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POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE
IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Trung Thang, PhD
ISPONRE Deputy Director
Hà Nội, 3/2011
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
INSTITUTE OF STRATEGY AND POLICY ON NATURAL RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENT
CONTENTS
Overview of Climate Change in Viet Nam
Policy on Climate Change in Viet Nam
Conclusions and Recommendations
VIET NAM GHG INVENTORY BY
SECTOR, 2000
Sector CO2 CH4 N20 CO2eq %
Energy 45,900.00 308 1.27 52,773.46 35.0
Industrial proc
esses
10,005.72 0 0 10,005.72 6.6
Agriculture 0 2,383 48.49 65,090.65 43.1
LULUCF 11.860.19 140.33 0.96 15,104.72 10.0
Waste 0 331.48 3.11 7,925.18 5.3
Total 67,765.01 3,164.12 53.83 150,889.73 100
Source: Second Communication Report to UNFCCC.
LULUCF: Land use, land use change and forestry.
Unit: thousand tonnes
GHG inventory in Viet Nam
Agricultural sector has
highest emission among
other sectors, following
by energy sector
Other sector has small
emission
35%
6.60%
43.10%
10%
5.30%
Energy
Industrial
processes
Agriculture
GHG EMISSION
Sector 2010 2020 2030
Energy 113.1 251.0 470.8
Agriculture 65.8 69.5 72.9
LULUCF -9.7 -20.1 -27.9
Total 169.2 300.4 515.8
Source: Second Communication Report to UNFCCC
Unit: million tonnes of CO2e
Climate Change Impacts
to Viet Nam
Viet Nam has been forecasted to be one of the 5 most seriously affected countries by CC in the world
Sea level in Vietnam has increased 5cm within the past 30 years. Sea level is expected to rise up by another 33cm in 2050, 45cm in 2070 and 1 metre in 2100.
Higher temperatures: Increase to 2.3oC by 2100 Higher rain level in raining seasons, but less rains in dry
seasons Increasing natural calamity frequency (wind, typhoon,
drought, flood...) and intensity
Main disasters in Viet Nam
N
Flood due to dike break at Thinh Long,
Hai Hau, Nam Dinh, 2005
Hai Trieu Church after the dike break
Sea dike erosion at Nam Dinh coast
during typhoon Damrey, 2005
Erosion at Doi Duong Beach, Phan Thiet
HOUSES OF THE POOR
Sea Level Rise Impacts
10 provinces at the Mekong River Delta were effectest:
If sea level rise will be 1m, land area will have been flooded:
Provinces Total ares (km2)Flooding
area(km2)%
Bến Tre 2.257 1.131 50,1
Long An 4.389 2.169 49,4
Trà Vinh 2.234 1.021 45,7
Sóc Trăng 3.259 1.425 43,7
TP.HC Minh 2.003 862 43,0
Vĩnh Long 1.528 506 39,7
Bạc Liêu 2.475 962 38,9
Tiền Giang 2.397 783 32,7
Kiên Giang 6.224 1.757 28,2
Cần Thơ 3.062 758 24,7
Total 29.827 11.474 39,6
1 m
2 m 3 m
4 m 5 m
WB 2007
Source: WB 2008
CLIMATE CHANGE AND
SEA LEVEL SCENARIOS
Parameters Climate
zones
2020 2050 2070 2100
Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High
The
increase in
temperature
(oC)
0.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.6 3.3
North
East
0.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.5 3.2
North
Delta
0.5 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.6 2.4 3.1
North
Central
0.6 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.8 3,6
South
Central
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.9 2,4
Central
Highlands
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.6 2.1
South 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.6
The
increase in
rainfall (%)
1.4 1.4 1.6 3.6 3.8 3.7 4.4 5.4 5.6 4.8 7.4 9.3
North
East
1.4 1.4 1.7 3.6 3.8 2.8 4.5 5.4 5.7 4.8 7.3 9.3
North
Delta
1.6 1.6 1.6 3.9 4.1 3.8 4.8 5.9 6.1 5.2 7.9 10.1
North
Central
1.5 1.5 1.8 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.7 5.7 5.9 5.0 7.7 9.7
South
Central
0.7 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.2 3.2 4.1
Central
Highlands
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.8
South 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.9
Sea level
rise (mm)
Total year 11 12 12 28 30 33 42 46 57 65 75 100
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
Sector
Area
Object
Impact factors
Temperature rise Sea level rise Storm and
tropical low
pressure
Flood Drought Other
climatic
extrem
es
(*)
Agriculture and food
security
High High High High High High
Aquaculture High High High High Medium Medium
Energy High Medium Medium Medium High Medium
Industry High High Medium Medium Medium Medium
Transportation High High High High Medium Medium
Construction High High High High Medium High
Tourism Medium High High High Medium Medium
Health care High Medium Medium High High High
Natural ecosystems and
biodiversity
High High Medium Medium Medium Medium
Water resources High High Medium High High Medium
Residential area Medium High High High Medium Medium
POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Policy on Climate
Change
National Policy
Sectoral Policy
Agriculture and
Forestry
Water Resource
Transport
Energy
Land and Land Use
NATIONAL POLICY ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
Directive 35/2005/CT-TTg in 2005 on Kyoto Protocol
implementation
Decision 47/2007/QĐ-TTg to approve implementation plan
of Kyoto Protocol (KP)
Decision 130/2007/QĐ-TTg dated 02/8/2007 of the PM on
some financial mechanism and policy for CDM projects.
