policies to encourage early successional ecosystems on forest sites in oregon what might we do
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Policies to Encourage Early Successional Ecosystems on Forest Sites in Oregon:
What Might We Do?
K. Norman JohnsonDebora L. Johnson
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Early successional ecosystems on forest sites are relatively rare
In Oregon’s Coast Range:
- currently less than 3% of forest
- projected to be less than 2% of forest in future
- most will be provided by State forests
Source: Spies, et al. and Johnson, et al. 2007. Ecological Applications
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Focus of my talk
Policy and management challenges of increasing early sucessional ecosystems on
federal and private forests
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Policy Changes on Federal lands
Goal: create more diverse early seral ecosystems
Three stage approach:
1) Leave burned areas alone
2) Demonstrate regeneration harvest strategies that create diverse early seral
3) Emulate large-scale disturbance on the national forests through regeneration harvest of plantations
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Baker, et al. 2006 Implementation monitoring: Summary of NWPF regional interagency monitoring results
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2. Demonstrate silvicultural strategies that create diverse early seral
• Where and how would we harvest?
• What would be the effect on timber yield?
• Should we plant at all?
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Moist National Forest outside Wilderness and roadless areas under NWFP
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Moist National Forest outside Wilderness and roadless areas under NWFP where thinning might occur
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Moist National Forest outside Wilderness and roadless areas under NWFP where regeneration harvest might occur
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Moist BLM forests under NWFP
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Moist BLM forest where thinning might occur
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Moist BLM forest where regeneration harvest might occur
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Northwest Forest Plan Allocation
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Age Class Distribution
5-10
11-25
26-40
41-60
61-80
81-120
121-250
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Yields Compared to High Intensity Management
• Regeneration harvest: 70-80%– Reduction from legacy trees
• Long-term yield = 30-60%??– Reduction from legacy trees and
nurturing of shrub stage
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Regeneration harvest = clearcutting
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Public protest(1980s-1990s)
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Photos by Steve Reed
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Policy Changes on Federal lands
Goal: create more diverse early seral forest
Three stage approach:
1) Leave burned areas alone
2) Demonstrate regeneration harvest strategies that create diverse early seral
3) Emulate large-scale disturbance on the national forests through regeneration harvest of plantations
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A typical harvest pattern on federal forests in Oregon
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Forest Industry Family Forest State Federal
Hec
tare
s (th
ousa
nds)
Regen Harvest Thinning
Source: Johnson et al. 2007 Ecological Applications
Coast Range Harvest Rates
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“One thing is certain: there must be a decided change
in our attitude toward our timber resources… The forest
is a renewable resource. In the interest of the nation
and of the state, Oregon’s forests should be renewed:
and, by all means, there should be as little delay as
possible in making a beginning.”
George W. Peavy, 1929
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Source: Oregon’s Commercial Forests, 1929, George W. Peavy
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The purpose of the reforestation rules is to ensure that forest tree cover is maintained or re-established after harvest.
Tree Species Suitable for Reforestation
1. The species must be ecologically suited to the planting site;
2. The species must be capable of producing logs, fiber, or other wood products;
Oregon’s Reforestation Rules
ODF, December, 1994
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Site Productivity Seedlings <1”dbh
tpa
Cubic Foot Site Class I, II, and IIIDouglas-fir 100 year site index 124 and higher
200/acre
Cubic Foot Site Class IV and VPonderosa pine 100-year site index 64-108
125/acre
Cubic Foot Site Class VIPonderosa pine 100-year site index 40-63
100/acre
Minimum Tree Stocking StandardsOregon Forest Practices Act
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In general, a tree will be considered free to grow if:
….
It is taller than, and out-competing, any grass, shrubs, or other trees growing within a 10-foot radius from the tree.
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Where are we now?
• Threat of timber famine greatly diminished
• Problems with successful regeneration largely solved
• A forest industry that views wood as a renewable resource
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New Regulations?
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Possible policy changes---- Private lands
Challenge: create more diverse early seral forest while reducing the regulatory burden/allowing choice
Ideas:
• Remove free-to-grow requirement
• Remove regeneration requirement in its entirety
• Allow substitution of an invasives eradication plan, enhanced wildlife tree plan, or logging debris retention plan
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Allow substitution of an invasives eradication plan
Scot’s broom
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False-brome in Douglas-fir plantationFalse-brome in Douglas-fir plantation
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GradeGradePond ValuePond Value
$/MBF$/MBF
2S2S 540540
3S3S 490490
4S4S 465465
3S (12+)3S (12+) 220220
SCSC 185185
UtilityUtility 4545
(ODF 4th Qtr. 2006)
Allow substitution of an enhanced wildlife tree plan
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Potential slogans
• Forced regeneration = tyranny
• Protect the freedom of shrubs and forbs
• No death panels for little plants
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