX - .

Parchin: A -

v v , -v

w .

Pardis Tehran: Oz MFz SADA C- M A Uv .

Pars Trash: O

K E C,

. T w .

Passivation: T w

q (.., -

) w , w q .

Passive Deense Organization: C

v I,

Pv D Oz - v z

v. T A E Oz

I q - ,

v - . A I, w

Fw.

Physical inventory taking: A v

v - IAEA v

. T v

v v .

Physics Research Center (PHRC): T -

z v v I . I w w

-

z - ( ), w v

v v M

D. I v


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BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

- q. I

w .

Reprocessing: C -

. U

. T PUREX.

Resolutions o the UN Security Council: T -v S C I

C VII UN C,

1696 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1747

(2007), 1803 (2008), 1835 (2008), 1929 (2010).SeealsoB .

Routine inspections: T q

IAEA . T w .

SADAT Centers: S v

I v AMADP w 2004 w z-

w S Av Dv

A (SADA), w -

M D A

F L (MODAFL).

Saeguards Agreement: E --w

N N Cv SA (CSA) w IAEA. T S-

A, IAEA

INFCIRC/153 (C.), v -

CSA. T w -

w

S A. U CSA, IAEA -

v

w , j, . T IAEA -

, v v v w.

I w IAEA

M 15, 1974 (see ://www../P/

D/I/O/214.).

Pyroprocessing: I 2010, IAEA J I H M R L(JHL) v v -

. I - w v q. P v PUREX - . P-, wv, - .

Qom: A I, (seemap), Fw .

Radioisotope batteries: R (RG RIEG) - w - v v .T v w , , . M v P-238, I P-210 .P-210 .

Recycled uranium: W w- v -, 1 U-235, w (U-236) . H U-236 I q P. F , P v C.

Remote monitoring: A q w -

(.., ) IAEA q v - w, w v. TIAEA 200 ww. T v q- w v .T - - w
http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc214.pdfhttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc214.pdfhttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc214.pdfhttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc214.pdf


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ACK TO INDEX

Saghand: A uranium mine under construction inYazd in central Iran (see map). It has an annual esti-mated production capacity o 50 metric tons.

Satellite imagery: Te IAEA uses commercially avail-

able satellite imagery to support its work. Available romvarious vendors, such high-resolution imagery is useul inollowing construction o nuclear sites over long periodso time.

Separative work unit: A way o measuring the e-ciency o dierent centriuge designs, relating to boththe amount o material processed and the degree oenrichment achieved.

Shahab-3: Persian or meteor, the Shahab is a

medium-range (800 miles) ballistic missile developedby Iran and based on the North Korean Nodong mis-sile. As indicated in documentation and other inorma-tion obtained by the IAEA, the Shahab-3 nose-conereentry vehicle is designed to accommodate a nuclearpayload.

Shahid Beheshti University: A senior SADAocial solicited assistance rom this university ona matter related to nuclear weaponsspecically,complex calculations related to the state o critical-ity o a solid sphere o uranium being compressed

by high explosives.

Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group: A subordinateo Irans Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO),which is responsible or the countrys liquid-ueled bal-listic missile programs.

Shariaty Building: Between 1987 and 1993, Iranconducted plutonium separation experiments in alaboratory in this building, located at the ehranNuclear Research Center. In 1993, plutonium solu-

tions produced rom these activities were transerredto the centers Chamaran Building, where experi-ments continued.

Shari University o Technology: One o the larg-est engineering schools in Iran, SU was establishedin 1966 under the name Aryarmehr University oechnology, then renamed aer the 1979 Islamic

Revolution. Since 2004, the IAEA has asked Iran to

explain nuclear-related equipment procured by the

ormer head o the Physics Research Center, who was

also a proessor at SU. Te equipmentonly some

o which he was able to obtainincluded balancingmachines, mass spectrometers, magnets, and fuorine

handling equipment, all o which could be useul in

uranium enrichment.

Shielded window: Hot cells, in which work involv-ing plutonium or other highly toxic materials is con-

ducted, have thick windows made o lead glass, which

absorbs radiation.

Shielding material: Heavy, high-density metals suchas lead, tungsten, and uranium are used or radiation

shielding (e.g., in gamma-cameras at hospitals andradioactive source transportation casks).

Shockwave sotware: Soware that is useul inunderstanding and modeling detonations; has nuclear,

military, and nonmilitary applications.

Signifcant quantity: Te approximate minimumquantity o nuclear material required or the manuac-

ture o a nuclear explosive device. Signicant quantities

take into account unavoidable losses due to conversion

and manuacturing processes and should not be con-used with critical masses. Te IAEA has dened 25

kg o U-235 or high-enriched uranium (U-23520 %),

75 kg U-235 or low-enriched uranium (U-235


33/50



BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

A. U INFCIRC/153- S-

A,

q . T -

G P,

v, F A

.