National strategy reduction and prevention natural calamity
until 2020 according to Decision 172/2007/QĐ-TTG
National Target Programme to Response to Climate Change
Climate change scenarios for Viet Nam
National Climate Change Strategy (under development)
NATIONAL POLICY ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) has approved
Action Plans to response to climate change for the period
2010-2015
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
(MONRE) has approved Action Plan to response to
climate change for the period 2011-2015
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
(MARD) has promulgated Action Plan Framework on
adaptation to climate change for the Agriculture and Rural
Development Sector, period 2008 - 2020
NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAMME TO RESPONSE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
The National Target Program on Response to Climate Change has assigned ministries, sectors, provinces, cities to develop and implement action plan in response to climate change including:
Assess climate change impacts;
Identify responding measures;
Integrate climate change concerns into strategies, programs, plans.
The NTP has identified list of tasks and projects for implementing the NTP,including
Assess climate change intensity and develop climate change and sea level rise scenarios;
Develop and implement science and technology programs on climate change; Building capacity of organization, institution, policy on climate change;
Awareness enhancement and human resources training;
Enhance international cooperation;
Develop a standard framework for mainstreaming climate change issue into development;
Develop and implement action plans to respond to climate change
INCENTIVES TO CDM
The incentives for CDM implementation include: Enterprise’s income tax rates, tax exemption, reduction for CDM projects
will be implemented as the projects belong to special investment incentives following the Law on Investment and Law on Enterprise Income Tax. The CDM projects also are subject to enterprise’s income tax exemption up to 4 years and tax reduction of 50% of total payable tax up to 7 following years.
CDM projects are subject to tax exemption for imported goods to create permanent property of the projects. “Imported goods” are raw materials, materials, and semi-finished products which haven’t been produced domestically, brought into the country for project’s production, following import and export tax law.
CDM projects are subject to land tax exemption or reduction following existing law.
Subsidization for products of CDM projects when they meet the following conditions: i) under the list of products of CDM projects belonging to investment incentives sectors; ii) real expenditure for product’s production is higher than real selling price following the signed contract.
• Decision 130/2007/QĐ-TTg dated 02/8/2007 of the PM on some financial mechanism and policy for CDM projects.
SECTORAL POLICY ON
CLIMATE CHANGEEnvironment
National Strategy for environmental protection until 2010 and vision toward 2020 (NSEP)
Law on Environmental Protection, 2005
Energy
National Strategy for development of electricity sector in period 2004-2010 and vision toward to 2020
National Strategy for Energy Development until 2020 and vision toward 2050
National Target Program on Efficient Use and Saving Energy (EUSE)
Electricity Law
Law on Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2010
Forestry
Forest Protection and Development Law 2004
National Forest Development Strategy (NFDS) 2006-2020
Landuse: Landuse Law
Water Resources:
LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 2005
“Developing and utilizing clean and renewable energies and reducing the emission of gases that pollute the environment, cause greenhouse effects, deplete the ozone layer or contribute to climate change.”
(Art 6)
“…Gradual increase of the percentage of clean and renewable energy yields to total national energy production and the implementation of objectives on national energy security, natural resources saving, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that cause greenhouse effects and contribute to global warming and climate change”
(Art 33)
ENERGY SECTOR
National Strategy for development of electricity sector in period 2004-2010 and vision toward to 2020
National Strategy for Energy Development until 2020 and vision toward 2050
National Target Program on Efficient Use and Saving Energy (EUSE)
Law on Environmental Protection 2005 (LEP 2005)
Electricity Law
Law on Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2010
NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN PERIOD 2004-2010 AND VISION
TOWARD TO 2020
The Strategy provide the main orientation on development
of electricity in the period 2004-2010, which includes
development of hydro, atomic, thermal electricity. The
viewpoints of the strategy are to ensure electricity quality
increased, as well as competitive price, focusing especially
on electricity saving from transmission, distribution and
use phase. Promoting development research of new and
renewable energy to meet demand of electricity use,
especially for islands and remote areas.
NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
UNTIL 2020
AND VISION TOWARD 2050
Objectives have been set up with overall goal: exploiting
and using domestic energy resources in a rational
and efficient manner; diversifying forms of investment
and business in the energy domain, and develop an
energy market conducive to fair competition; boosting the
development of new and renewable energies, bio-
energy and nuclear power in order to meet the
requirements of socio-economic development; and
developing the energy sector
LAW ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION
(LEEC) 2010
The Law provides measures to promote energy
efficiency and conservation, including incentives
measures for EE and conservation activities;
Scientific and technology development for energy
efficiency and conservation; Dissemination and
education and development of energy conservation
consultancy services
NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAM ON EFFICIENT USE
AND SAVING ENERGY (EUSE)
The National Target program on EUSE was approved
by the Decision 79/2006/QD-TTg in 2006. The targets
of the Program is: (i) saving 3-5% the total national
energy consumption in the period 2006-2010 and
saving 5-8% the total national energy consumption in
the period 2011-2015.
LAND AND LANDUSE POLICY
“The amendment of land use planning and related plans shall be based on the following principles:
…..Be compatible with overall national planning and related strategies and plans for socio-economic development, defense and security assurance and for addressing global climate change issues including mitigation of climate change and adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change.”
(Land Law of Vietnam – (Art 21))
“Grounds for amendment of land use plannings and plans include:
……The strategies and overall planning on socio-economic development, defense and security maintenance, plans for development of various sectors of the economy and of various localities and for adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change.”
(Land Law of Vietnam – (Art 22))
LAND AND LAND USE
“……Determination of measures for efficient land use, protection of land and responding to the adverse impacts of climate change on land, improvement of environmental protection and the reduction of emissions resulting from land use changes;
(Land Law of Vietnam – (Art 23))
“The State shall adopt policies to encourage land users to invest their labor, planting material and capital in, and to apply developments in science and technology to, the following works:
. .Enlarging forest area in order to prevent floods, absorb carbon dioxide and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change”
(Land Law of Vietnam – (Art 12))
FORESTRY
The Strategy of forestry development of Vietnam provides
that:
forest protection, natural protection and biodiversity
conservation are aimed to contribute to watershed,
coastal and urban area protection, mitigation of natural
disasters, prevention of erosion, protection of water
sources and the living environment, and creation of
income from environmental services (environmental fees,
CO2 emission capture and storage, ecotourism, etc.).
FORESTRY
“Forest protection and development activities shall
ensure sustainable economic and social development,
environmental protection and defense and security
maintenance, be in conformity with the socio- economic
development strategy and forestry development strategy,
comply with national and local forest protection and
development plans, ensure the ability to mitigate the
adverse impacts on the environment, including
adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on
forests and comply with the forest management
regulation issued by the Prime Minister.”
(Law on Forest Protection and Development of
Vietnam – (Art 9))
WATER RESOURCES
“State management of water resource consists of the following:
…….To formulate, and direct the implementation of the strategy, policies and plans for the protection, exploitation, use and development of water resource; the prevention, combating and control of the harmful effects of water and the adverse impacts of climate change on water resources”;
(Law of Water Resources (Art 57))
Organizations and individuals are entitled to exploit and use water resources for life and production. At the same time they have the responsibility to protect and conserve water resources and to prevent, combat and control the harmful effects caused by water, as a result of climate change and as prescribed by law.”
(Law on Water Resources of Vietnam - (Art 1))
CONCLUSIONS
In general, climate change has been mentioned in number
of laws and legislations.
However, some limitation including:
Incomprehensive Legal Framework on Climate Change: There
is not Law or Strategy yet on Climate Change
Although assesed as one of the 5 most affected, there is still not
a comprehensive National Climate Change Adaptation Program
Incompleted Sectoral Action Plans
Climate change is not fully mainstreamed in development
strategies/masterplans/plans
Lack of detail policy measures and economic instruments
Insufficient Provisions for CDM Promotion
Lacking of efficient international cooperation on pushing
mitigation and adaptation measures
RECOMMENDATIONS
Develop the National Strategy on CC
Development of Action Plan in response to climate change
at different Ministry/Sector
Mainstreaming Climate Change in national, sectoral and
provincial strategies, master plans and plans
Development of National Climate Change Adaptation
Program
Developing Detail of Climate Change adaptation and
mitigation policy measures
Incentives and other economic instruments to promote
action on addressing climate change
International cooperation on CC: pushing CDM projects,
financial mechanisms: REDD, carbon market…
