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Sweet genes Sweet genes : New way : New way found by which found by which metabolism is linked to metabolism is linked to the regulation of DNA the regulation of DNA AND DNA 'replication fork' DNA 'replication fork' reconstituted for the reconstituted for the first time first time Ana Cristina Toro Moreno Medical Student 3rd Semester Molecular Biology 2014-02 Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Teacher: Lina Maria Martínez Sánchez

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Sweet genesSweet genes: New way found by : New way found by which metabolism is linked to the which metabolism is linked to the

regulation of DNAregulation of DNAAND

DNA 'replication fork' reconstituted DNA 'replication fork' reconstituted for the first timefor the first time

  Ana Cristina Toro MorenoMedical Student3rd Semester

Molecular Biology 2014-02Universidad Pontificia BolivarianaTeacher: Lina Maria Martínez Sánchez

 

INTRODUCTIONDNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the basis of our genetic code, it contains all the genetic instructions that control cell development and function. Every cell of our body has DNA.

DNA divides , replicating itself, giving two daughter strands, which contain exactly the same genectic instructions as the mother DNA. Then it transcripts into RNA and finally it traduces into proteins. This process is known as the Central Dogma of the genetic information.

The problem remains, in DNA replication. Scientists keep an eye on it, because it is said that most of diseases start in the replication fork, and studying it, may help in the future understand the problems that it can suffer, and help people that has cancer and other diseases to get cure.

DNA ‘REPLICATION FORK’ RECONSTITUDED FOR THE FIRST TIMEJULY 9, 2014– ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY

When a cell divides, it first needs to  make  a  copy  of  its  DNA.  It replicates  into  two  exact daughter copies.

1Replication  is  a semiconservative process (old strand and a new strand).

2

Process that occurs in the S phase of cell cycle

3

REPLICATIONHelped  by  DNA polymerases, enzymes  that  catalyzes  the  union  of dNTP  (deoxyribonucleotids  5’ trifosphates)  to  create  the  daughter DNA strand.

In Eukaryotic cells

         α nucleus

         δ nucleus

ε nucleus

γ mitochondria

         β reparation

Components

• ORI:  located  in  the  middle  of  the  fork (bubble). Recognized by union proteins.

• Replication fork: place  where  replication takes place (the bubble).

• Okazaki fragments:  little  pieces  in discontinuous strand.

• DNA ligase:  responsable  of  the  union  of okazaki fragments.

• Helicase: unwraping  of  the  mother  DNA, breaks  down  hidrogen  bridges  between  the bases.

• Primase: catalyzes formation of primers.• SSDBP: Helps the DNA stabilization in a sigle 

strand.• Topoisomerases: enzymes  that  split  down 

the DNA.• RNAse H: Split down DNA primers.

• PACE 1:  -Recognizing  ORI  by 

helicases.  -Formation  of  the 

fork(bubble).• PACE 2:-Manteining the fork.-SSDBP  binds  to  the 

nucleotids  of  the strand .

• PACE 3:- Synthesis  of  the 

primer.- RNAse H splits the RNA 

primer- Spaces  filled  by  Pol  δ, 

and  fragments  are binded  by  the  DNA ligase.

• PACE 4:-Replication iniciates.

• PACE 5:-Topoisomerases relaxes DNA wrappings.

• PACE 6:-Replacation process is finished. Check out the 

graphic

REPLICATION FORK

• Complex of numerous proteins, one of them called CMG, which unwinds and separates DNA into two individual strands.

• The two strands of double-stranded DNA are complementary, they fit together head to tail (the 5' end to the 3' end), so that the head of one strand is attached to the tail of the other. 

• This  leads  to  a  traffic  problem,  where  the  two  daughter strands  are  created  at  different  paces,  resulting  in  a  leading strand  (Pol  ε)  and  a  lagging  strand  (Pol  δ)  are  being synthesized  in  opposite  directions  (5’-3’  3’-5’ respectively).

• Pol  ε,  does  not  attach  very  well  to  the  DNA  on  its  own.  It requires the presence of the CMG to attach securely. Even in an  excess  of  Pol δ,  CMG  chose  Pol  ε.  Pol δ,  however,  binds very strongly to an accessory protein, the PCNA clamp, a ring shaped  protein  that  encircles  DNA.  Only  when  the  PCNA clamp  is  on  the  lagging  strand  does  Pol  δ strongly  bind  to PCNA. 

