Pointers and References

Pointers & Memory

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int x = 5;

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Pointers & Memory

Pointers & Memory

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int x = 5;int* y = &x

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Pointers & Memory

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int x = 5;int* y = &xint* z = y;

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Pointers & Memory

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int x = 5;int* y = &xint* z = y;*z = 0;

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Allocating memory using new

Point *p = new Point(5, 5);

• new can be thought of a function with slightly strange syntax

• new allocates space to hold the object.• new calls the object’s constructor.• new returns a pointer to that object.

Deallocating memory using delete

// allocate memoryPoint *p = new Point(5, 5);

...// free the memorydelete p;

For every call to new, there must beexactly one call to delete.

Using new with arrays

int x = 10;int* nums1 = new int[10]; // okint* nums2 = new int[x]; // ok

• Initializes an array of 10 integers on the heap.• C++ equivalent of the following C codeint* nums = (int*)malloc(x * sizeof(int));

Using delete on arrays// allocate memoryint* nums1 = new int[10];int* nums3 = new int[x][4][5];

...// free the memorydelete[] nums1;delete[] nums3;

• Have to use delete[].

Destructors

• delete calls the object’s destructor.• delete frees space occupied by the object.

• A destructor cleans up after the object.• Releases resources such as memory.

Destructors – an Example

class Segment{public: Segment(); virtual ~Segment();private: Point *m_p0, *m_p1;};

Destructors – an ExampleSegment::Segment(){ m_p0 = new Point(0, 0); m_p1 = new Point(1, 1);}Segment::~Segment(){ if (m_p0) delete m_p0; if (m_p1) delete m_p1;}

Syntactic Sugar “->”

Point *p = new Point(5, 5);

// Access a member function:(*p).move(10, 10);

// Or more simply:p->move(10, 10);

Stack vs. HeapOn the Heap / Dynamic allocation

On the Stack / Automatic allocation

Point *p = new Point();

Point *ps = new Point[n];

Point p;

Point ps[10];

What happens when p goes out of scope?

Dynamic Memory

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Dynamic Memory

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int* T = new int[2*n];

Dynamic Memory

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for (i = 0; i < n; i++) T[i] = S[i];

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delete[] S;

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S = T;

Passing by value

void Math::square(int i) { i = i*i;}

int main() { int i = 5; Math::square(i); cout << i << endl;}

Passing by reference

void Math::square(int &i) { i = i*i;}

int main() { int i = 5; Math::square(i); cout << i << endl;}

What is a reference?

• An alias – another name for an object. int x = 5; int &y = x; // y is a // reference to x y = 10;

Introducing: const

void Math::printSquare(const int &i){ i = i*i; cout << i << endl;}

int main() { int i = 5; Math::printSquare(i); Math::printCube(i);}

Won’t compile.

Can also pass pointers to const

void Math::printSquare(const int *pi) {

*pi = (*pi) * (*pi); cout << pi << endl;}

int main() { int i = 5; Math::printSquare(&i); Math::printCube(&i);}

Still won’t compile.

Declaring things const

const River nile;

const River* nilePc;

River* const nileCp;

const River* const nileCpc

Read pointer declarations right to left

// A const Riverconst River nile;

// A pointer to a const Riverconst River* nilePc;

// A const pointer to a RiverRiver* const nileCp;

// A const pointer to a const Riverconst River* const nileCpc

Exercises1. Create a class called Point with two private data members, a public

print function, and constructors as well as a destructor that prints a message when it is called.

2. Create an array of 10 Points on the stack, initialize them with non-zero data, and print them. Verify that that the destructor is called for all 10 points when your program exits.

3. Create an array of 10 Points on the heap, initialize them with non-zero data, and print them. Do not delete the array and verify the destructor is not called (you have created a memory leak). Now write your program to delete the array at the end. Verify that only one destructor is called and your program crashes (you have created a memory leak and a bug). Now write your program to delete[] the array at the end. Verify that all destructors are called.