policy brief: india science and technology cooperation · pdf filehier steht der kolumnentitel...

Hier steht der Kolumnentitel

Policy brief: India Science and Technology cooperationwith EU and other select countries

V. V. Krishna, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, with the assistance of Rajiv Mishra

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Hier steht der Kolumnentitel Contents

Contents

Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................................................................4Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................5

1 EU-India Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation ..............................................................................61.1 A general overview ...........................................................................................................................................61.2 Main objectives of international cooperation ..............................................................................................61.3 Genesis of the India-European Union Science and Technology (S & T) cooperation..............................81.4 India’s multilateral S & T cooperation with the EU ........................................................................................91.5 Programmes of participation .......................................................................................................................101.6 Participation in EU Framework Programmes .............................................................................................121.7 India’s cooperation with the EU on ‘Big Science’ and ‘High Technology’ programmes ......................141.8 Other EU developments ...............................................................................................................................151.9 Bilateral and multilateral agreements with European countries outside the domain of European Union cooperation ...............................................................................161.10 Advance joint scientific research institutions between India and EU member states ........................ 171.11 India’s Science and Technology projects with selected non-European countries and with European countries outside the domain of EU participation ..................................................18

2 India-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation ............................................................................212.1 Genesis: India and the USA cooperation ...................................................................................................212.2 India-USA new partnership ..........................................................................................................................212.3 Indo-US nuclear deal for promoting civil nuclear cooperation ...............................................................222.4 Cooperation in Clean Energy .......................................................................................................................222.5 Indo-US initiative in Health ..........................................................................................................................232.6 United States-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund ............................................................232.7 Indo-US R & D joint networked centre .........................................................................................................242.8 Innovation and entrepreneurship programmes ........................................................................................24

3 India-Japan Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation .......................................................................253.1 Genesis: India and Japan cooperation ........................................................................................................253.2 The new vigour in Indo-Japanese relations................................................................................................26

4 India-Canada Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation ...................................................................284.1 Genesis: India and Canada cooperation ....................................................................................................284.2 CIRUS nuclear reactor ...................................................................................................................................284.3 The new beginnings: agreement for scientific and technological cooperation ....................................284.4 Different areas of Science and Technology cooperation ..........................................................................294.5 India Canada Centre for Research Excellence ............................................................................................31

5 India-China Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation ......................................................................325.1. Genesis: India-China cooperation .............................................................................................................325.2 Rebuilding the past: broadening cooperation ...........................................................................................325.3 Locating Science and Technology cooperation .........................................................................................335.4 India-China Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation, 1989.....................................335.5 Diverse areas of Science and Technology cooperation .............................................................................335.6 Industry level Science and Technology cooperation .................................................................................35

6 Concluding summary ............................................................................................................................................36

Published byCentre for Social Innovation (ZSI)Linke Wienzeile 2461150 WienAustriaTel: +43 1 495 04 42 - 0www.zsi.at

E-mail: [email protected]

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Copyright © 2016 INDIGO Policy

Date of publication: September 2016First edition 200 copies

All rights reserved. This publication or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the authors.

The authors are solely responsible for the content which does not represent the opinion of the European Commission.

INDIGO Policy has received funding from the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 609535

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Abbreviations Introduction

Abbreviations

FP5 Framework Programme 5FP6 Framework Programme 6FP7 Framework Programme 7DST Department of Science and TechnologyDBT Department of BiotechnologyUSA United States of AmericaEU European UnionCEFIPRA Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Scientific ResearchNSF National Science Foundation IUSSTF India United States Science Technology ForumS & T Science and TechnologyMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingCSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchERP Fund European Recovery Programme FundFP European Framework Programme for Research and Technology DevelopmentHEI Higher education institutionsHES Higher education sectorNACC National Assessment and Accreditation Council PRO Public Research OrganisationsPC Planning CommissionNITI National Institution for Transforming India PRS Public Research System R & D Research and developmentSF Structural FundsTNCs Transnational CorporationsUGC University Grants CommissionUSAID United States Aid for International DevelopmentUSISTEF United States-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund

Introduction

This project report mainly focuses on the comparative perspective of India’s science and technology cooperation with the European Union, and with oth-er selected countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, and China.

The main purpose of having a comparative analysis of Indian coopera-tion in the field of science and technology is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of India’s cooperation with the European Union and with these selected countries.

The key objectives of this report include:

○ mapping the terrain of India-European Union cooperation in the field of science and technology over the recent decades

○ having a comparative viewpoint of the Indian science and technology cooperation with other countries outside the European Union and mapping the different domains and areas of cooperation with these countries

○ using the interview response as an important source of input data to analyse and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Indian-European Union science and technology cooperation

This report is structured into two main sections:

a) background of the EU-India STI cooperationb) S & T cooperation between India and other selected countries

(USA, Canada, Japan, and China)

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EU-India Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationEU-India Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

1 EU-India Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

1.1 A general overview 1

India’s international cooperation in science and technology can be seen as operating at four institutional forms and levels (see table 1 below). Three of these institutional forms operate at the government level, and are execut-ed by different ministries, whereas the fourth form operates mainly outside the government, and is executed by various Indian and foreign agencies. Even though it operates outside the government, close collaboration with government agencies exists in programmes that cut across various sectors, such as community health, education, etc. Table 1 depicts the various insti-tutional structures in S & T cooperation.

1.2 Main objectives of international cooperation

The main objectives underlying India’s international S & T cooperation are: 2

○ promoting interaction and building partnerships in S & T for mutual benefit and advancement of knowledge

○ building partnerships and cooperation agreements with government, science agencies, academia and business enterprises

○ establishing joint projects, programmes and research centres of excel-lence geared towards working on national and international challenges

○ promoting cooperation through exchange of researchers, information on S & T and training programmes within a bi-lateral, multilateral or regional framework

○ supporting Indian researchers and scientists to get access to major research facilities abroad

○ supporting workshops, meetings and seminars on national and international issues relating to science, technology and innovation

India’s S & T cooperation in selected fields of mutual interest with various countries and organisations are executed via different modes: 3

Contact building through:

○ joint workshops, seminars, frontiers, symposia, and exhibitions ○ scientific visits, fellowships, and internships ○ exploratory visits ○ lectures by eminent scientists ○ fielding young researchers and scholars to international meets with

peers

1 This section is drawn from ERAWATCH Country Reports, 2013 by V. V.Krishna, see http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/opencms/information/reports/country_rep/

2 Ibid.3 http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual-report-2013-14_0.pdf

Provide support for:

○ joint R & D projects of mutual interest ○ project mode mobility based exchanges ○ training and advanced schools ○ access to advanced facilities ○ participation in mega-science projects

Facilitate and promote:

○ joint R & D clusters ○ virtual networked centres ○ multi-institutional R & D projects ○ creation of joint ventures

Promote commercial R & D and innovation through:

○ academia-Industry applied R & D projects ○ PPP — Public-Private Partnerships for innovation and entrepreneurship

(GITA Platform) ○ facilitating technology, development, and technology transfer ○ annual technology summits with partner countries 4

Involvement in multi-lateral S & T fora

India has been involved in various multi-lateral S & T fora, such as UNESCO, UNDP, BIMST-EC, the Indian Ocean Rim-EC, the Third World Academy of Sciences, etc. In addition, India is also taking part in ASEAN 5, Asia Pacific Economic Forum, UNFCC 6, Asia Pacific Climate Change Council, etc. Although India is not a formal member of any inter-governmental research

4 Ibid.5 Association of Southeast Asian Nations6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Cooperation type Main locus / Ministry

Countries /Groups

Special S & T institutions IBSA: India, Brazil and South Africa

NAM: Non Aligned Movement countries

BIMSTEC: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Sri Lanka

Bilateral Govt. / S & T Ministries

83 countries – IFCPAR (Indo-French Centre for Advanced Research

– Indo-US S & T Forum– Indo-German

S & T Centre– United States-India

Educational Foundation

– Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute

– Indo-Russian S & T Centre

Multilateral EU, ASEAN, BRICS, UNESCO, NAM, IBSA, …

Regional SAARC, BIMSTEC, …

Other Outside govt. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Ford Foundation; Rockefeller Foundation, etc.