Supreme National Security Council: T

I , -

fv

S L. T v

, w v

I . M ,

: w w

S L ;

, , , ,

v f -

; -

.

Suspension: I Nv 2003, I -

- v

w-

v IAEA w.T w -

,

,

- .

Tails: A w

w .

0.3 0.4

U-235, 0.7 .

Technical cooperation: T IAEA v -

v , w v j. S v-

j

, -

, , , . T -

v v -

. UN

P-239, U-233, U-235, . (U-233 v.)

Special inspection: S v . T IAEA - v v - v S A. T , v w v v .

Starting point o IAEA saeguards: R w q Cv SA . S-, w - v w . I w .

State Organization or Planning and Management:A , P A.Q. K I z D - 19931994, f v- P1 .T w A EOz I. K -w v w f.

Stuxnet: A v vj U.S. I v, w . T T F v I .

Subsidiary Arrangements: A - v IAEA S


34/50



ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

S C R 1737

IAEA I v w-

; , -

v.

Tehran Research Reactor: I, RR w v-w -- -w

93 - .

S U S,

1967. I 1987, w IAEA , I A-

A R I v

19.75 . T

N R C

.

Transparency: T

, I f -

.

v w w

IAEA I v -

. O v

IAEA , w

, q, ,

. H, v

w v S A-

. A

, I f w -

v f , IAEA

w vw . I

v

w v, - -

.

Unannounced inspection: A IAEA

w v v

v .

Uranium: A v

w 92. N

U-234, 235, 238; U-232, 233,

236 v .

Uranium alloy: M , ,

w v . S z , - w .

Uranium Chemistry Laboratory: T A EOz I I .

Uranium Conversion Facility (UCF): T ,w I 2006, vw , , . I IAEA -v 20

. T UCF 200 UF

6.UCF j j

w C, w ww j -1990.

Uranium dioxide: P - , -w v-w .

Uranium hexafuoride (UF6): T

w. R

.

Uranium metal document: A - - w . I w P1 v A.Q. K w 1987. I I v v w q f, v -

.

Uranium tetrafuoride (UF4): G

v - (UF

6) (U

3O

8 UO

2)

. I UF6

w , -


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w , , . T I Iq , -

v v , q .

Yazd: I Yz (see map) R P C- q w R 200 B. T z .

Yellowcake: S- v

,U

3O

8. T w -

w , w; - .

Zirconium: M .

(HF) . D .

Vanak Square Laboratory: A A E O-z I , w

I v w vq. I 2007, IAEA - S U-v . I v -- q V .

Veracity checking: W IAEA v - , v

. T w IAEA w , , , v , .

Waste Disposal Facility, Qom: A Q w A E Oz I w v v w.

Waste Handling Facility: A NR C v w.

Waste Storage Facility, Karaj: R AE Oz I, Kj A M C (see map).

Whole Body Counter (WBC): Dv v w , - .

Workplan: I A 2007, I IAEA U I R I IAEA

M R O I.G w, w w INFCIRC/711. B F 2008, - w w


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ACK TO INDEX

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2 | Centrifuge Enrichment

Bafes: T w

f UF

6

. B - .

Bearings: T , w w-

, w w. S , F , v w

. T w-w - v

. P A.Q. K w N .

w .

Bellows: S

. A w , - - . I I

IR-1 , - - w . I

P P2 , , w w f

v .

Carbon ber: A v

. T v w w -

, --

w . A - 425 ,

525 / 700

WHILE AUSRIAN SCIENIS G Z

, w v w w Sv , w 1930 1940 A J B. I 1940, Uv V w . Y w U S M- Pj W W II , f .

I (. 3), (UF6) -w

( 300 ). A w v . C v UF

6 -

U-238 v w UF6

w U-235 , . T w w -

v (U-235) vv (U-238) . T w v ( ) ( ).

T w w , j . C w , w . Iv v z .

T v w (SWU), w .

A 100 f . T .


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BACK TO IN

L 1990

w P A.Q. K, 164-- 0.7 3.5. T 164-

3.5 20 , 114- 20 60 ,

64- 60 90 .

Casing: C -

. A , w 30 w,

w -

w .

Critical speed: S w w , q-

. C v,

.

End caps: C

/ . O , ,

w, , - . I

,

v q

q .

Cascade: A

v U-235.

E v

. S,

v

. S - w 1.2,

z q 3.5

. 90

65 q, w

v . I

w- ,

Depleted uranium

Enriched uranium

rotor

bottom bearing

bottom scoop

bae

top scoop

electromagneticmotor

casing

tails

feed

product

center post

Uraniumhexafluoride(UF6)is

injectedintothecentrifugeand

spunatveryhighspeeds.

Duetotheenormouscentrifugal

force,theheavieruranium-238

isotopehasatendencytobe

closertotherotorwall.