OPINION

I my opinion this discovery is a big step in medicine and in  science.  Just  being  able  to  understand  a  little  bit  of how our DNA works is greatful to everyone.If  every  discovery  is  useful  to  fix  processes,  many diseases  could  be  cured,  and  many  people  would improve their quality of life.

SWEET GENES: NEW WAY FOUND BY WHICH METABOLISM IS LINKED TO THE REGULATION OF DNAJULY 3, 2014– UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY

 Histones  are  proteins  that  prevents  the expression  of  genes  and  the  replication  of  DNA, which  are  required  for  cell  growth  and  division, acting  as  spools  around which DNA winds,  creating nucleosomes.

Epigenetic regulation of DNAIs the process by which an Acetyl CoA group is donated to  the  Histones,  so  they  become  acetylated.  This acetylation  relaxes  the  DNA,  allowing  for  DNA replication and gene expression.It  was  known  that  the  enzyme  that  catalyze  this process,  Pyruvate  Dehydrogenase  Complex,  resided only within the mitochondria, but  now we know they discovered that it residedin the nucleus too.

Histone Acetylation

PDC

Generates Acetyl CoA

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Uses carbohydrates from our diet

Energy production 

Histone Acetylation

In my opinion  this  finding  could help  scientists and doctors understand how a disease works,   how fast  it grow, and how can we treat it. This is  great  because  we  are  in  the  “era”  where everyone  is  getting  sick,  so  they  could  save many lives.

MEDICAL UTILITYMEDICAL UTILITYCells  have  DNA,  they  need  it  in  order  to  divide  and grow.  Humans  are  made  of  cells,  DNA  keeps development and reproduction available for us.If  DNA  get  damaged,  it  would  replicate  that  way,  so when  cell  divides,  it  would  have  a  damaged  copy  of DNA. This is how starts a disease.

MEDICAL UTILITYMEDICAL UTILITY

This findings would help understand diseases. For example  with  the  replication  fork,  it  was understood a  little bit of how those enzymes do their  work,  and  discovering  PDC  in  the  nucleus, can  help  us  see  a  little  more  of  how  DNA  get damaged and replicates that way.

If doctors and scientists could stop that, or fix that, people wouldn’t get sick, or maybe  we  can  start  getting  cures  for  some  diseases  like  cancer  and  heart failure.Its  obviously  we  have  genes  that  afects  our  genetics  and  determine  our physiologic  and pathologic  conditions, but  this discoveries,  even  if  they  seem small, they aren’t.  If we could fix a disease just before it starts, it would be the sensation.

MEDICAL UTILITYMEDICAL UTILITY

With  PDC  in  the  nucleus,  cancer  cells  grow  faster. Scientists  could  create  a  drug  that  may  regulate histone acetylation in both mitochondria and nucleus, or a drug that slows down the translocation of the PDC from the mitochondria to the nucleus. This might give time  to  the  pacients  and  to  the  doctors  to  start  an effective  treatment  that  would  stop  cancer  and metastasis.

MEDICAL UTILITYMEDICAL UTILITY• This  findings  have  many 

medical uilities, but most of all  it  gives  us  faith  and determination  to  keep looking  for  the  source  of every disease.

• If we get  to  control genetic and DNA  that  are  the basis of  everything,  we  can control  the  world,  because is us against diseases.

• It  would  help  industry  of nanotechnology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY• MARTÍNEZ  SÁNCHEZ,  Lina  María,  Biología  Molecular,  Séptima  edición, 

Medellín, 2012, págs. 74-84.• http://books.google.com.co/books?

id=bgQ_xyJYkigC&pg=PA50&dq=DNA&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=hUjeU9K1O_XfsASd7YCYCA&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=DNA&f=false (accesed August 1, 2014)

• DNA  ‘replication  fork’  reconstituded  for  the  first  time http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140709100106.htm (accessed July 22, 2014) 

• Sweet  genes:  new  way  found  by  which  metabolism  is  linked  to  the regulation  of  DNA http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140703151821.htm (accessed July 20, 2014) 

• http://books.google.com.co/books?id=sDQYRWEhVroC&pg=PA82&dq=histonas&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=UEneU9LrCu-_sQSis4LIDA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=histonas&f=false (accesed July 30, 2014)