Table 1: India’s international cooperation in Science, Technology and Higher Education

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infrastructures, it has entered into various bi-lateral S & T cooperation pro-grammes where development of S & T infrastructures is one of the objec-tives. For instance, India is a member of the European Union’s International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) nuclear fusion energy project. ITER is an international tokamak research and engineering project designed to prove the scientific and technological feasibility of a full-scale fusion power reactor. It is an experimental step between today’s studies of plasma physics and future electricity-producing fusion power plants. The ITER pro-ject is being undertaken by seven members, namely: the European Union, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America. In November, 2006, the members formally agreed to fund the project. 7

1.3 Genesis of the India-European Union Science and Technology (S & T) cooperation

The historical context of the India-EU S & T cooperation dates back to the 1960’s, when India established its diplomatic relationship with the European Economic Community. 8 A formal agreement between India and the EU was affirmed by a joint statement signed in 1993. 9 The signing of this joint state-ment culminated in a formal agreement, which was signed between the two sides in 1994 that in effect expanded the cooperation beyond trade and eco-nomic areas. 10 With this, the scope and domain of science and technology cooperation opened up. This acted as a catalyst that led to the signing of the first formal agreement between both sides in 2001, which was dubbed the ‘European Community-India Science and Technology Agreement’. 11 Furthermore, a joint action plan was signed on the sidelines of the India-EU summit of 2005. 12

All these efforts led to the participation of both sides in the publication of five coordinated calls, which laid a strong foundation on the India-EU collab-oration in science and technology projects. 13 In 2008, the European Union’s strategic forum for International Science and Technology Cooperation (SFIC) launched the India Pilot Initiatives, which focused on the areas of water and bioenergy resources, thus further strengthening the India-EU relationship in science and technology. 14 All of these platforms led to increased ministe-rial level communication between India and the EU, which finally culminat-ed in the signing of a joint declaration at the India-EU summit of 2012, which came to be known as the Brussels Communiqué. 15 The development of this science and technology relationship paved the way for Indian participation in the EU framework programmes, which incorporated research participa-tion of Indian and EU universities, research institutions, and companies. 16

7 https://www.efda.org/jet/jet-iter/about-iter/8 http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-EU_Relations.pdf9 http://eeas.europa.eu/india/index_en.htm10 http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-EU_Relations.pdf11 http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/india/eu_india/research_innovation/20140822_4_01_en.htm12 Ibid.13 Ibid.14 Ibid.15 Ibid.16 Ibid.

1.4 India’s multilateral S & T cooperation with the EU 17

India’s multilateral cooperation (see table 1) is being undertaken with differ-ent groups of countries, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectorial Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), European Union (EU), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), etc.

India’s ”Look East” policy with East Asian and South East Asian countries has not yet come into full swing. However, with the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) has taken initiatives to develop regional cooperation with South Asian sci-ence academies. That said, it is worth noting here that the multilateral co-operation that has stood the test of time, and has been prominent, is the one with the EU. India’s cooperation with the EU has been in existence for a number of decades, but it has blossomed in the last decade and a half, ow-ing particularly to the FP6 (2002 – 2006) and FP7 (2007 – 2013) framework pro-grammes for research and technological development.

In terms of monetary contribution, whereas the FP6 EU budget was 250 million Euros, India´s contribution was pegged at 11 million Euros. As per-taining to the projects undertaken, it is worth pointing out that more than 100 Indian S & T institutions, including universities, participated in about 80 projects in FP6. In FP7, India ranked 4th in terms of participation, with more than 175 projects covering 300 research institutions with them, and was ranked 3rd in terms of financial contribution, with an amount of 41 mil-lion Euros. 18

In addition, over 900 Indian researchers took part in the Marie Curie fel-lowships for mobility and training of researchers with funding from the EU, amounting to 4.5 million Euros. 19 The Erasmus Mundus programme was al-so launched in 2004, and since then, to the year 2013, about 3400 Indian masters and Ph.D. students have taken part. A component of the Erasmus programme is the EU Promotion of Health through Research, Applied Technology, Education, and Science in India (EUPHRATES), involving 9 European countries and 11 institutions from India.

The close of FP7 in 2013 paved the way for the launch of INNO INDIGO (an ERA-NET project funded by the European Commission), which was a successor project of New INDIGO (2009 – 2013), running from 2014 to 2016. INNO INDIGO gave EU Member States’ and Indian institutions and S & T agencies an opportunity to pool in funding for joint projects. The EU’s new Horizon 2020 programme for research and innovation is running from 2014 to 2020. India’s participation in Horizon 2020 is provided through the usu-al cooperation mechanisms, scientists exchange programmes, or participa-tion in European Research Council‘s grants. 20 With regard to financial mat-ters, India’s mode of engagement in Horizon 2020 will be like that of other developing countries: where they will not get automatic funding like in FP7 projects, but will have to fund their own participation costs. 21 However, as per Horizon 2020 details, Indian partners can still participate as members of consortia for research cooperation, and can look for third party funding

17 See also Report 1 on EU-India STI cooperation from an Indian perspective produced by V. V. Krishna (with the assistance of Rajiv Mishra), Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Report commissioned by Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, 2015

18 Ibid.19 Ibid.20 http://indigoprojects.eu/funding/other/horizon2020/21 Ibid.

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under the rules of the European Union and, more specifically, of the Horizon 2020 programme. 22

1.5 Programmes of participation

The India-European Union cooperation in science and technology has a wider domain, which encompasses cooperation in varied disciplines. The cooperation is much wider in its extent, reach, and covers areas like space & particle physics, nuclear technology, ICT, and other emerging technologies like nanotechnology. The following section enumerates the different coop-eration mechanisms and modes of engagement in various fields of science and technology between India and the European Union.

a) As pertaining to space science, India is a member of the satellite-based navigation system, Galileo project (European version of USA’s global po-sitioning system), and it is an active participant in FP7.

b) India and the European Union have also decided to embark on joint sci-entific projects, including those in strategic fields, after holding their first ministerial science conference in the Indian capital of New Delhi on the 10th of February, 2007. India also signed a pact with the EU to participate in the proposed Facility-for-Antiproton-and-Ion-Research (FAIR) project, aimed at understanding the tiniest particles in the universe.

c) The Indian S & T international cooperation budget from the year 2012 to 2015 is 371.49 crores (€ 52.18 million), with a good amount of this budget being channelled to EU-related programmes in science and technology.

d) The Euro-India ICT Co-operation Initiative (Euro-India): This is a 24-month EU-funded project aimed at addressing strategic goals to identify and sustain the EU and Indian Research and Technology Development (RTD) potential. Key objectives include mapping of ICT research and innovation activities across India and surveying the Indian ICT R & D players, which will be achieved by means of information days and technology brain-storming events across India. These activities and events will foster net-working between a wide spectrum of stakeholders within the ICT com-munities, so as to identify areas of mutual interest and facilitate cooper-ation, as well as joint research projects. Euro-India also aims to support, enrich, and strengthen the annual policy dialogue between the European Commission and India by bringing across the views of the ICT research communities from India and the European Union, and by aiding the translation of the policy recommendations and joint action agenda into concrete cooperation projects. In addition, India is also participating in the FP7 ICT programmes.

e) Another important area in which the EU and India have entered into an S & T cooperation agreement is on nanotechnology for the development of new materials. In 2007, the EU and the Indian government, under the terms of the agreement, committed an investment of 5 million Euros each. The projects commenced in 2008, and continued until 2011.

22 Ibid.

f ) Apart from nuclear technology, where India and European Member States are entering into strategic partnerships, the joint work programme of EU-India on energy, clean development, and climate change, meeting in Marseille on the 29th of September, 2008, has led to strategic partner-ships in other energy sectors. A Joint EU-India call for proposals on solar energy research was launched in 2009, and continued until 2012, with € 5 million contributions from each side.

g) India and the EU are committed to making an investment to the tune of 5 million Euros each year on joint research. Since its launch, and up to 2013, the EU-India S & T programme has issued five coordinated calls for proposals. 23 A coordinated call is a mechanism through which two types of calls, ‘thematic’ and ‘organisational’, are initiated between the EU and the partner country. The projects to be funded are jointly evaluated and selected by the EU and the partner country. 24 In the FP7 framework pro-gramme, coordinated calls were only implemented with a small number of partner countries, and also involved organisations from third coun-tries. 25 The calls implemented are listed below:

○ computational materials science (2007) ○ food and nutrition research (2008) ○ solar energy systems (2009) ○ partnering initiative on biomass and biowastes (2010) ○ water research (2011)

h) For the first time ever, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the British Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) have launched a set of projects for networking and re-search cooperation between researchers in India and the four European countries with the projects, covering well-defined topics of mutual interest. 26

Examples of joint projects in social sciences include: mapping cultur-al authority in science, ageing and well-being, multi-level climate gov-ernance, cyberbullying and safety, electoral change in rural and urban India, and health.

i) The current INNO INDIGO funding programme, officially referred to as the INNO INDIGO partnership programme (IPP) since 2014, and New INDIGO Partnership Programme (NPP) until 2014, supports Indo-European multilateral research and networking projects. Since 2013, sev-en calls for joint projects have been issued. This programme has already involved 60 scientists from ten countries on well-defined projects, and it´s currently at the pilot stage. Most the calls so far have been issued on water- or biotechnology-related health research issues http://www.newindigo.eu/npp/ 27.

j) The Marie Curie actions have long been one of the most popular and ap-preciated features of the community framework programmes from the

23 http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm/links/collaboration_opportunities/india/24 Further details: http://www.bilatukraina.eu/_media/BILATUKRAINA_PolicyBrief3_Coordinated_Callsv2.pdf25 Ibid.26 http://www.nwo.nl/en/news-and-events/news/2012/First+Indian-European+research+networking+projects+in+the+Social+Sciences+Launched.html27 For more information: https://indigoprojects.eu/funding/indigo-calls/

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EU. They have developed significantly over time from a pure mobility fellowships programme to a programme dedicated to stimulating re-searchers’ career development. The Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme is aimed at strengthening research partnerships through staff exchanges and networking activities between European research organisations and research organisations from countries with which the European Union has S & T agreements. From 2007 to 2013, 833 Indian professionals drawn from 78 institutions participated, with a sum of 4.5 million Euros 28 being spent.