2

1

3U-235concentrationincreasesin

therisinganddecreasesinthe

descendingstreams,whichare

extractedatthetopandbottom

respectively.

FIG. 3: Gas centriuge.

Source: International Panel on Fissile Materials

FIG. 3


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ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

,

w ( ). I

. M

j (w w) P1

IR-1 . I P2 , , w -

w v w .

Rotor: A

; ,

q . W

,

w w. A ,

S. A v,

v.

T w v . T , w--

w

v R .

, 1

SWU . M

- . v

, w

. F, w j

w

w -

. S, w - v ;

v -

.

Scoops: S-

UF6

.

Vacuum system: C -

.

UF6

w. T - w w -. E -

.Enrichment actor: A w v v . I v U-235 w U-235 .

Expanding mandrel: A w- - w v .S w .

I 1980, B - P B. R P, R Nv .

Flow orming: A , q w -w v

. T w , - , w .

Fomblin oil: S v , w v v-

w .

Maraging steel: M w , w -, w q ( w ,

w ). M


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FIG. 5: Gun-type atomic bomb.

FIG. 4: Implosion-type atomic bomb.

Conventionalexplosive Gun barrel

Cylindertarget

Hollow uranium

bullet

, - 64 . T w qv 15,000 N.

Manhattan Project: T v , U S,

w B C.

Nagasaki: T J A A 9, 1945.

Trinity: T , - A NwM 1945.

3 | Initial U.S. Development of Nuclear Weapons

Alamogordo: T Nw M

w U S w J 1945. T w

F M w

w w w

. Cv v , qv

20,000 N. T

w w J-

N; ,

H - .

Device: J .

Fat Man: T v -

(. 4) N A 9, 1945. I 6.1 ( 13 ) ,

w v

Nw M .

Gadget: N w ,

U S J 1945.

Hiroshima: T J A 6,

1945, A - , -

w.

Jumbo: N v

v (25 w 214 ) 1945, w -

v. I w , J

w , w

w

, w v.T v -

v, w

IAEA v v P.

Little Boy: T v

H A 6, 1945. I

v - (. 5) w

- w

Fast explosive Slow explosive Tamper/pusher

Neutron initiator Uranium or plutonium core

Sphericalshockwavecompressescore

FIG 5

FIG. 4


40/50


ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

4 | Basic Nuclear Physics and Weapons Design

. (See N

.)

Boosted nuclear weapon: E

- vv j

j . W -

, ,

, w

, , . A -

. A

w v w

H N.

Cage: T w --

v - .

Chain reaction: A -

w

() U-235 P-239 , . I

,

v w .

I , ,

- zz.

Cold test: A w

-v, w -

, T v v-

w, w

Alpha decay: W (w -

w ) , f -

. P-210 ,

w.

Atomic bomb: A -

-

. S G- v

I v.

Atomic number:T v . U

92, 94.

Atomic weight: U, ,

v . N

99.27% U-238, 0.72% U-235, 0.005% U-234. T

f: U-238 146 92 , U-235, 143

92 . H f . T

w 238.03.

Beryllium: A q

, , -. I w -

P-210,

. S w

v

IN ADDIION O w, v

. B U-235 P-239 v -, w (. 6). T w- P P1 - U-235 -, w . D v z v , . Nv, v P-239, q U-235 w, v w . I , , w , .


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ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEXACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

E , , , w w . I w , - . O

v, D-D -. T w A.Q. K w w UD

3 .

Nuclear device: w .

Permissive action links (PALs): S v w v w - .

Pit: A -

- , .

Polonium-210: M , w . T wv,w .

Reactor: A v w . T v , -

.. D , v U-235 , 35 ( w ), 20 ( ), v ( w ).

Refector: M - - ,

. W -, P-239 15 ( 31 ) 4 ( 9 ). WU-235, qv 50 (110 ) 15 (33 ). U , U-235 v 18 (39 ).


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5| Pakistans Development of Nuclear Weapons

BACK TO IN

BACK TO IN

Kahuta: T P -

, .

P G

w. T K

D. A.Q. K R L.

Khan Research Laboratories (KRL): S

v P

1981 M

Z--Hq, A Q K, P w w -

E. Pv, w E-

R L (ERL) -

Pj 706. D K

2001 v v-

2004, .

Dished plates: A w v -

, -v

- . I , 32

22 10

, .

T v -

v qz U-235

P-239 . W B

P

1980, w

I w , C (. 8). U.S. q

, w w P-

w

v w .

Expanding mandrel: A w-

-

w v .

S w

.

I 1980, B - P B

. R

P, R Nv .

Ghauri: P 800-- - -

, N K N -

. I w H-5. N K

I, w w

S-3.

Inverter: A w q , -

. , v j -

. P v-

, E 1970, w

v

.

