Annual Review

Plastics

RAYMOND B. SEYMOUR

N e w applications, coupled with major advances

in pobmer science, technology, and education,

contributed heavily to 7965’s record production

o f 72 billion pounds worth $2.5 billion

omestic production of synthetic polymers exceeds D that of all nonferrous metals. Almost 12 billion pounds of plastics, 4 billion pounds of elastomers, and 3.5 billion pounds of fibers were synthesized in the U.S.A. last year. The use of synthetic elastomers exceeds that of the natural product, and it is anticipated that synthetic fibers will account for more than Soy0 of all fibers used by 1970.

Low density polyethylene, vinyl polymers, and styrene plastics are being produced at an annual rate of over 2 billion pounds each and account for over 5Oy0 of all plastics production. The production of nylon, phenolic resins, and high density polyethylene will exceed a billion pounds annually in the very near future. I t is anticipated that the growth of the entire plastics industry will exceed 6% this year. This will be the fourteenth year of record production for this indus- try.

Approximately 750 million pounds of plastics were consumed in Canada last year. Other record produc- tion includes: West Germany, 2 million metric tons; United Kingdom, 950 thousand metric tons; Italy, 850 thousand metric tons; France, 680 thousand metric tons; and Austria, 135 thousand metric tons.

The press carried accounts of spectacular sales of elastomeric species called “superballs” and the discovery of a lost atomic bomb by Alvin, a reinforced plastic submarine. The Astros played baseball and the Cougars played football on synthetic turf of polyurethane foam with a green nylon fiber surface.

The heart pump used by Dr. DeBakey at the Houston Medical Center consisted of woven polyester fibers,

reinforced nylon tubing, silicone rubber, a nylon velour lining adhered by silastic, and an acrylic housing. A process developed at Battelle Memorial Institute makes possible the fabrication of synthetic nonthrombogenic internal organs from hepatized styrene polymer with quaternary ammonium sites.

These and other advances are monuments to the many scientists and engineers associated with polymer tech- nology. Over 8000 chemists are members of the Poly- mer, Rubber, and Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemis- try divisions of the American Chemical Society. Chemical Abstracts contained over 6500 abstracts of articles on high polymers in 1965.

Nineteen universities are offering more than 20 credits in polymer science courses. Six of these institu- tions grant the Ph.D. degree to those majoring in this

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field. Over 200 Ph.D. degrees in polymer science have been granted by Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.

A project a t Purdue University demonstrated that rats do not eat plastic garbage cans. Researchers a t Pennsylvania State University used resins and carbonized Saran to separate hydrocarbons. The name of the Institute of Rubber Research at the University of Akron was changed to the more universal Institute of Polymer Science. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute has cooperated in the establishment of a polymer sample bank.

New information has been provided on polymer testing ( 7 7A), the analysis and fractionation of polymers (8A), the use of zinc additives (7A), and the electrical proper- ties of plastics (9A). Semiconductive products have been obtained by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile (7A) and by heating tetracyanoethylene with quinoline (73A).

The use of plastics in nuclear engineering (ZA), solid rocket power plants (IOA), and foundries (4A) has been described. Polyfluorocarbons are being used success- fully as heat exchangers (12A) . Shipping crates are being constructed from ethylene-propylene copolymers

Both nylon and polypropylene are being used for strapping to hold articles together during shipping. Plastic fences and plastic seaweed are being used to reduce shoreline erosion. “Fog brooms” consisting of nylon filaments on a revolving frame are being used in large scale tests.

New information on the crystalline behavior of poly- mers is available (14A) . The folding of polymer chains to form broad surfaces of lamellae is nucleation con- trolled (6A). An early history of plastics has been published (3A) .

Plastics Structures

( 5 4

The increased use of plastics in building is helping to counter cost increases resulting from inflation and higher labor rates. The demand for tradesmen trained in the installation of classical materials is decreasing but there is a shortage of tradesmen skilled in the application of the newer materials.