1.6 Participation in EU Framework Programmes

In a bid to strengthen cooperation activities between the EU and India on climate change mitigation, clean energy (clean coal technology, nuclear en-ergy), energy efficiency and renewable energy (in particular solar energy), computational materials, food and nutrition research, and water technolo-gies, a joint declaration on research and innovation cooperation was issued in New Delhi on the 12th of February, 2012. This was the culmination of suc-cessful cooperation since 2007 in the above areas, whereby funds worth 60 million EUR were jointly contributed by India and the EU. In addition, a fur-ther expansion was pledged at the end of 2012, with the EU committing 8.1 billion EUR investments in research and innovation. The close cooperation between the EU and India has been fostered by the equal opportunities. India is to take part in this investment for bidding for projects as any other EU Member States and North America.

India has become the fourth largest international partner for the EU under the 7th (2007 – 2013) framework programme for science and technological development (FP7). Indian organisations are participating in research pro-jects in various technological areas, with the most prominent being health, environment, food, agriculture, biotechnologies and, ICT. Other than that, India has also become a full partner in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) nuclear fusion project.

According to available information, as of the 20th of November, 2013, India ranked 5th in terms of number of applications in FP7 (1275 applicants from India). In addition, Indian researchers were participants in 182 short listed proposals (out of which 135 signed grant agreements, compared to 97 contract agreements signed under FP6), with the most successful FP7 pri-ority areas with India being: Health (51 grant holders); environment (35); ICT (27); Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries; and Biotechnology (15). Another im-portant avenue for developing links between research institutions is the mo-bility and training of researchers (currently, 300 Indian researchers partici-pate in Marie Curie actions). 29

In terms of trade, the EU is India’s largest trading partner, accounting for approximately € 69 billion in trade of goods and services in 2009. The EU ac-counted for 21 % of India’s total exports and 14 % of India’s total imports. On the other side, India accounted for 2.5 % of EU’s total exports and 2.1 % of the EU’s total imports. The EU has been the biggest investor in India, with a cumulative volume of about € 20.0 billion since 2000. 30 Tables 2 and 3 fur-nish some details on India’s participation in FP7 Projects.

28 http://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/documents/funded-projects/statistics/non-eu/marie-curie-actions-country-fiche-in_en.pdf29 http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm/links/collaboration_opportunities/india/30 http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/export/sites/default/galleries/generic_files/file_0347.pdf

Table 2 shows India-EU collaboration in FP4, FP5, FP6, and FP7 pro-grammes from the year 1994 to 2013. Out of all the frameworks comprising FP4, FP5, FP6, and FP7, the number of projects funded under the FP7 pro-gramme is more than the projects funded in all the other three framework programmes combined, with 175 projects.

Table 3 above shows Indian requests in terms of proposals for different cooperation programmes in FP7. Table 4 shows details of funding and con-tracts in terms of number of proposals submitted.

Table 5 shows the classification of projects in the FP7 programme with re-spect to different disciplines like health & medicine, food & agriculture/bi-otechnology, information and communication technologies, nanotechnol-ogies, energy, environment, transport, space, nuclear, and staff exchange programme.

The highest intensity of cooperation is in the health and medicine field, with 38 projects being undertaken out of a total of 175 projects. After health and medicine is the research staff exchange under the Marie Curies action

Framework programmes

Total projects * FP4 (1994 – 1998), FP5 (1998 – 2002), FP6 (2002 – 2006), FP7 (2007 – 2013)

FP4* 33

FP5* 32

FP6* 60

FP7* 175

Total 300

Table 2: India-EU collaboration in FP4, FP5, FP6 and FP7 programmes (1994 – 2013)

Proposal SP description

Progr Proposalssubmitted

Applicants<-

Proposalsmainlisted

Applicants<-

Proposals total cost

Success rate*

* Applicants in mainlisted proposal / applicants in all

N / A N / A 2 2 – – – –

SP1-Cooperation ENERGY 49 99 7 10 39,786,738 10.10 %

SP1-Cooperation ENV 111 217 18 36 85,726,601 16.59 %

SP1-Cooperation GA 2 8 – – – –

SP1-Cooperation HEALTH 145 236 33 57 162,202,205 24.15 %

SP1-Cooperation ICT 157 225 19 29 93,147,129 12.89 %

SP1-Cooperation KBBE 102 156 19 32 79,129,986 20.51 %

SP1-Cooperation NMP 31 56 7 13 47,876,841 23.21 %

SP1-Cooperation SEC 7 8 2 2 10,052,737 25.00 %

SP1-Cooperation SPA 14 16 3 3 8,572,954 18.75 %

SP1-Cooperation SSH 134 189 9 14 37,484,301 7.41 %

SP1-Cooperation TPT 33 46 10 14 32,907,462 30.43 %

SP2-Ideas ERC 14 15 – – – –

SP3-People PEOPLE 298 340 70 92 – 27.06 %

SP4-Capacities INCO 20 44 7 18 11,637,095 40.91 %

SP4-Capacities INFRA 20 53 7 20 18,571,818 37.74 %

SP4-Capacities REGIONS 3 3 – – – –

SP4-Capacities SIS 26 29 10 11 16,952,756 37.93 %

SP4-Capacities SME 9 9 – – – –

SP5-Euratom FISSION 2 2 – – – –

Total 1,179 1,753 221 351 644,048,623 20.02 %

Table 3: India’s participation in FP7 projects (2007 – 2012)

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programme for staff exchange, which has 37 exchange-based projects. Apart from these two areas, other areas of cooperation that have a fair amount of projects are food & agriculture, environment, ICT, and nanotechnologies. India’s S & T cooperation in selected fields of mutual interest with different countries and organisations are executed via different modes: 31

1.7 India’s cooperation with the EU on ‘Big Science’ and ‘High Technology’ programmes

Besides India’s S & T cooperation on various projects, as noted above, three large, significant cooperation programmes with the EU include:

31 http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual-report-2013-14_0.pdf

a) India is a member of the European Union’s International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) nuclear fusion energy project. ITER is an in-ternational Tokamak research and engineering project designed to prove the scientific and technological feasibility of a full-scale fusion power re-actor. It is an experimental step between today’s studies of plasma phys-ics and future electricity-producing fusion power plants.

b) India is also a member of the satellite based navigation system, Galileo project (European version of USA’s global positioning system). Recently in 2014, there was a meeting between EGNSS (the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems) and the Indian GAGAN (GPS and Geo-Augmented Navigation System ) project members for making the EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) and the GAGAN projects related to satellite based navigation compatible with each oth-er. Both EGNOS and GAGAN are satellite based navigation and aug-mentation systems. 32 Furthermore, India’s National Knowledge Network is linked up to European equivalent of GEANT and it is also part of the Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN).

c) India and the European Union have decided to embark on ‘big science’ projects. India signed a pact with the EU to participate in the proposed Facility-for-Antiproton-and-Ion-Research (FAIR) project aimed at un-derstanding the tiniest particles in the universe. Indian participation in this project has been in the form of experiments and accelerators com-ponents, where Indian scientists are drawing from their vast expertise in this area in collaboration with European scientists. 33 More specifical-ly, Indian scientists are studying and understanding antiproton and ion research, and will be building detectors like NUSTAR (Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics, and Reactions), Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM), and Anti-proton Annihilation at Darmstadt (PANDA). 34

d) India is also a partner in the major EU’s international project — European Organisation for Nuclear Research, CERN, contributing to the large had-ron collider.

India and the European Union’s cooperation as, discussed in this section, showed how India’s science and technology cooperation has evolved over a period of time. But this cannot be seen in isolation from the bilateral sci-ence and technology cooperation with India, which is outside the domain of European Union cooperation.

1.8 Other EU developments

India is now also a partner in the European Union-based Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) project, with a budget of 28 million Euros. Apart from the S & T cooperation, the EU’s cooperation with India be-tween 2007 and 2013 has given a special credit in helping India meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the social sector and pro-poor sector reforms. This initiative of the 6th EU-India Summit of September, 2005 continued well into 2007 and 2008, with additional focus on higher

32 http://www.gsa.europa.eu/news/boost-eu-india-cooperation/33 http://www.fair-center.eu/partners/in-india.html34 Ibid.

Proposal sub funding description Proposalssubmitted

Proposalsmainlisted

Collaborative project for specific cooperation actions dedicated to international cooperation partner countries (SICA)

211 39

Collaborative project (generic) 68 13

Collaborative project targeted to a special group (such as SMEs ) 23 3

Coordinating action 91 24

Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP) 3 1

Initial Training Networks (ITN) 20 5

Integrating activities / E-infrastructures 7 1

International Incoming Fellowships (IIF) 165 12

International Outgoing Fellowships (IOF) 14 3

International Research Staff Exchange Scheme (IRSES) 93 49

Large-scale integrating project 94 15

Network of Excellence 2 2

Small or medium-scale focused research project 184 23

Small or medium-scale focused research project INFSO (STREP) 69 1

Supporting action 99 30

Total 1,179 221

Table 4: Indian contract type of the FP7 projects with the country’s participation

Programme Projects Note: This thematic classification is as per categorisation in FP7 projects catalogue and this also excludes projects related to social sciences and humanities.

