pmel energy source enviroment ghg 6
TRANSCRIPT
SUMBER ENERGI UNTUK
PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK
Permasalahan GHG (Gas Rumah
Kaca) serta Solusi dengan
ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN
Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.
COALBED METHANE
(CBM) or coalbed gas
COALBED METHANE (CBM) or coalbed gasis a form of natural gas extracted from coalbeds. In recent decades it has become an
important source of energy in United States, Canada, Indonesia and other countries.
It was commonly to think that nuclear energy is absolutely safe until some
serious incidents occurred on nuclear power plants of the USA(Three Mile Island),
Japan(Kashiwaszki-Kariwa) and the most dangerous incident in the former USSR
(Chernobyl). The last of them had very serious consequences. All these events changed
the opinion of people about the safety of nuclear energy. However the danger of nuclear
energy was not only in the nuclear accidents.
Let’s see the full list of dangers
connected with nuclear power plants:
Release of radioactive particles
Radioactive isotopes pollution
Water temperature increases
The threat of nuclear accidents
The threat of nuclear terrorism
Release of radioactive
particles Usually the radioactive particles appear
from radioactive isotopes and in fission
process. In most cases speaking about
radioactive particles pollution, people
mean gamma-radiation, which is easily
determinated by a Geiger counter. At the
same time there are many beta-
radiators, which are badly determinated
by the most of existing devices.
Radioactive isotopes pollution
Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of radionuclides (radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive energy. However the production of those radionuclides is controlled by filters and other equipment. The biological effects of internally deposited radionuclides depend greatly on the activity and the biodistribution and removal rates of the radionuclide, which in turn depends on its chemical form.
Water temperature increase
For the NPPs just as for the thermal power stations heat release into is typical.
It is marked that the temperature of water in the area of nuclear power station is higher than without it. Because of that the balance of water evaporation is disturbed and the amount of salt in water increased. This changes can lead to extinction of some species of animals.
The treat of nuclear accidents
The most actual question appealed to
NPP is the question of nuclear
accidents. Thought the chances of such
accident is very small the danger it
carries is very serious.
Nuclear terrorism threat Another actual
question of the NPP’s
safety is nuclear
terrorism.
The NPP could be
captured by terrorists
and used like a
nuclear weapon.
Nuclear power plants
technologies that provide safety
The most widespread causes of the
NPP accident are:
Reactor design flaws.
Mistakes and incompetence of personnel.
It is important to learn by your own
mistakes. So the Chernobyl disaster
were carefully examined and analyzed.
After that new standards of safety and
new technologies were adopted.
Reactor design flaws
We’ll take a Chernobyl as an example for reactor design flaws. There were several serious design flaws in the Chernobyl RBMK: The scram button that supposed to stop the reaction
accelerated it instead.
the heat from the graphite, which operates at 700 degrees Centigrade, flows from the graphite back through the pressure tubes and is taken away by the boiling water. "However, the problem with graphite at high temperatures is that if it is exposed to air, it will burn slowly.
The RBMK reactor was a large one and it could not be put in containment.
These reactors are not used nowadays and all known design flaws are removed from new reactors.
Mistakes and incompetence of
personnel.
Six human errors were identified.
Two permanent operating rules were violated: not to run the reactor for any length of time at reduced power level (below 700 Megawatts-thermal), and never to have fewer than thirty control rods fully inserted into the core
If any one of these six errors had not been committed, the explosion would not have occurred.
However it’s not the fault of personnel, it’s the fault of their not sufficient training.
After Chernobyl disaster some new laws of safety were adopted.
Major incidents regarding NPPsChernobyl Three Mile Island Kashiwazaki-
Kariwa
Reactors used •A high-power,
boiling water type
reactor (RBMK)
•TMI-2 reactor •BWR
The main causes of
the accident
•The operators
violated plant
procedures and
were ignorant of the
safety requirements
needed by the
RBMK design.
•The sequence of
certain events - -
equipment
malfunctions,
design related
problems and
worker errors.
•Earthquake
consequences •The Ukrainian
Ministry of Public
Health in April 1995
said 125,000
already dead.
•Economically, the
consequences
have been
•None people died.
There were no
environment
pollution
•None died. No
environmental
pollution.
15 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Generation IV?
Generation IV is an advanced class of nuclear reactor systems that will offer
great improvements in sustainability, economics, safety and reliability,
proliferation resistance, and physical protection in comparison to all other
existing commercial reactors throughout the world.
Source: DOE
16 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Generation III+ vs. Generation IV
• Generation III+
– Adapted from proven technology
– Working toward design certification
• Generation IV
– Still in early phases of R&D, mostly expected to be deployable around 2025
– Minimize waste and proliferation concerns
– Some designs could be used in hydrogen generation
17 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Westinghouse AP-1000
• Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
• 1090 MWe capacity
• Passive safety features – no operator action required for 72 hours
• Plant simplification – reduces initial capital cost, and lowers maintenance and inspection cost
18 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
General Electric ESBWR
• Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
• 1380 MWe capacity
• Passive plant safety systems
• Natural circulation replaces recirculation pumps
19 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AELC) ACR-700
• 731 MWe light water cooled evolutionary pressurized reactor
• Based on light water and CANDU heavy water technology
• On-line fueling • Higher thermal efficiency than previous designs
• No reactor vessel • 36 month construction schedule
Source: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
20 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Very-High-Temperature Reactor
• Helium cooled once-through Uranium cycle
• Further in design process than other Gen. IV technologies, estimated deployment by 2020
– Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR), 286 MWe per module
– Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), 165 MWe per module
• Designed for thermochemical hydrogen production, high hydrogen production efficiency with reactor outlet temperatures >950ºC
• Inherent safety features
Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor
PBMR
Pebble Bed
Modular
Reactor (PBMR)