polar bears and sea-ice habitat: status, changes, the...

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Polar Bears and sea-ice habitat: status, changes, the future. Presentation to the National Roundtable on Polar Bears January 16, 2009. Winnipeg, MB. Peter Ewins, D.Phil., Director, Species Conservation WWF-Canada wwf.ca Good morning, Ublaahatkut, ladies, gentlemen, elders, and thank you for this opportunity to help set the stage for these important group discussions and solutions to a worsening situation for Canada’s Polar Bears. My 15minute presentation will focus on Polar Bears and their seaice habitat , status changes observed and modeled, and what this means for the persistence of Polar Bears this Century. I was trained as a marine ecologist at Oxford University, and have traveled and worked quite extensively in the circumarctic. I’ve been directing WWFCanada’s Species Conservation program for the past 12 years. WWF has supported Arctic research and communitybased conservation work , including on Polar Bears, for over 30 years now. WWF is one of the largest environmental conservation organizations in the world, with projects in 100 countries, and a global annual budget of about $500 million. WWF does support the wellmanaged sustainable harvesting of wildlife species as an important conservation tool. 1

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Polar Bears and sea-ice habitat: status, changes, the future.

Presentation to the National Roundtable on Polar Bears

January 16, 2009. Winnipeg, MB.

Peter Ewins, D.Phil., Director, Species Conservation WWF-Canada wwf.ca

Good morning, Ublaahatkut, ladies, gentlemen, elders, and thank you for this opportunity to help set the stage for these important group discussions and solutions to a worsening situation for Canada’s Polar Bears.

My 15‐minute presentation will focus on Polar Bears and their sea‐ice habitat , status  changes observed and modeled, and what this means for the persistence of Polar Bears this Century.

I was trained as a marine ecologist  at Oxford University,  and have traveled  and worked quite extensively in the circumarctic.  I’ve been directing WWF‐Canada’s Species Conservation program for the past 12 years.

WWF has supported Arctic research and community‐based conservation work , including on Polar Bears, for over 30 years now.  

WWF is one of the largest environmental conservation organizations in the world, with projects in 100 countries, and a global annual budget of about  $500 million.  WWF  does support the well‐managed sustainable harvesting of wildlife species as an important conservation tool.

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Outline of Polar Bear status presentation

• The Polar Bear’s niche - a reminder

• The importance of facts, experience and precaution

• Polar Bear status - global, regional differences

• Changes in sea-ice habitat - implications for Polar Bears

• How to retain healthy status of Polar Bears

I will focus on 5 main aspects:  

‐ The Polar Bear’s niche ‐ a reminder of the fundamental importance of sea‐ice.

‐ The importance of facts, experience and precaution, in our planning and actions.

‐ Polar Bear status ‐ global picture, but emphasizing regional differences

‐ Changes in sea‐ice habitat ‐ implications for Polar Bears

‐ And finally, considerations on How to retain healthy status of Polar Bears for 21st C

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No habitat… => regional extinctions of specialized species (+ no harvesting)

Historic Tiger range Current Tiger range

© Chris HAILS / WWF-Canon © Mauri RAUTKARI / WWF-Canon © Edward PARKER / WWF-Canon

But first, a well‐established, yet often overlooked, lesson from around the world:

Species that have evolved in a specialized niche can not persist when that niche and the fundamental natural habitat is removed.  Remove that habitat and this leads to regional extinctions, and therefore inability of future generations to benefit from the species and its ecosystem.

The Tiger is just one example of this, with human destruction of natural forest habitat, poaching and over‐hunting over the past 150 years causing regional extinctions andmassive decline in range and numbers, to less than 6,000  wild Tigers remaining today.

Polar Bears are also a highly specialized species, totally dependent upon sea‐ice and high fat diets.

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The Polar Bear’s niche

© Peter Ewins / WWF-Canada

© Peter Ewins / WWF-Canada

© Tim Stewart / WWF-Canada

Polar Bears evolved from brown bears about 1 million years ago, and are superbly adapted to life in harsh Arctic conditions.  Fat is the essential type of food and means of storing energy.

In most parts of the Polar Bear’s range, Ringed Seals, and their fat‐rich pups in spring, are the main source of food.  Other sources of fat include bearded and harp seal, occasionally beluga and narwhal and other marine mammals.