Health / Medicine 38

Food / Agriculture / Biotechnology 21

ICTs 19

Nano technology / Materials 13

Energy 10

Environment 24

Transport 8

Space 3

Marie Curie Actions: Research staff exchange 37

Nuclear 2

Total 175

Table 5: Classification of projects in FP7 (2007 – 2013)

16 17


education cooperation between leading EU universities and Indian univer-sities. The focus on the social sector is well reflected in India’s XIIth Plan 2012 – 2017.

1.9 Bilateral and multilateral agreements with European countries outside the domain of European Union cooperation

India has signed bilateral S & T agreements with 45 countries around the world. 35 Various international cooperation agreements address societal and global challenges. Some notable areas of cooperation are: with the USA in agriculture, climate change, and energy; with France in energy, telemedi-cine, and nuclear technology; with Russia in energy, nuclear, space, and ma-terial sciences; with EU countries in climate change, energy, advance ma-terials, ICT, etc; with Germany in renewable energy, power, and instrumen-tation; and with the UK in biomedical science, climate change, and health.

Two joint research centres & institutes have been established to under-take mutually beneficial basic scientific research under a bilateral mode of cooperation. India and France have established the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (CEFIPRA) 36, and India and Germany have established the Indo-German Science and Technology Centre 37.

Besides the above-mentioned bilateral agreements, some other agree-ments include:

○ Joint action plan with the United Kingdom agreed in 2008 has been ex-panded to include sustainable development, research, and technology

○ India and the UK entered into a collaborative defence R & D pact towards the end of 2011 between India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (which has over 35 labs) and UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 38

○ India and Belgium entered into an R & D and innovation cooperation in 2011 for nanotechnology, renewable energy, biopharma, and aerospace sectors

○ India and France entered into a bilateral space cooperation between ISRO 39 (India) and CNES 40 (France) to explore earth science systems and climate change

○ India and France signed a bi-lateral agreement in January 2012, in order to enhance R & D cooperation in water, life sciences, biotechnology, na-notechnology, ICT, and innovation

○ India and France are joint partners in pursuing advanced research through joint laboratories in formal methods; solid state chemistry; ca-talysis and environmental chemistry; sustainable chemistry and interfac-es; nuclear sciences; ground water; medical research in immunology; and neurosciences

The genesis of the cooperation in science and technology between India and the EU dates back to the 1960’s and has since grown by leaps and bounds:

35 See http://www.dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/International-s-tcoop.htm36 http://www.cefipra.org/37 See www.igstc.org/38 http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/export/sites/default/galleries/generic_files/file_0347.pdf39 Indian Space Research Organisation40 National Centre for Space Studies

The sheer number of projects and research activities collaborated between the two sides narrate this journey. Starting from the 1994 agreement to the latest signing of 2012 joint declaration for enhanced cooperation in sci-ence, technology, and innovation portrays a promising future for the India-EU relationship, which incorporates newer, complex, and evolving future technologies.

The Department of Science and Technology, which is the nodal science agency of the Ministry of Science and Technology, currently supports three bi-national science & technology centres, which are independent entities established under inter-governmental bilateral agreements with France, the United States, and Germany. These are:

○ Indo-French Centre for Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR/ CEFIPRA)

○ Indo-US Science & Technology Forum (IUSSTF) ○ Indo-German Science & Technology Centre (IGSTC)

1.10 Advance joint scientific research institutions between India and EU member states

Besides the India-EU cooperation on various multilateral projects as noted above, there are several bilateral S & T collaboration projects or institutions with several EU member countries. However, the most notable joint collab-oration is with France, Germany, and the UK, as expounded below:

a) Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advance Research (IFCPAR) is a bilateral institution of cooperation in science and technology. The cen-tre, established in 1987, receives financial support from the Department of Science & Technology, the Government of India, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Government of France. This institution is located in New Delhi, and its mandate is to promote collaborative, cutting edge research in science and technology between India and France. It supports high quality research groups in advanced areas of basic and applied science to nurture scientific competency. Research fields in which IFCPAR has its fo-cus are: pure and applied mathematics, computer science, life and health sciences, pure and applied physics, pure and applied chemistry, earth and planetary science, material science, environmental sciences, biotech-nology, and water.

b) The Indo-German Science & Technology Centre (IGSTC) was established to facilitate Indo-German S & T networking, and to play a proactive role in catalysing institute-industry cross-border partnership through joint R & D efforts. The IGSTC’s objectives are to:

○ advance industrial research partnership with mutuality of interest and respect

○ create a platform for cross fertilisation of ideas ○ develop knowledge networks for industrial sectors to enhance

competitiveness ○ establish joint knowledge pools to address global challenges ○ serve as a nerve centre to promote Indo-German technology

partnership

18 19


IGSTC is located in New Delhi, and is steered by a governing body com-prising of equal members from Germany and India, with representation from government, academia, and industry.

c) Indo-UK Science and Innovation Council is a joint institutional mech-anism to promote three strands of S & T cooperation involving: people, research, and translation. Focus is on food-water-energy, public health, manufacturing sciences, big data analytics, and sustainable cities. It has joint corpus of 50 million Pounds to fund joint research. In 2015, there were 33 projects running on various frontier areas of research.

India’s cooperation domain with the European Union and other countries has diverse dimensions and facets. Cooperation with the European Union is more in multilateral domain, and incorporates many EU countries work-ing with India. Consistent participation of India in different EU cooperation framework programmes like FP5, FP6, and FP7 shows that development in science and technology cooperation between India and the European Union has grown. Furthermore, apart from growing in size and quantity of coopera-tion projects, the cooperation between India and the European Union in sci-ence and technology has also grown in quality. Lately, India and the EU have been cooperating in some of the most advance fields of science and tech-nology, in what is known as ‘High Technology and ‘Big Science.’ Cooperation with other European countries outside the domain of the European Union cooperation has also seen good developments and some unique aspects of cooperation, as mentioned above.

1.11 India’s Science and Technology projects with selected non-European countries and with European countries outside the domain of EU participation

Having briefly explored the different modes of India’s S & T cooperation with the EU on a bilateral and multilateral basis, it is instructive to view the co-operation in quantitative terms. India’s science and technology coopera-tion with the European Union, and with other selected countries, will be dis-cussed and analysed in this section. This also incorporates cooperation with European countries outside the domain of the European Union.

Table 6 shows the distribution of 397 projects in various broad disciplines. As depicted in table 7, there were 277 bilateral projects and 125 multilater-al projects with the USA, Canada, Japan, China, France, and Germany. The total number of multilateral projects is 300, which are more than the total number of bilateral projects (277). The highest number of multilateral pro-jects is with the European Union, which is 175. Furthermore, it shows some important and insightful information about the Indian science and tech-nology cooperation with these countries. Below each table, the analytical discussion is provided for better understanding and interpretation of the statistics.

India’s collaboration with the USA is strongest in the field of medicine and health, followed by environment and energy and technology, with the coop-eration in basic sciences being less in comparison. Out of 104 projects with USA in the time frame of 2011 to 2015, 57 projects are related to health and medicine. In the area of engineering and technology there are 18 projects out of the total of 104. When the collaboration with Canada is analysed, the

highest number of projects is, again, in the field of medicine and health. Out of the total 65 joint projects with Canada, 48 projects are related to medi-cine and health. 41

The India and Japan science and technology cooperation has its strength in areas related to physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine and health, which constitute 61 projects of the total 86 joint projects with Japan. It is worth noting that the cooperation with Japan in fundamental sciences is stronger. The India and France relationship in science and technology is also stronger in the field of the basic sciences incorporating mathematics, phys-ics, chemistry, and biology, with 47 projects out of a total 72 projects. On the other hand, the India-Germany cooperation is tilted towards the disciplines of physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and technology.

Out of the 70 projects with Germany, 30 projects are related to physics, chemistry, and biology, where, more specifically, physics and chemistry con-stitute the major chunk. Furthermore, cooperation with Germany in the field of engineering and technology is also good, with 21 out of 70 projects, which is higher compared to with the USA, Canada, Japan, and France. 42 Apart from country specific cooperation, the nature of India’s cooperation in gen-eral, with respect to different science and technology disciplines, shows that the highest amount of cooperation is in the field of medicine and health, with 129 out of 397 projects.

India’s bilateral and multilateral S & T cooperation with a select group of countries is shown in tables 6 and 7 for the last five years (from 2011 to 2015). The data provided in table 7 shows a comparative perspective of bilater-al and multilateral science and technology collaboration with the United States, Canada, Japan, China, France, Germany, and with the European Union.

