podcasting is functional extra slides larger format slides
TRANSCRIPT
Inflammation
• Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response- State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain,
heat and redness.
1. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness
2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain
3. Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective tissue
Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6Neutrophils:Most abundantPhagocyteEffector cells of Innate ImmunityShort-lived - Pus
Eosinophils:Worms/intestinal parasitesAmplify inflammationBind IgEVery Toxic - Pathogen and hostChronic asthma
Basophils:RareUnknown functionBind to IgE
Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor)Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)
• Circulate in blood• Bigger than PMLs• Look similar• Immature form of macrophage
• Scavengers• Phagocytose pathogens, cells, debris• Secrete cytokines
• Star-shape• In tissue• Cellular messenger• Cargo cell
• Connective tissue• Unknown progenitor• Granules• Degranulation major contributor to inflammation and allergies
Lymphoid Lineage Cells
Large lymphocytesNK cells
Innate immunity
Small lymphocytesB cellsT cells
Adaptive immunity
Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6
Lymp
• Large lymphocyte with granular cytoplasm• Effector cell of innate immunity
• B cells have B cell receptors and secrete Ab
• T cells have T cell receptors
• Adaptive IR• Small and immature• Activated by pathogen• Two types
- B cell- T cell
Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6
• Giant nucleus• Resident of bone marrow• Fusion of precursor cells• Fragments to make platelets
• Gas transport• Infected by Plasmodium falciparum
Figure 1-15
Sites of Lymphoid Tissue
Primary and SecondaryGALT, BALT, MALTLymphRecirculation
Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day
Lymphocytes
T-cell area
artery
Activated by dendritic cell
T helper cell (lymph node) T helper cell
(Infection site)
Activate B cells
Make Antibodies
Activate Macrophages
Cytotoxic T cell (Infection site)
Kills infected host cells
Lymphocyte not activated
Efferent lymph
PathogenDendritic cells
Afferentlymph
Figure 1-19
Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen
• Blood filtering organ• Blood borne pathogens• Red pulp - red cells• White pulp - Immune system
Adaptive Immunity
1. Vertebrates only
2. Specificity- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity- clonal selection
3. Small lymphocytes- types and sub-types- functions
Recognition concept
Receptor or Antibody molecule
Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR
Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound
Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure
B-cellsBCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab
T-cellsTc = cytotoxic (CD8+)
TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)Th1 (inflammation)Th2 (help B-cells make AB)
Small lymphocyte sub-types
Parasite +
Mast cell
Inflammation
Mast cell activated
Expel and/or destroy
pathogen
• Neutralization• Opsonization1. Inflammation
Parasitic infection
Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity
Germline configuration
Diversity1. Alternative combinations2. Imprecise joints3. Different types of chains4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation
In the absence of antigen
Clonal Selection
1. Each cell = one receptor2. Millions of lymphocytes
are generated3. Small subset will
recognize a pathogen4. Proliferation and
differentiation5. Acquired immunity - the
adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory
Figure 1-32
• IgE
• IgG
• CD4 TH1
• CD8 CTL
Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases