players in coastal hazard management session name: players in coastal hazards management coastal...

Players in Coastal Hazard Management

Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course

• Government• Federal

• State

• Local

• Regional

• Private Landowners and Investors

• Non-Government Organizations

Slide 26.1


• Rights

• Privileges

• Restrictions

• Duties

Slide 26.2

Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks

Rights of Ownership


• The right of possession

• The right to control

• The right of enjoyment

•The right of disposition

Slide 26.3

Limits on Ownership


• Common law restrictions on property uses

• The police power

• Eminent domain

• Property taxation

Slide 26.4

Factors in Coastal Development Decisions


• Demand

• Risk

• Hazards

• Regulation

• Infrastructure

• Time Value of Money

Slide 26.5

Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions


• Public information programs

• Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas

• Policies that require hazard mitigation

• Impact fees for services in hazardous areas

• Density bonuses for projects outside

• Low-cost loans for mitigation

• Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas

• Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas

• Differential loan rates for hazard areasSlide 26.6

Non-Governmental Organizations


• Natural Resources Defense Council

• Sierra Club

• Center for Marine Conservation

• other environmental and public interest groups

Slide 26.7

Non-Governmental Organizations:Land Trusts


• The Nature Conservancy

• Local groups

Slide 26.8

Non-Governmental Organizations:Private Interest Groups


• Investment organizations

• Energy organizations

• Development organizations

Slide 26.9

Non-Governmental Organizations: Professional Associations


• floodplain managers

• emergency managers

• planners/architects

• engineers

• builders

• bankers/insurers

• landscapers

Slide 26.10

Government Coalitions


• chambers of commerce

• leagues of municipalities

• county government leagues

• regional councils of government

Slide 26.11

Third Sector Capabilities


• mobilize public and political support

• shape public opinion

• attract diverse funding

• leverage scarce resources

Slide 26.12

Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal Development


• Withhold government subsidies for development

• Land use planning

• Restrict/prohibit structures

Slide 26.13

Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters


• New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812

• Chicago Fire of 1873

• Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889

• Galveston Hurricane of 1900

• San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906

•Miami Hurricane of 1926

•Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927

•New England Hurricane of 1938

Slide 26.14

Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s


• Disaster loans made available for public facilities

• Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

•Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas

Slide 26.15



• The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk

• More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters

• Hurricane Hazel, 1954

• Hurricane Diana, 1955

• Hurricane Audrey, 1957

Slide 26.16



• Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961

• Natural Disasters:

•Ash Wednesday Storm

•Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami

•Hurricane Betsy

•Hurricane Camille

•National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968

Slide 26.17



• 100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters

• Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979

Slide 26.18

Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and 1990s


• The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question.

• The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters:

•Hurricane Hugo, 1989

•Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989

•Hurricane Andrew, 1992

•Hurricane Iniki, 1992

Slide 26.19

A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery


• James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA

• FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993

• Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain

Slide 26.20

Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s


• Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level

• FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation

• FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities

Slide 26.21

Post September 11th


• Department of Homeland Security created

• FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate

Slide 26.22

Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard?


The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards.

Slide 26.23

State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas


Slide 26.24

• Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas

• Coastal setbacks

• Limit public provision of infrastructure

• Mandatory building codes

• Mandate local planning

Local Land Use Management Tools


Slide 26.25

• comprehensive land use plans

• zoning/subdivision ordinances

• capital improvement programs

• historic district regulations

• land acquisition programs

• targeted taxation assessments

• impact fees

• annexation programs

Disaster Resilient Local Communities


Slide 26.26

• Property tax base located in safe areas

• Property built to withstand natural hazards

• Economically secure

• Financially stable

• Sustainable

Issues of Regional Concern


Slide 26.27

• public policy

• administration

• resource management

• pollution control

• economic development

• other social, political, or environmental concerns

Forms of Regional Governance


Slide 26.28

• regulatory (with or without enforcement powers)

• administrative

• advisory

• voluntary councils/federations

Elements of Success in Regional Governance


Slide 26.29

• authority for implementation

• fiscal autonomy

• legal flexibility in interpreting mandates

• professionalism among staff

• clear goals

• proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions

players in coastal hazard management session name: players in coastal hazards management coastal...

Documents

right of disposition

bundle of sticks slide

groups session

government coalitions

rights of ownership

land trusts session

sector capabilities

hazard areas