The USA and Canada have the same number of multilateral projects: 59 each. Japan, France, and Germany have a meagre amount of multilater-al projects with India. With regards to bilateral projects, Japan leads the pack with 84 projects out of the total 277 bilateral projects with India, and is closely followed by France and Germany respectively, with both coun-tries having a fair share of bilateral projects. The USA has 45 bilateral pro-jects with India, which is less than the multilateral projects it has including India. Canada has very few bilateral projects with India, with the number of projects standing at 6.

41 This table is created for this report using text to numerical coding method for number of projects from 2011 – 2015. V. V. Krishna (with the assistance of Rajiv Mishra): Gap analysis between EU-India and other countries: Indian perspective, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Report commissioned by Centre for Social Innovation, in the framework of INDIGO Policy (FP7), Vienna, 2015

42 Due to non-availability of relevant data on India-China cooperation in Science and Technology, the row has been left blank.

Country Maths Physics Chemistry Biology Medicine / Health

Environment / Energy

Geography Engineering Technology Total

USA – 6 5 5 57 12 1 8 10 104

Canada – – – 2 48 7 – 3 5 65

Japan 2 12 14 23 12 2 4 8 9 86

China – – – – – – – – – –

France 5 18 10 14 9 2 6 3 5 72

Germany 3 16 15 9 3 – 3 10 11 70

Total 10 52 44 53 129 23 14 32 40 397

Table 6: India’s S & T collaboration with select countries (2011 – 2015) 41

20 21

India-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationEU-India Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

This section provided the statistical insights related to different collabora-tive projects between India and some select European and non-European countries. In addition, it also provided details concerning the project clas-sification and nature of science and technology cooperation in terms fields of cooperation e.g. medicine and health, pure sciences, engineering, tech-nology, and energy. The next section shall delve into the details of the sci-ence and technology cooperation, its genesis, foundation, design, imple-mentation, and some examples of collaborative projects between India and the USA, Canada, Japan, and China. 43

43 Table created for this report using text to numerical coding method for number of projects from 2011 – 2015 with countries of USA, Canada, Japan, France, and Germany. V. V. Krishna (with the assistance of Rajiv Mishra): Gap analysis between EU-India and other countries: Indian perspective, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Report commissioned by Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, 2015.

2 India-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

2.1 Genesis: India and the USA cooperation

India’s cooperation with the USA in science, technology, and higher educa-tion can be traced back to the 1940’s. Immediately after independence, the Indian government, led by the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, as-signed a very high level of priority to science, technology, and engineer-ing education, as well as agricultural research. Upon emerging from British colonial control, India relied heavily on the USSR, the USA, Canada, and various European countries for assistance and cooperation in establishing modern science, technology, and higher educational institutions. In trying to shift from the British system, India designed and planned its first set of higher educational and research institutions in engineering and agriculture, based on the relatively successful models from the USA.

The first set of well-known and internationally recognised six Indian in-stitutes of technology (IITs) in the 1950’s were modelled according to M.I.T (Chandra and Krishna, 2010). As early as 1948, the first education commis-sion of India under S. Radhakrishnan, who later became India’s President, endorsed the initiative for building IITs, and, at the same time, recommend-ed the establishment of rural agricultural universities, based again on the American land-grant model. These agricultural universities played a crucial part in India’s green revolution in the 1960’s, and, for the first time, combined teaching, research, and extension in agricultural research. Notwithstanding the differences on various geo-political issues, the US and India have wit-nessed a very cordial and encouraging cooperation in science, engineering, and agricultural research throughout the last six decades. 44

2.2 India-USA new partnership

During the last decade, American PMs have visited India three times, which is unprecedented. George W. Bush visited India in 2006, opening up new vistas in Indo-US civil nuclear technology, whereas President Obama has visited India twice in five years — the first taking place in 2010, with the oth-er visit taking place in 2015.

In 2014, the US government sent a delegation to the first-ever India-US Technology Summit, as well as to the US-India science and technology joint commission meeting, where both countries made significant progress in putting Indo-US S & T cooperation on a sustainable and long-standing stra-tegic mode in science, technology, clean energy, climate change, defence and global peace, and innovation.

According to Department of Science and Technology sources, about 65 projects were in operation in 2014. The establishment of IUSSTF signalled a new phase in the cooperation with this body, providing the much-needed

44 http://www.iusstf.org/cms/gall_content/2015/3/2015_3$PDF131_Mar_2015_112522687.pdf

Countries Bilateral projects

Multilateral projects

* Includes global grand challenges multilateral science technology projects funded in partnership by the Gates Foundation, USAID, and Grand Challenges Canada. Note: On 20 March 2013, as per MoU signed Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Biotechnology, and Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) of the Government of India have agreed to co-fund science technology projects under the global challenges India programme.

** From 2007 – 2013, and excludes social sciences and humanities

USA 45 59*

Canada 6 59*

Japan 84 2

China – –

France 72 2

Germany 70 3

EU – 175**

Total 277 300

Table 7: Bilateral and multilateral S & T collaboration with select countries (2011 – 2015) 43

22 23

India-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationIndia-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

platform to place Indo-US cooperation on a sustainable and long-term partnership. The main objectives of this forum are:

○ to focus on issues of common concern and activities of mutual benefit while exploring trends in S & T

○ to create a comprehensive electronic reference source for Indo-US S & T cooperation

○ to promote electronic exchange and dissemination of information and opportunities in bilateral S & T cooperation

○ to commission studies, reports, and papers, and promote Indo-US cooperation in R & D and transfer of technology

○ to identify and facilitating joint collaborative projects and programs and organising workshops, seminars, symposia, courses, and training programs;

○ to establish Indo-US centres of excellence in India 45

A formal Indo-US Science and Technology Agreement was signed in October 2005. The main purpose of this agreement was to put the Indo-US S & T co-operation on a permanent footing, with an expanded scope and potential to benefit both countries. This was demonstrated with the forming of a bi-national science and technology commission on a co-funding basis by both countries. The last decade has witnessed a robust and pro-active mode in Indo-US S & T cooperation. The most significant initiatives are as follows.

2.3 Indo-US nuclear deal for promoting civil nuclear cooperation

The Indo-US nuclear deal, initiated by former Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh’s regime and former US President, George W. Bush, is a paradigmatic and revolutionary milestone in the Indo-US relationship. Firstly, it removed the nuclear apartheid regime and tentacles of various roadblocks, within which India was placed without any recourse to the most powerful nuclear supplier regime. 46 Secondly, it opened the door for India to enter into nu-clear agreements to promote the civil nuclear energy programme with oth-er major countries. Thirdly, it opened up a new high technology commerce route in drawing uranium and nuclear technology from countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Russia, Japan, South Africa, and, last but not the least, the deal, in many ways, forged new partnerships between the govern-ment, universities/ R & D institutions, and business enterprises.

2.4 Cooperation in Clean Energy

In 2009 an MOU was signed to promote US-India Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE), resulting in the establishment of a Joint Clean Energy Research and Development Center (JCERDC) in 2010, during President Obama’s first visit. The aim of JCERDC is to promote R & D in three prior-ity areas: Solar energy, building energy efficiency, and second-genera-tion bio-fuels. Currently in existence is a Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States, which is co-led by the Indian Institute of

45 http://www.iusstf.org/cms/gall_content/2015/3/2015_3$PDF131_Mar_2015_112522687.pdf46 http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19149_Frequently_Asked_Questions_01-11-2008.pdf

Science (IISc) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA. With respect to the area of building energy efficiency, an Indo-US joint centre for build-ing energy research and development led by CEPT University, Ahmedabad, and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for integrating IT, with building con-trols and physical system in high rises, is in place. Another partnership that is going on is the US-India Consortium for Development of Sustainable Advanced Lignocellulosic Biofuel System, led by the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, and the University of Florida, USA. In ad-dition, advance research on solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, and other technologies are being promoted as part of the Indian govern-ment Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Energy Mission.

2.5 Indo-US initiative in Health

Between 1987 and 2007, there have been three joint collaborative pro-grammes, namely; Indo-US vaccine action programme, with 35 projects; Indo-US contraceptive and reproductive health research since 1997, with 18 projects; and the Indo-US collaboration in brain research, established in 1999. This rich experience in cooperation paved way for various other pro-jects and programmes in the last decade, as listed below:

Tackling diabetes: Under IUSSTF, a joint research programme to tackle di-abetes was initiated, involving relevant ministries, research councils, and laboratories.

Rotavirus vaccine: The American National Institute of Health and relevant leading hospitals, such as AIIMS, New Delhi and Bharat biotech, have col-laborated to develop ROTAVAC®. Phase III trials have indicated that, in the last 100 years, this is the most potent and new vaccine with tremendous scope to tackle diseases.

Low cost medical technologies: In 2013, the US National Institute of Health, together with the Indian Department of Science and Technology and the Department of Biotechnology, initiated a new joint programme to develop low cost diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices. In 2015, the Science and Engineering Board (SERB) and the US National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering issued joint grand challenge calls for projects for the development of affordable blood pressure measurement technolo-gies for low resource settings in India and the USA.