In areas where the sea‐ice platform melts in summer, Polar Bears must store enough fat in the spring to survive a summer fast ashore.

Although Polar Bears occasionally scavenge and eat small items like bird eggs, seaweed, berries, and fish, their annual energy budget  and whole survival depends almost totally on mammal fat, which they must obtain  by hunting from the sea‐ice platform.

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Annual energy cycle – It’s all about FATWest Hudson Bay Female Polar Bear Cycle

J F

J

AO

M

M

JA

S

N

D

TO MATERNITY DENS

BIRTHS

FAMILY TO SEA-ICE

SPRING ICE BREAK-UP

FASTING

FEEDING(+MATING)

1970s 2000+

SEA-ICE RETURNS

Ringed Seal pups

The well‐studied Polar bear subpopulation in Western Hudson Bay allows us to summarize this annual fat‐dependent energy cycle….

If we follow a female mating on the sea‐ice in March‐April, she must put on at least 200kg of fat stores, mainly from ringed seal pups, before the ice melts and she is forced ashore.  

After conserving energy all summer on the shoreline, she moves to the denning areas inland in September‐October, and gives birth around Christmas.  Then by mid‐February she takes her cubs out onto Hudson Bay in March, and access to ringed seals once again.  If they survive, these cubs will spend  another year with their mother.

So, at this stage, with the spring sea‐ice breaking up 3 weeks earlier than in the 1970s, this female has carried her pregnancy  and nursing cubs without eating for about 9 months!

The female’s ability to store enough fat in the spring is absolutely critical to successfully raising cubs.

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Facts, Experience and Precaution

© Julia Langer / WWF-Canada

© Geoff York, WWF-USA

Sea Ice Break-up31 May15 Jun30 Jun15 Jul

Bod

y C

ondi

tion

Inde

x

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Males

Females

Annual Movements in 2007-08

© Geoff York / WWF-US

Polar Bears range across vast regions, where human travel and research is very difficult and expensive.

The best managed regions are those where all available information  (both science and local knowledge) is used in decisions about resource management. In the Beaufort‐Chukchi Seas, Alaskans and Canadians have done this well  to this point via the co‐management approach, governed by the  Inuvialuit‐Inupiat Polar Bear Management Agreement, which considers the status of the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation “based on the best available scientific information”.

Inuvialuit have provided their traditional and current knowledge of Polar bears and  sea‐ice changes, and have welcomed the introduction of scientific techniques such as satellite radio‐telemetry, which has produced stunning and essential hard facts about the long‐range movements of the bears, even west to Russia.

As the Southern Beaufort Sea now loses sea‐ice fast, the facts and experience from the long‐term  population ecology studies in West Hudson Bay  are very valuable – allowing resource managers to make quality projections about declines in Polar Bear body condition as spring break‐up  dates advance.

But there are many gaps in our information across the Polar Bear ‘s range……

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The Precautionary Principle(Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD;

SARA; National Accord for the Protection of Species At Risk; Canadian Environmental Assessment Act)

• “Where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat”. (CBD, 1992)

• Nunavut Wildlife Act [2003; s.1(2)(e)]: “The precautionary principle should govern decision making under this Act”.

And so, our society has for many years adopted ‘The Precautionary Principle’, so that unnecessary , costly mistakes  are avoided or minimized.

The Convention on Biological Diversity states that “Where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat”. (CBD, 1992)

This key principle is fundamental to achieving effective long‐range planning and truly sustainable management of resources .  

For these reasons the Precautionary Principle is embedded in many important laws and policies, such as the federal Species At Risk Act, the National Accord, the Nunavut Wildlife Act, and Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.  

These laws have great importance for decisions relating to the management of Polar Bears and their habitats.

Now to the current status……

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(based onIUCN data)

Based on the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Polar Bear Specialist Group’s most recent information, this figure illustrates the estimated size of the 19 subpopulations of Polar Bears across their range.

The Arctic Ocean is very deep, and probably not a self‐sustaining Polar bear subpopulation.  Data from Russia and East Greenland are very scarce.

Canada  currently supports about 2/3 of the estimated world total of 20‐25,000 wild Polar Bears, in 13 subpopulations.  The Central Canadian Arctic seems to hold the most bears.

Beyond Canada, there are significant numbers of Polar Bears in the Barents Sea and Chukchi Sea.

