platyhelminthes cestoda
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
![Page 2: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CLASS CESTODEA/CESTODA
• Intestinal parasites of humans and other vertebrates.
![Page 3: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Form and Functions
1. Body consist of an anterior attachment organ:a. SCOLEX- Head at the anterior end , equipped with hold fast organ to maintain the position of the parasite in the gut of the host.TYPES:ACETABULUM- cup shaped, circular or oval in outline and with heavy muscular wall; normally 4 per scolex.
![Page 6: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SCOLEX TYPES
BOTHRIDIA- Muscular , projecting sharply from scolex with leaf-like margins. (in Group of 4)
BOTHRIA- Consist of shallow pits or longer grooves. (usually 2 up to 6)
![Page 7: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Form and Functions
b. PROGLOTTIDSc. NECK- Between scolex and proglottid; contains germinal cells that are responsible for budding of new proglottids. d. STROBILA- Consist of a linear series of sets or reproductive organs of both sexes; each set is known as the GENITALIUM
![Page 8: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GENITALIUM
a. APOLYSIS-When mature proglottids detaches and passed intact out the host.
b. PSEUDOAPOLYSIS/ ANOPOLYSIS- Eggs released through gravid segment through uterine pore; segment detaches only when senile or exhausted.
c. HYPERPOLYSIS- Segments shed while immature and lead independent existence.
![Page 10: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Form and Functions
2. Lacks digestive tracts; absorbs all required substance via their tegument with microtriches.3. Nervous system is primarily confined in the scolex, composed of complex set of ganglia with connecting commisures.4. Monoecious, usually protandric, some are gynandric.
![Page 11: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA
• Have scolex with dorsal and ventral longitudinal grooves: BOTHRIA
• Life cycle involve:First Intermediate Host- CrustaceansSecond Intermediate Host- Fish
![Page 12: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Family Diphyllobothrium latum
- Broad fish Tapeworm- Common in fish eating carnivores particularly
in Northern Europe- Lack host specificity; Occours in many canines
and felines, mustelids, pinnipeds, bears and humans.
![Page 14: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mustelids
![Page 15: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
MORPHOLOGY• Can reach to a length of 10 meters and can
shed in the region of one million eggs per day• Anapolytic which means they shed their spent
proglottids.• Scolex is finger-shaped with bothria on the
dorsal and ventral surfaces.• Proglottids are wider than they are long in
numerous testis and vittellaria.• With bilobed ovary
![Page 19: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PATHOGENESIS
• Assmptomatic or have poorly defined symptoms
• Non-specific abdominal symptoms:- Vague abdominal discomfort- Diarrhea- Weakness- Nausea- Pernicious Anemia
![Page 20: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DIAGNOSTICS- Fecalysis – Demo of characteristic egg in the
stoolTREATMENT- Niclosamide;Inhibition of an inorganic
phosphate ATP exchange reaction associated with worms metabolism.
- Praziquantel- Aspidium Oleoresin
![Page 21: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SPARGANOSIS• Has been reported to occur in many countries
but it is most common in eastern Asia. • Human become Intermediate HostINFECTION OCCURS IN SEVERAL WAYS:- Drinking water infected with copepods- Eating raw undercooked second Intermediate
host.- Parasite can penetrate the skin (Broken skin)- Direct contact with Infected vertebrates
![Page 22: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SPARGANUM LARVA
• Wrinkled, whitish ribbon-shaped organism, a few mm and up to several cm long.
• Cxommon site is subcutaneous tissue and fascia of;
Abdominal WallThoracic WallLower LimbsNeck & Scrotum
![Page 23: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Symptoms
• Cerebral Sparganosis: Headache, generalized seizure, Hemiparesis, Dysarthria, Tonic/Clonic seizure, Hemianopsia, Focal Seizure, Mental retardation.
• Subcutaneous Sparganosis: Palpable mass that is migrating or fixed, Indolent, redness, Itchy; can be complicated by abscess formation and cutaneous hemorrhage.
![Page 24: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TREATMENT
• Surgical removal• Praziquantel
![Page 27: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
• With single, compact vitelline gland• Scolex with 4 suckers• Rostellum armed with hooks• Tapeworm of birds and mammals
![Page 28: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Family Taeniidae
• Where the largest cyclophyllideans are• Mammals serve as intermediate host• Rostellum is armed and non retractable;
numerous testes; bilobed mass ovary near the posterior end .
![Page 29: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Taeniarrhyncus saginatus
• “Beef tapeworm”• Most common taeniid in humansMORPHOLOGYLack rostellum or any scolex armature10-15 feet (can reach 75 ft.) as many as 2000
proglottid each wormWith four powerful suckers, followed by long
slender neck.
![Page 30: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CYTICERCUS/ BLADDER WORM
• White, pearly; 10 mm in diameter with single invaginated scolex causes Cysticercosis Bovis
• Cysticercus can survive for several years in the animal.
• Human become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat.
• In human intestine, the cysticercus develops over 2 months into adult tapeworm and can survive more than 30 years.
![Page 33: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PATHOLOGY
• Adult worms in humans cause no serious symptoms
Vague abdominal discomfortHunger painsChronic indigestion/ dispepsiaLoss of appetiteVerminous intoxication
Dizziness, Headache, Abdominal pain, Nausea
![Page 34: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Diagnosis
• Fecalysis– Egg identification and examination of the scolex or
gravid proglottid.
![Page 35: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tainea solium
• “Pork Tapeworm”• Most potentially dangerous to humans,
possibly of self infection with cysticerci.Morphology:Adult with non retractable scolex with 2 circles
of 22-23 hooksScolex is spheroid and smallerStrobila: 6 to 10 ft. cans reach as long as 30 ft.
![Page 36: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CYSTICERCOSIS
• Infection occurs when the tapeworm larvae enter the body and form cysticerci:
a) Ingestion of food, water contaminated with pork tapeworm egg, or putting contaminated fingers to mouth .
b) Person who has a tapeworm infection can reinfect themselves; gravid proglottid may migrate from lower intestines to stomach or doudenum.
![Page 38: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Once inside the stomach , the tapeworm egg hatches , penetrates the intestine, travels trough blood stream and may develop into cysticerci in the subcutaneous tissue, muscles, brain, eyes, heart, liver, lungs.
![Page 39: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TYPES
• SUBCUTANEOUS CYST– Easily palpated, lipomas
• Management (surgical removal)
• OCULAR CYSTICERCOSIS– May cause irreparable damage to retina, iris uvea or
choroid.– Visual difficulties that fluctuate with eye position– Decrease in visual acuity– Retinal detachment, edema, hemorrhage, or vasculitis
![Page 41: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SUBCUTANEOUS CYST
![Page 42: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
OCULAR CYSTICERCOSIS
![Page 43: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS (NCC)– Symptoms are vague, rarely diagnose except in autopsy– Clinical manifestations are:
• Seizures (80%)• Headache (40%)• Visual changes (20%)• Confusion (15%)• Ataxia (5%), (Psychosis 5%)• S/S of Hydrocephalus• Decrease GCS• Increase ICP
![Page 44: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• MUSCLES– Majority are asymptomatic– May give rise to MYOSITIS with accompanying
fever and eosinophilia– PSEUDOHYPERTROPHY- Rare because of
autoimmune response• Process- Swelling then leading to atrophy then become
fibrotic.
![Page 46: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• DIAGNOSIS– Imaging study: CT scan, MRI– Serum analysis- Presence of cysticercosis antibody• False positive in some places that are endemic
– CSF analysis
![Page 48: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TREATMENT
• Plaziquantel• Albendazole• Prednisone- to supress excessive immune response• Hydrocephalus- VP shuntCONTROLSanitation- Universal precautionCooking pork meat properlyProper storage of meat
![Page 49: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Echinococcus multilocularis
• Boreal in distribution: In Europe, Asia, North America.
• ADULT- Parasites of foxes (Felines, Coyotes and Canines may also serve as definitive host)
• HYDATID CYST: In small rodents also wolves, lemmings and mice.
![Page 50: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Characteristics:– 1.2-1.3 mm long– 15-30 testes located posterior to cirrus pouch– Hydatid larvae: with thin outer wall that grows and
infiltrates processes into sorrounding host tissue: ALVEOLAR or MULTILOCULAR HYDATID
– In humans, pieces of the cyst sometimes breaks off and metastasize to other parts of the body.
– Dogs are the most common source of infections to humans.
![Page 51: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
E. vogeli
• Parasites of canids in Central and South America
• Rarely cause hydatidosis in humans; but dogs are the source of human infection.
• Polycystic (alveolar) in humans but produce relatively large, fluid filled vesicles with numerous protoscolices
• Natural intermediate host: Rodent (Paca)
![Page 53: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
GENUS ECHINOCOCCUS
• Pathogenesis: Hydatidosis– Depend on type and extent of pathology– Hydatid effects may not be apparent for many yrs.
(up to 20 yrs.)– As size of hydatid increases it crowds adjacent
host tissues and interferes with their normal developmental functions
![Page 55: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• In Bone Marrow– Growth restricted to internal space resulting to
chronic internal pressure necrosis of bone; bone becomes thin and fragile leading to spontaneous fracture.
• In Unrestricted Areas:– May become enormous, accumulate a large
amount of fluid (HYDATID FLUID) may rupture, cause sudden death.
![Page 57: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Anaphylactic shock:– Protienaceous hydatid fluid induces adverse host
reaction.• Pulmonary Cysts:– When ruptures in bronchioles severe allergic
reaction symptoms and coughing with production of blood flecked fluid.
![Page 58: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
• Diagnosis– Routine medical x-ray, UTZ– Surgical exploration and aspiration for possible
hydatid sand– Serological test: ELISA, IHA, EIA, IFA
• Treatment– Surgery– Albendazole
![Page 59: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Family Hymenolepidea
• Small number of testes (1-4)• Unilateral genital pores• Large external seminal vesicle
![Page 60: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Vamperolepsis nana
• Dwarf tapeworm • Probably the most abundant tapeworm in the world
commonly found in young children• Infection rates vary widely with less than 1% of the
North American population being infected, while other Hot spots specially developing countries estimated that over 90% of the population are infected.
• Produces only mild symptoms of intestinal discomfort.
![Page 61: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Morphology:1. Adult: Approximate length 35mm. The
tapeworms body (strobilla) consist of proglottids in various stages of development• The scolex has four suckers and an armed retractable
rostellum with only one row of hooks (about 20-30 hooks)
• Neck long and slender , proglottids are wider than long• Genital pores, unilateral, each mature segment with 3
testes
![Page 62: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
2. Egg: 40-70 um in diameter; with presence of polar filaments in t6he area between the outside shell and the internal larva.
3. Oncosphere: Covered with thin, outer hyaline membrane and an inner thick membrane with polar thickenings with several
filament.
![Page 63: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Platyhelminthes cestoda](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062218/58e9ef261a28ab9c208b5611/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• PATHOLOGY– Little pathology associated with this parasite unless it
trough autoinfection.• Symptoms:
– Abdominal Pain– Diarrhea – Headache and dizziness– Anorexia– Various non specific symptoms
– TREATMENT• Niclosinamide• Praziquantel