2.6 United States-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund

As the official document notes, 47 ‘the governments of the United States of America (through the Department of State) and India (through the Department of Science and Technology) have established the United States-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund (USISTEF) for the promo-tion of joint activities that would lead to innovation and entrepreneurship through the application of science and technology. The aim of the fund is to support and foster joint applied R & D to generate affordable technology for

47 http://www.usistef.org/

24 25

India-Japan Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationIndia-US Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

the public through the commercialisation of technology developed through sustained partnerships between the U.S. and Indian researchers and entre-preneurs. The US-India Science and Technology Endowment Fund activi-ties are implemented and administered through the bi-national Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF).

2.7 Indo-US R & D joint networked centre

To promote joint research activities between Indian and American scientists from academia and laboratories (both public and non-governmental), a vir-tual networked centre was established. ‘Knowledge R & D Networked Centres aims to encourage joint project implementation on focal areas of thematic and knowledge research through networking, thus paving the way for sus-tainable interactions by promoting excellence and developing long-term re-lationships based on synergy of activities’. 48

2.8 Innovation and entrepreneurship programmes

Aside from the programs initiated under USISTEF, two more initiatives have been launched. The first is the Stanford-India bio design, which is aimed at training the next generation of medical technology innovators in India since 2001. This initiative is promoted through fellowships and ex-change programmes. The second is the DST and Lockheed Martin India innovation growth programme, launched in 2008. This is a joint initiative between the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Indo-US Science and Technology Forum, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the IC2 Institute at the University of Texas. The aim of this programme is to accelerate the entry of innovative Indian technologies into the global markets. The India innovation growth pro-gramme is the only programme of its kind, because of its focus on teaching using world-class commercialisation strategies and the business develop-ment assistance provided’. 49

The third initiative is the Khorana programme technology transfer course. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), of the Government of India, the University of Wisconsin – Madison (UW), and the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) have initiated this programme to support the technology transfer course under the aegis of the prestigious Khorana pro-gramme, named in honour of Dr Har Gobind Khorana, who won the Nobel Prize in 1968.

The India-USA cooperation in science and technology, which traces its roots from the 1950’s, has seen many facets of cooperation and collaboration. The establishment of the IITs and agricultural universities in India, IUSSTF, USISTEF, and the civil nuclear deal are some of the best examples of India-USA cooperation in science and technology. Currently, the collaboration and joint research between India and the USA is entering into new domains of technologies.

48 Ibid.49 http://www.indiainnovates.in/aboutprogram.aspx

3 India-Japan Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

3.1 Genesis: India and Japan cooperation

The relationship between India and Japan has historical links in religious and cultural influences of Japan with Buddhism. One of the historical accounts from the year 752 AD mentions an Indian Buddhist monk performing ritu-als for the temple. 50 In modern history, in the year 1903, a body called Japan India Association, which is one of the oldest international friendship associa-tions of Japan with any other country, was established. 51 Some of the famous Indian personas like Rabindranath Tagore, JRD Tata, and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose had close relationships with Japan. 52 After India attained its independence, in the 1950’s, there were state visits from both sides, which spawned a new era of bilateral cooperation between India and Japan. 53

After a lull in the relationship, it started re-building from 1984, when the Japanese Prime Minister, Asuhiro Nakasone, visited after 23 years of no state visits. This action was reciprocated by the Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to Japan in 1988 — a period of 30 years since the last state visit. 54

Building Science and Technology cooperation

Between the years 1985 and 2014, science and technology cooperation be-tween India and Japan progressed at a relatively slow pace. Even though the S & T Agreement was signed as early as 1985, the cooperation picked up some momentum only after 1993, with the establishment of the India-Japan Science Council, to promote collaborative research, academic seminars, ex-ploratory visits, etc. Until 2014, the collaborative projects were mainly in the areas of ICT and biomedical research. The DST and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) initiated India-Japan cooperative science pro-gramme in 2014 to promote joint R & D projects in the following fields:

○ fundamental sciences in physical and chemical systems ○ materials and systems engineering ○ natural systems ○ astronomy, space, and earth system sciences ○ mathematics and computational sciences

50 http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Japan_-_July_2014_.pdf51 Ibid.52 Ibid.53 Ibid.54 Ibid.

26 27

India-Japan Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationIndia-Japan Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

3.2 The new vigour in Indo-Japanese relations

The Japan-India global partnership in the 21st century was launched soon after the Prime Minister’s visit. 55 This partnership was taken to a higher level after two Prime Ministers, Dr Manmohan Singh and Shinzo Abe, announced the formation of a global and strategic partnership with a provision of an-nual prime ministerial Summits in 2006. The most significant milestone in STI in the last decade has been Japanese ODA assistance in conceptual-ising and executing the well-known prestigious Delhi metro project: very soon, India could boast of having the largest metro network in the world. Some mega technological and urban development projects, such as the Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor; Western dedicated Freight corridor; and Chennai-Bengaluru industrial corridor are likely to transform the transpor-tation and industrial manufacturing sectors in the country in the coming decade. All of these mega projects are being designed within the India-Japan cooperation.

Under Dr Manmohan Singh’s regime, India enunciated what is known as the ”Look East” policy. This east-bound policy also encompasses the entire ASEAN and East Asia. This has given a major boost to India-Japan relation-ship in S & T areas, but more so in trade and commerce, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Japan giving a new impetus to the Look East policy to proactive Act East Policy. A new sense of economic optimism and proac-tive stance was observed in the Japanese economic and industrial commu-nity after Modi’s Japan visit. According to the Japan Bank, 1,000 Japanese manufacturing companies have ranked India the top destination for future investments for international cooperation. 56

Prime Minister Modi was able to attract STI cooperation from various ministries, business enterprises, and other stakeholders for India’s flag-ship programs on digital India, Clean India, Make in India, and Diamond Quadrilateral of High Speed Rail.

Prime Minister Modi’s visit resulted in the Tokyo declaration for India-Japan Special strategic and Global Partnership in September 2014. Aside from political and global strategic partnership, the Tokyo declaration had some important intents of cooperation concerning STI. 57 These are as follows:

○ US-2 amphibian aircraft and defence equipment and technology ○ cooperation in maritime security and cyber domain to preserve global

commons ○ agreement for peaceful uses of nuclear energy and promoting energy

security of both countries ○ promotion of high technology transfer and removal of hurdles in

defence technology transfer ○ support India’s membership in the four international export control

bodies in Nuclear Suppliers Group, Missile Technology Control Regime, Wassenaar Arrangement and Australia Group, with the aim of strengthening the international non-proliferation efforts

○ initiation of joint laboratories and promote S & T cooperation in cutting edge fields of life sciences, material science, applied mathematics, computing and information science, ocean technology, and clean and renewable energy technologies

○ cooperation in the revival of Nalanda University

55 Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s56 A. Didar Singh, Japanese Connection, 30 April 2015; and Takeshi Yagi, Ambassador of Japan in New Delhi, The Economic Times, New Delhi57 http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Japan_-_July_2014_.pdf

Despite having a historical past, India and Japan had some low moments in their bilateral relationship. But from the past decade, especially from 2005 to 2015, and mainly during the tenure of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India, and with its Look East policy, the India-Japan relationship has been constantly evolving and growing with a good momentum. The science and technology cooperation domain between India and Japan includes areas like construction of underground rail, collaboration in Delhi-Mumbai indus-trial corridor, and future collaboration in high speed rail. The recent visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has provided an added impetus to the exist-ing relationship with Japan in the field of science and technology.

28 29

India-Canada Science, Technology and Innovation cooperationIndia-Canada Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

28 29

4 India-Canada Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

4.1 Genesis: India and Canada cooperation

The history of Indo-Canadian science and technology cooperation can be traced back to the time soon after the independence of India. It was in the year 1950 that the doors of bilateral relationships between India and Canada opened up. India, being a member of the commonwealth, proposed, and crucially worked on, a plan related to the economic and social development of Asia and the Pacific. This plan materialised in the month of January 1950 in the Commonwealth Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, which was named as the “Colombo Plan”. 58 It was formally launched on 1 July 1951, with an initial 7 members from the commonwealth nations of Australia, Britain, Canada, India, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, and Pakistan. Among the four important objectives listed in the Colombo Plan, two of them are clearly and specifically related to science and technology cooperation.

4.2 CIRUS nuclear reactor

In 1954, the consultative committee meeting of the Colombo plan took place in Canada, and it was in the same year that Canada supplied India with an NRX 59 type reactor, which used heavy water supplied by the United States. This was as a result of the engagement between Jawaharlal Nehru, who vis-ited Canada in 1949, and Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, who visited India in 1954. This was one of the first major, and most significant, grounds for the development of Indo-Canadian relationship in science and technology. This reactor was named as the CIRUS reactor, which stands for Canada-India Reactor United States, with the US being also incorporated since it supplied the heavy water. One of the main developments related to CIRUS nuclear reactors and India’s violations of the Colombo plan was the use of the CIRUS reactor for the development of weapons-grade uranium, which India used in its first 1974 Pokhran test, the code name of which was Smiling Budhha. The impact of this was clearly visible in terms of low, to al-most no, bilateral engagements between India and Canada for close to two decades.

4.3 The new beginnings: agreement for scientific and technological cooperation

The signing of this agreement between India and Canada for scientific and technological cooperation for the broader aspects of social and economic development marked a new beginning between the two countries.