So what does the current information tell us about trends in these numbers ?.........

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(based on IUCN & recent govt. data)

Based on the IUCN data summarized in 2006, and  available government data since then, there are some large regional differences in trends in Polar Bear numbers. Credible assessment of subpopulation trends is not possible outside North America at present.

For the 13 Canadian subpopulations: 6 (in red here) appear to have declining numbers or showing significant signs of ecological stress that usually lead to population declines.  Five (in blue here) are thought to be fairly stable.

3 seem to be increasing (in green here ‐ Viscount Melville and McClintock Channel are still depleted from past serious over‐hunting; and Davis Strait possibly due to increasing numbers of harp seals).

In total, based on the available data, 8 of Canada’s 13 Polar Bear subpopulations (62%) are currently either depleted , in decline or exhibiting significant signs of ecological stress.

Now to the changes in sea‐ice habitat…..

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Consequences of reduced sea-ice for Polar Bears (Arctic ecology 101)

• Increased periods without access to suitable food • Declining body condition• Lower cub survival• Lower reproductive rates• Reduced growth rates• Increased intraspecific aggression• Increased cannibalism• Lower adult survival• Reduced access to denning areas• Increased energetic costs of movement

Sitting at the top of the Arctic marine foodchain, information about Polar Bears tells us a lot about the health of Arctic marine ecosystems.

Significant reductions in the spatial and temporal extent of sea‐ice have serious consequences for Polar bears.  Where studies have been funded, the following parameter changes have been confirmed:

‐ Increased periods without access to suitable food 

‐ Declining body condition

‐ Lower cub survival

‐ Lower reproductive rates

‐ Reduced growth rates

‐ Increased intraspecific aggression

‐ Increased cannibalism

‐ Lower adult survival

‐ Reduced access to denning areas

‐ Increased energetic costs of movement

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Consequences of reduced sea-ice for Polar Bears (continued)

• Reduced access to optimum prey species• Altered prey species distribution and availability• Increased time spent swimming• Increased human-Polar Bear conflict

• Reduction in population size and range

‐ Reduced access to optimum prey species

‐ Altered prey species distribution and availability

‐ Increased time spent swimming (hence greater vulnerability to storm mortality)

‐ Increased human‐Polar Bear conflicts.

‐ and finally, reductions in population size and range.

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Regional differences in sea-ice dynamics (Amstrup et al.,USGS, 2007)

Reductions in sea‐ice habitat availability for Polar Bears are not uniform across the range.  The extensive 2007 analyses by the US government  (9 volumes) include this summary figure showing 4 main categories of sea‐ice habitat currently seen in different Polar Bear subpopulations.

Most important for Canada are;

‐ Green = Seasonal ice areas (bears in 5 subpopulations ashore for significant fasting periods in summer)

‐ Orange = Archipelago  (6 subpopulations, some sea‐ice present in summer);

‐ Purple = Polar Basin Divergent ice (ice is formed, then drawn away from nearshore areas, but S Beaufort Sea is now rapidly becoming a ‘Seasonal ice’ area);

‐ Blue = Polar Basin Convergent ice (sea‐ice formed elsewhere tends to collect in these areas).

These are really important regional differences in Polar Bear habitats.

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DavisStrait

HudsonBay

CentralArcticBeaufort

Sea

HighArctic

Proposed DUs

Regional Polar Bear Units (Thiemann et al., 2008)

Turning to the Canadian regional differences in Polar Bear population ecology today, Thiemann, Derocher and Stirling in a 2008 paper in the journal Oryx expanded on the US analyses and sea‐ice and General Circulation Models (GCM), and concluded that….

“Threats to the conservation of polar bears are not spatially uniform”. They identified these 5 regional units (‘Designatable Units’ in COSEWIC terminology) that captured broad patterns of Polar Bear biodiversity. – High Arctic, Central Arctic, Hudson Bay, Davis Strait, and Beaufort Sea.

Most scientific work now projects that by 2050 sea‐ice dominated marine systems will have retreated to the Canadian High Arctic archipelago and NW Greenland.

Will these high arctic sea‐ice areas be the all‐important stronghold for Polar Bears  in a few decades? 

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Sea-ice habitat changes this Century

© Peter Ewins / WWF-Canada

Arctic sea-ice cover deviations (Richter-Menge et al. 2008, NOAA)

Arctic sea‐ice cover is declining very rapidly.  Indisputable.