FIG. 8: Excerpts rom 1980s British intelligence

document about Pakistan

Materials and Equipment that Pakistan

Sought from Overseas for its Nuclear Program

GAS CENTRIFUGE COMPONENTS

Rotors

Bellows

Top and bottom end caps

MATERIALS FOR GAS CENTRIFUGE PRODUCTION

Aluminium alloy (AISI 7075 and equivalents)

Maraging steel (all grades)

EQUIPMENT FOR GAS CENTRIFUGE PRODUCTION

Expanding mandrels for holding centrifuge rotors

Flow forming machines

COMPONENTS FOR CENTRIFUGE PLANT CONTROL

Frequency changers (inverters)

NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

Hemispherical shells

Dished plates

(Materials may be aluminium alloy or steel)

Detonators

Detonator circuit power supplies

Neutron generator systems

High speed cameras

Flash X-ray equipment

fg8


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ACK TO INDEX

ACK TO INDEX

Khushab: Site o Pakistans heavy-water productionplant and 50-megawatt heavy-water reactors, whichproduce plutonium or compact atomic bombs. Tesite includes three completed reactors and a ourthstill under construction. It is operated by the PakistanAtomic Energy Commission, which in the past com-peted with Khan Research Laboratories to producenuclear explosives and rival missile designs.

Nuclear weapon designs: Investigations into theA.Q. Khan network have revealed it also had detailedinormation on various designs o Pakistani nuclearweapons and gave some o the inormation to its cli-ents. Some o this digital inormation included moremodern designs such as the device tested by Pakistanin 1998.

P1 centrifuge: Pakistani centriuge based on earlyDutch designs designated SNOR and CNOR (shortor scientifc and cultivated nuclear orbital rotor),which had been developed in the initial phases o theUrenco project and used in a Dutch enrichment pilotplant in the mid-1970s.

P2 centrifuge: Te Pakistani P2 is a slightly modifedversion o the supercritical G2 centriuge, a Germandesign made prior to the Urenco project and utilizing

a maraging steel rotor with two segments. Te A.Q.Khan network distributed detailed designs and man-uacturing instructions to its clients in digital orm.P2 inormation was, at least, prolierated to Iran,Libya and North Korea.

Urenco: A Dutch-British-German consortium estab-lished by treaty in 1970, responsible or developingcentriuge enrichment techniques intended to makelow-enriched uranium or use in civil nuclear powerreactors. Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan worked ora subcontractor o the Ultra Centriuge Nederland

(UCN) during the early 1970s and became amiliarwith the technology and component suppliers neededto establish a centriuge plant.


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for Science and International AffairsBELFERCENTER

The Beler Center is the hub o the Harvard Kennedy Schools research, teaching, and train-

ing in international security aairs and diplomacy, environmental and resource issues, and

science and technology policy.

The Center has a dual mission: (1) to provide leadership in advancing policy-relevant

knowledge about the most important challenges o international security and other critical

issues where science, technology, environmental policy, and international aairs intersect;

and (2) to prepare uture generations o leaders or these arenas. Center researchers not

only conduct scholarly research, but also develop prescriptions or policy reorm. Faculty

and ellows analyze global challenges rom nuclear prolieration and terrorism to climatechange and energy policy.

The Beler Centers leadership begins with the recognition o science and technology as

driving orces constantly transorming both the challenges we ace and the opportunities or

problem solving. Building on the vision o ounder Paul Doty, the Center addresses serious

global concerns by integrating insights and research o social scientists, natural scientists,

technologists, and practitioners in government, diplomacy, the military, and business.

The heart o the Beler Center is its resident research community o more than 150 scholars,

including Harvard aculty, researchers, practitioners, and each year a new, international,

interdisciplinary group o research ellows. Through publications and policy discussions,

workshops, seminars, and conerences, the Center promotes innovative solutions to signi-cant national and international challenges.

For more inormation, see the Beler Centers website at:

www.belercenter.hks.harvard.edu
http://www.belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/http://www.belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/


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The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

Board of Directors

President

M J. G

Chairman

Hw P. Bwz

Chairmen Emeriti

F S. L

M S

Founding President and Chairman Emerita

B W

Senior Vice PresidentsB Lv

P Lw

J S

Vice Presidents

Bj B

W P. S

Vice President Emeritus

C A

Secretary

R S. A

Treasurer

D Sf

Board Members

J B

A B

R Bw

M G

R H, emeritus

S K

J K

M KM Lz

D Mz

Z S

F Swz

M

S W

G W

Next Generation Leadership Council

Dv E, chair

D E

Bj G

A Hz

J K

J A Mz

Z S

W S

Board of AdvisorsM M. K

H A. K

S W. Lw

Ew Lw

M M

R C. MF

M Pz

R P

J G. R

G P. Sz

R. J WM Z


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