58 http://www.colombo-plan.org/ 59 Canadian Chalk River National Research X-perimental (NRX) reactor

This agreement resulted in more enhanced cooperation between Canada and India when Stephen Harper, the former Prime Minister of Canada, paid two official state visits to India in 2009 and 2012. It had never happened before that any Canadian Prime Minister had visited India twice in a short span of 4 years. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited India on the invitation of Dr Manmohan Singh in the year 2009, and during this vis-it, both countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to co-operate in the energy sector and especially in renewable energy sources. A mechanism of a Joint Study Group and an India-Canada Chief Executives Forum was also initiated for an enhanced economic cooperation and indus-try to industry linkages between India and Canada. More recently in April 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook an official state visit to Canada — a standalone state visit by an Indian PM after 42 years. Several important MoUs were signed during this visit, which encompasses a larger domain of science and technology.

More specifically, a MoU was signed between ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and the Canadian Space Agency. A letter of in-tent was also signed between the Indian Department of Biotechnology and Ministry of Science & Technology, with challenges Canada in the field of health and medicine. Furthermore, an agreement was also signed between the Department of Atomic Energy and Cameco of Canada, with regard to long term supply of uranium to India. One of the main foci and emphases of Narendra Modi was seeking and encouraging investment and coopera-tion of Canada in the current development areas like manufacturing, skills, education, smart cities, agro-industry, and R & D.

4.4 Different areas of Science and Technology cooperation

Cooperation in Energy

In all the bilateral exchanges between India and Canada, energy has been an important area of cooperation. The MoU, signed in 2008 between Canada and India in the field of new and renewable energy, gave importance to collaboration in the areas of renewable energy. 60 This MoU agreement was signed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India, and University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Cooperation in the field of nuclear energy was one of the first major cooperations between India and Canada, as has been mentioned earlier that Canada supplied India with its NRX type reactors for civilian and peaceful purposes. More recently both sides have entered in-to an agreement on civil and peaceful uses of nuclear technology. The Civil Nuclear Cooperation Treaty was signed in 2010, which provided means of co-operation between Canada and India, as concerns the civilian uses of nu-clear technology, and which came into force in 2013. On the side of Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Canada, some further developments took place in the area of nuclear energy cooperation.

Cooperation in Agriculture

In the field of agriculture, the cooperation between the two countries is guided by an MoU signed in 2009. This MoU has provided a mechanism of

60 http://www.mnre.gov.in/mous/mou-canada.pdf

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a Joint Working Group, which incorporates three sub-groups related to ex-change of knowledge in emerging technologies, animal development, and agricultural marketing. Both sides have also agreed upon establishing sub-working groups on plants and plant products. India imports almost 25 % of its potash from Canada, which is one of the main input components for farming and agriculture in India. In addition, there were two projects collab-oration-related to biology and plant sciences between India and Canada in the time phase of 2011 – 2015.

Cooperation in Higher Education

Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute The idea of having an institute for sharing and cooperation in higher ed-ucation and research led to the formation of the Shastri Institute in 1967, with help of a joint statement issued by the Government of India and the Government of Canada. 61 The Shastri Institute has been one of the crucial links connecting many of the Canadian and Indian scholars for studies with the institute, providing various research and study grants to scholars from Canada and India.

Cooperation in Engineering and Technology

In the area of engineering and technology, the 2005 agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation has played a pivotal role. Several MoUs en-compass the areas of engineering and technology related to energy, agri-culture, and R & D cooperation in engineering and technology, biotechnolo-gy, disaster management, ICTs, and nanotechnology. 62 The mechanisms like India-Canada Joint Science and Technology Committee, DST-CII platform called GITA and ISTP (International Science and Technology Partnership) Canada, Canada India Research Centre for Excellence, Grand Challenges Canada, Canadian international innovation programme, and Indo Canadian Industrial R & D Cooperation (ICRD) have further enhanced the cooperation in the field of engineering and technology between these two countries. In the field of ICTs and electronics (ICTE), a MoU was signed in 2012 that incor-porated larger aspects of cooperation in the field of ICTE by establishing a working group and having industry to industry linkages.

Cooperation in Health and Medicine

One of the most visible and increasing areas of science and technology co-operation between India and Canada has been in the area of health and medicine. Grand Challenges Canada in collaboration with the Department of Biotechnology, India, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA, has been providing a cooperation mechanism between Canada and India in the field of health and medicine. In the time phase of 2011 – 2015, there have been 48 projects funded and supported in a multilateral mechanism by Grand Challenges Canada, the Department of Biotechnology, India, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA. A decision by both partners to invest CAD $ 2.5 million in the area of health innovations has given a ma-jor boost to the existing Department of Biotechnology-Grand Challenges mechanism of cooperation. 63

61 http://www.sici.org/about/history/62 http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_canada_May_2015.pdf63 Ibid.

Cooperation in Space

The MoU signed between Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Canadian Space Agency (CSA), on the side of the Indian Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Canada, has provided a major thrust to the existing cooper-ation between India and Canada in the field of space. This was done un-der the guidance of the 2003 cooperation agreement signed between ISRO and CSA, which granted both parties access to services rendered by the two countries, as pertains satellite tracking and command stations. These or-ganisations are jointly developing an Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), which will be launched by ISRO. Apart from these existing co-operations, ISRO’s commercial wing called ANTRIX Corporation has launched a number of Canadian satellites. 64

4.5 India Canada Centre for Research Excellence

The India Canada Centre for Research Excellence has come up in the form of IC-IMPACTS 65 which is known as the India-Canada Centre for Innovative Multi-disciplinary Partnership to accelerate community transformation and sustainability. It has been established through the Canadian Networks of Centre of Excellence, and is a specific and goal-oriented science and tech-nology cooperation centre. Important research and cooperation themes in-cluded are on safe and sustainable infrastructure, integrated water solu-tions, and public health. This research cooperation platform has worked on 26 projects to date, has 89 partner networks, and a pool of 158 researchers. 66 In addition, this centre also works in the area of technology transfer, more specifically technology related to industry and manufacturing.

64 Ibid.65 http://ic-impacts.com/research/research-areas/#1387360903-1-6/66 Ibid.

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5 India-China Science, Technology and Innovation cooperation

5.1 Genesis: India-China cooperation

The roots of relationship between India and China date back to almost the 2nd Century BC, and incorporate a wide number of fields such as trade, re-ligion, knowledge, and education. In the past, much of the trade between India and China was carried out using the ancient trade link called the Silk Route. The exchange of ideas and knowledge is one of the most signifi-cant features of the ancient linkages between India and China. A Chinese monk and traveller named Fa-Hsien visited India in 402 AD, and studied Sanskrit and Buddhist in Nalanda Univerity. Fa-Hsien spent almost 10 years in India visiting different Buddhist holy sites, acquiring knowledge and ob-serving Indian society from a closer angle. He translated many Sanskrit and Buddhist texts into the Chinese language. 67 The flow of knowledge and ed-ucation was not done in a one way process, but rather, it was a two way process. In the 5th century AD, the Shaolin monastery was constructed for an Indian monk called Bodhidharma. 68 Apart from this ancient relationship, there was a complete lack of cooperation between communist China and India in the post-war period.

5.2 Rebuilding the past: broadening cooperation

After the diplomatic relationship was restored between both countries after the phase of the 1962 war, the process and intensity of official state visits in-creased, and established a window for cooperation. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi paid an official state visit to China in 1988, which was recip-rocated by the visit of Chinese Premier Li Peng in 1991. In 1992, the Indian head of the state, President R. Venkataraman, went on an official state vis-it to China, which was the first state visit of by an Indian head of the state to China. In the following year in 1993, the Indian Prime Minister Narasimha Rao also visited China, with the favour being returned in the form of an of-ficial state visit by the Chinese head of state, President Jiang Zemin in 1996.

In the recent past, there have been official state visits by Dr Manmohan Singh in 2008 and a bilateral meeting in 2011 with Chinese President on the side of the BRICS summit held in China. In the time phase of 2014 – 2015, there have been two significant state visits by both sides, with the Chinese President Xi Jinping visiting India in September 2014, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting China in May 2015.

67 http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=068 http://www.shaolin.org.cn/templates/EN_T_new_3list/index.aspx?nodeid=315

5.3 Locating Science and Technology cooperation

In the year 1988, when Rajiv Gandhi visited China, both sides agreed up-on the setting up of an India-China Joint Economic Group on Economic Relations, Trade, Science, and Technology (JEG). There was also an agree-ment signed by both sides called the Agreement for Cooperation in Science and Technology on the 22nd of December, 1988. This was one of the first ma-jor platforms in the history of Indo-Chinese relationship, which brought the domain of science and technology cooperation into the purview. 69 To add more scope and dimension to the science and technology cooperation be-tween each other, both sides finalised the setting up of a Joint Committee on Science and Technology in the year 1989, which was supposed to be initiat-ed from the agreement signed. 70 These mechanisms and agreements have been the marking point for science and technology cooperation among the two countries, and guide the present and future cooperation and commu-nication in the field of science and technology.