This figure shows the Arctic Council’s projections in 2004, with retreat of  the September sea‐ice minimum expected by mid‐Century  to  the Canadian High Arctic Islands, N Greenland and the Polar Basin.

The recent NOAA analyses show sea‐ice declining much faster than even the IPCC and Arctic Climate Impact Assessment s projected 3‐4 years ago.   Many experts believe this system is now tipping into a runaway situation, with possibly  total loss of sea‐ice in September, as early as 2013.

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The main problem for Polar Bears:• ”Suspected population reduction of >30% within three generations

(45 years) due to decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality.” IUCN (2007 Red List of Threatened Species, and Polar Bear Specialist Group).

• “Future reduction of sea-ice in the Arctic could result in a loss of 2/3 of the world's polar bear population within 50 years according to a series of studies released today by the U.S. Geological Survey”. (USA govt., 2007: ESA Threatened listing in May 2008).

• “If the climate continues to warm, as projected by the IPCC, all populations of Polar Bears will be affected” (COSEWIC 2008: ‘Special Concern’)

The main problem is vanishing sea‐ice habitat for Polar Bears, widely accepted now as being driven mainly by human‐induced rapid climate change and our use of fossil fuels.

Recent assessments at the global, US and Canadian levels all recognize the severity of this situation for Polar Bear persistence:

“Suspected population reduction of >30% within three generations (45 years)” IUCN (2007 Red List of Threatened Species, and Polar Bear Specialist Group).

“Future reduction of sea‐ice in the Arctic could result in a loss of 2/3 of the world's polar bear population within 50 years”.  (US govt., 2007).

“If the climate continues to warm, as projected by the IPCC, all populations of Polar Bears will be affected” (COSEWIC 2008)

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The Canadian context...• 2/3 of the world’s Polar Bears: at least 8 of the13 (2/3) subpopulations

are depleted and/or stressed.

• SARA and the National Accord for SAR: “to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct or extirpated”…..”as a consequence of human activity.”

• NWT draft SARA: “No wild species should be lost to extinction as a result of human activities.”

• Canada’s Environment Minister John Baird (April 2008):“A declining Polar Bear population is not an option for Canada..... We will take every action necessary.”

Canada is the most important nation, with about 2/3 of the world’s Polar Bears…. But 8 of the 13 subpopulations are depleted, declining or ecologically stressed already. Our nation has made firm commitments to ensure that Polar Bears do not decline and suffer regional extinctions:

The purpose of Canada’s Species At Risk Act (SARA), and the National Accord for the Protection of Species At Risk , is “to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct or extirpated” ….. “as a consequence of human activity.”

The draft NWT Species At Risk Act states that  “No wild species should be lost to extinction as a result of human activities.”

And in April last year, Canada’s Environment Minister, John Baird, stated that:“A declining Polar Bear population is not an option for Canada..... We will take every action necessary.”

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• An effective rangewide Polar Bear Conservation Action Plan completed in 2009.

• All major threats, including accelerating Climate Change, addressed swiftly and effectively, via strong, sustained government leadership and actions.

• Full protection of all critical habitats for polar bears, including no further industrial activity or over-hunting.

• Major increase in capacity and resources to sustain world-class scientific research on Polar Bears and key habitats.

To ensure healthy Polar Bear status beyond 2050, urgently requires…

In summary, the facts are very clear that Polar Bears and their sea‐ice habitat in some parts of their Canadian range are in trouble now.  It is also very clear that in order to avoid further declines, and to recover the already depleted subpopulations, a series of major new actions and approaches are urgently needed.

Thus, in the experience of WWF and many other experts, ensuring healthy status of Polar Bears this Century requires at least the following 4 measures from Canada,  starting with firm, concrete commitments from this  forum:

1.An effective rangewide Polar Bear Conservation Action Plan completed in 2009.

2.All major threats, including accelerating Climate Change, addressed swiftly and effectively, via strong, sustained government leadership and actions, including at the global climate change summit in Copenhagen in December 09.

3.Full protection of all critical habitats for Polar Bears, including no further industrial activity or over‐hunting.

4.Major increase in capacity and resources to sustain worldclass scientific research on Polar Bears and key habitats.

Thank‐you everyone.  Qujannamiik.

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