5.4 India-China Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation, 1989

The above mentioned agreement provided the mechanisms for establish-ing a Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation. One of the main tasks of this committee is to look at all the aspects of cooperation in the field of science and technology. There have been 6 meetings of the com-mittee, whereby the 3rd and 6th session have been responsible for charting the way, with concern to the diverse fields of science and technology coop-eration. 71 These fields include the following: 72

○ Lasers ○ Materials and Earth Sciences ○ Space and Remote Sensing Agriculture and Fisheries ○ Chemical Engineering ○ Medicine, Medical science, and technology ○ Biotechnology ○ Chemical science and technology ○ Aeronautics ○ Electronics, Information Technology, and Software Development ○ High energy Physics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics ○ Natural Disaster Mitigation

5.5 Diverse areas of Science and Technology cooperation

There have been many agreements and MoU’s signed between various Indian and Chinese organisations. These agreements and MoU’s encom-pass wide domain of cooperation, such as cooperation at the institutional

69 Ibid.70 http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=90&SubMenuId=071 Ibid.72 Ibid.

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level, cooperation in the field of health and medicine, cooperation in ener-gy and environment, and cooperation in space and meteorology.

Institutional cooperation

There are almost 14 different MoU’s that have been signed between vari-ous science and technology organisations of India and China, with respect to general cooperation in science and technology, in the time phase of 1991 – 2009. 73

Cooperation in Health and Medicine

In the field of health and medicine, India and China signed 3 different MoU’s — in 1994, 2004, and, most recently, in 2015. The MoU signed in 1994 is a general agreement in the area of health and medicine, whereas the MoU signed in 2004 is geared towards research and cooperation in the field of genomics and integrative biological sciences. The latest MoU, signed dur-ing PM Narendra Modi’s visit to China, is related to health and safety regu-lations pertaining to the export of rapeseed meal to China. 74

Cooperation in Energy, Environment and Earth Sciences

When it comes to research and cooperation in the field of energy and en-vironment, both sides signed and agreed on two different MoU’s in 2003 and 2015. The MoU signed in 2003 was related to enhancing cooperation in the field of renewable energy. There was also an agreement in the field of environment and forests between the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forest and the State Forestry Administration of China in November, 2006. This agreement is aimed at sharing knowledge and expertise in the field of forest resources management. 75 In the field of earth sciences, both sides have signed 5 different MoU’s in the years 2003, 2006, and 2015. These MoU´s incorporate such areas as ocean science, information, and knowl-edge in geoscience, geohazards, mineral explorations, earthquake science, and engineering. 76

Cooperation in Space and Meteorology

Cooperation between the two countries in the field of space and meteor-ology has been achieved with help of 5 different MoU’s signed within the time phase of 1994 – 2015. The first MoU, signed in the year 1994, included an agreement between the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), India, and Chinese Aeronautical Establishment (CAE) in the field of civil aeronaut-ics, whilst the second MoU; signed in 1997; was related to cooperation in the field of meteorology. The MoUs of 2002 and 2014 are geared towards peaceful uses of outer space. The most recent MoU signed in 2015 pertains to space cooperation, and involves larger aspects of cooperation in the are-as of remote sensing, meteorology, lunar and deep space explorations, sat-ellite navigation, education, and training in space science. 77

73 http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=90&SubMenuId=074 http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25260/List_of_Agreements_signed_during_the_visit_of_Prime_Minister_to_China_

May_15_201575 Ibid.76 Ibid.77 Ibid.

5.6 Industry level Science and Technology cooperation

In terms of industry to industry linkages, the presence of Indian compa-nies in China and vice-versa is a testament of this cooperation. The areas of cooperation and business in science and technology by Indian companies mainly include engineering & technology, information technology, informa-tion technology-enabled services (ITeS), software development and phar-maceuticals. Chinese companies in India, on the other hand, are active in the areas of electronics, hardware, heavy electronics, telecommunications equipment, and engineering.

Though having deep historical linkages, India and China have witnessed an upheaval in their bi-lateral relationship, mainly due to the Sino-Indian war of 1962. But even after having an uneasy relationship in the past, both sides are increasing their intensity and reach of collaboration in different are-as of science and technology. This is evident from the signing of the India-China Agreement of 1988 for Cooperation in Science and Technology, which has provided the much-needed vigour to enhance the Sino-Indian bilater-al relationship in science and technology. Currently, India and China have many MoUs signed for cooperation in the field of earth sciences, meteorol-ogy, space, health, medicine, energy, and environment, and also coopera-tion at the institutional level. Apart from cooperation at governmental level, Indian and Chinese companies are also in collaboration in different fields of engineering and technology. Much of India’s relations with China in the last few years have progressed due to private and business enterprises and trade relations.

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Concluding summaryConcluding summary

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6 Concluding summary

This report has explored the EU-India science and technology cooperation together with India’s cooperation with some select countries such as the USA, Canada, Japan, and China from a somewhat historical perspective. This historical exercise was seen as important and relevant for understanding the background of India’s international cooperation. At the same time, this ex-ercise enabled the identification of the ‘high’ and ‘low’ points of coopera-tion, and most importantly, the significant milestones of S & T cooperation in each case.

From the above exploration some broad points emerge which may be sum-marised as follows:

i The EU-India S & T cooperation and Indian cooperation with specif-ic countries such as the USA, Canada, the UK, and the USSR (the lat-ter two are not dealt in this report) have a long historical background. Whereas EU-India cooperation at a formal level began to progress mainly from the 1990’s, and, more specifically, from the FP4, FP5, FP6, and FP7-based programmes, India’s cooperation with the USA and Canada can be traced to immediately after the post-war period in the 1950’s, when India attained its independence.

ii In comparison to the EU, India’s S & T cooperation with the USA and Canada is not only older and deeper but is marked by some ‘iconic milestones’ or ‘flagship projects’. Whereas the EU’s cooperation be-gan with individual projects, such as through the FP4 programme in the 1990’s. The USA’s cooperation was firstly marked through the cre-ation of the United States Educational Foundation with the Fulbright Educational programme, and then in drawing from the MIT model in the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology. Secondly, the USA was involved quite closely in the S & T assistance and cooperation during India’s Green Revolution. Similarly, Canada, and partly again, the USA, is involved in the CIRUS nuclear reactor, which gave a foun-dational basis for the development of India’s nuclear programme.

iii India’s S & T cooperation with the ‘big science’ and ‘high technology’ projects with the EU and other related institutions in Europe as a whole began with the FP6 and FP7 projects, such as in ITER, FAIR, and Galileo project (European version of USA’s Global Positioning System). Hence, from a contemporary perspective even though the USA and Canada relations with India precede those of the EU and India, they can be seen as based on a somewhat equal footing.

iv From the perspective of EU-India S & T cooperation, the impact of the S & T Agreement has been quite dramatic and robust in increasing the cooperation and taking it to higher levels. In many ways, the S & T Agreement has brought India and the EU to a much closer participa-tion in joint projects as equal partners in the FP7 programme.

v The EU-India FP7-based projects were mostly between a group of R & D institutions in India and Europe, but S & T cooperation with the USA and Canada can be seen in a ‘triple helix’ mode, involving the gov-ernment, R & D labs and science agencies, industry, and university rela-tions. Leading Ivy League universities have begun to participate more and more in the Indo-US S & T cooperation in the current phase.

vi Compared to the EU-India cooperation, the Indo-US S & T and high-er educational cooperation and exchange activities can be said to be more robust and larger in size. Hence, the mobility of students and re-searchers involved is larger compared to the EU. The USA maintains a large establishment, such as the US India Educational Foundation in New Delhi, the roots of which can be traced back to the 1950’s. A large Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) was also established in 2000 specifically to look into S & T collaboration and partnerships projects.

vii The India-EU S & T cooperation and higher educational exchang-es become comparable and more significant (from the perspective of number of researchers, students, and research establishments in India) when compared to some individual leading EU Member States such as France, Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. For instance, outside the EU-India framework, France, Germany, and the UK have created large joint research establishments such CEFIPRA (France) and Indo-German Science and Technology Centre on an equal partnership basis between the government of India and the respective counterparts.

viii With regard to mobility between India and the EU, there has been a moderate pace of mobility of scientists for shorter durations, stretch-ing between one week and three months. Scientists from the Indian side are more motivated to visit European-based institutions com-pared to EU based scientists visiting India. A similar case is observed when it comes to the mobility of scientists and professionals from the USA and Canada. There is an intention to create more long term vis-iting professorships or fellowships under the EU-India agreement, stretching between three and nine months on both sides. This is like-ly to deepen the potential of joint research projects.

ix The cooperation between India and Japan, and that between India and China, is more tuned towards a commercial and trade related domain, rather than S & T cooperation. However, the recent visit of Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi to both of these countries has generated an unprecedented motivation for this cooperation. Much of the discourse and formal commitments to increase S & T cooperation with Japan and China is linked to India’s flagship national programs, such as Digital India, Make in India, Clean India, and Clean Ganga, Renewable Energy Technologies, High Speed Transportation, and Industrial Corridors.

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