The automobile and mobile homes industries and the Department of Defense have pioneered in the use of

. new functional materials. Engineering plastics have replaced die cast zinc and other nonplastic materials for dashboards, instrument clusters, and fender extensions. Over 100 million pounds of vinyl upholstery and 15 million pounds of polyvinylbutyral windshield interfacing were used in 1966 model automobiles. The success story of the reinforced plastic Corvette body has pro- vided long time test service data. The Chapparal with similar construction broke an all-time speed record at Nassau. Similar construction is being used for hoods, truck cabs, and railroad cars. Underbodies and entire car bodies have been fabricated by thermoforming acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer sheet. As a result of these unprecedented successes, it is antici- pated that 100 lb. of plastics will be used in each 1970 model automobile.

Reinforced plastic simulators are being used to train Polaris missile launching crews. Fibrous glass roving impregnated with polyester resin is being used to provide “Instant Heliports.” Superstructures of comparable construction have replaced classical radar-visible super- structures of PGM-84 class patrol gunboats. NASA has developed a 32,000-lb. composite rocket nozzle capable of withstanding a temperature of 5000’ F.

The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) representing 1300 communities in 44 states and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) has ap- proved rigid vinyl siding for residential construction. The latter bureau has also approved the use of poly- styrene foam-paper laminate as lath board. Shutters of acrylic coated nylon and vinyl coated ABS copolymer are now available (5B). A 30,000-unit garden apart- ment development near Princeton, N. J., used rigid vinyl gutters and drain spouts and 18 million sq. ft. of siding of this plastic material.

Almost 3 billion pounds of plastics are being used annually in building construction, and it is expected that this use will double by 1970 (7B). Nevertheless, this projected volume will represent less than 1 70 of the total cost of construction.

More design knowledge is needed to predict long time performance comparable to that of classical materials of construction (2B). I t has been suggested that param- eters influencing the behavior of finished parts be defined and that these be used to develop significant tests ( 9 B ) .

The need for better design knowledge was illustrated by the failure of a 6.5-ft.-diameter cross-linked polystyrene random antenna after 30 months of service at Westfield, Mass. Significant test development is illustrated by the constant pressure stress-crack testing unit used to measure serviceability of blown plastic bottles ( I IB). Design and stress analysis data have been developed for mobile reinforced plastic tanks (3B). Almost all of the 150,000 mobile homes constructed last year were equipped with ABS plumbing.

Fortunately, there are few limitations on the size of a plastic structure. A ‘/2-inch thick rigid vinyl sheet, 29 in. in width and 31.5 in. in length, has been injection molded on a screw injection-type press. Large nylon objects may be formed on the job site by the ionic polym- erization of lactams (8B) or by the rotational molding of finely divided polymer ( 72B).

Standard process equipment fabricated from filament wound polyester or epoxy resin impregnated fibrous glass is available. This technique was used to construct a 68,000-gal. capacity formaldehyde storage tank at Port Moody, B. C., Canada. A comparable technique

AUTHOR Raymond B. Seymour received the Western Plastics award for his contributions to research and education in polymer science. He is Associate Professor of Polymer Chemistry and Associate Director of Research at the University of Houston, Houston, Tex. He has written the annual review on Plastics for INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY since 7950.

62 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Shown here are some of the parts manufactured f o r golf carts and industrial plant vehicles. The parts are made of glassjber reinforced plastic

was used to construct one-room prototype dwellings at the University of Michigan.

Panels with an area of 33,000 sq. ft. were used in the construction of a domed sports arena in Watford, England. A reinforced plastic planetarium dome 33 ft. in diameter was constructed a t Melbourne, Australia. A 250-ft. tall reinforced plastic stack is also in service

Acrylic sheet plastics have proved serviceable and their use continues. An 80-ft. circular acrylic dome was used to enclose a swimming pool at the Sheraton Hotel at French Lick, Ind. A “bubble” green house was con- structed from 108 X 100 ft. of thread reinforced poly- ethylene sheets. Mosaics on billboards are being made from colored polyethylene squares.

Plastics are also being used as sealants (70B), as epoxy resin cements (6B), and as additives for hydraulic cement mortars. A nine-level office building in Midland, Mich., was faced with brick joined by polymer latex reinforced mortar.

Progress in nonresidential construction includes 70,000 sq. ft. of fire retardant reinforced plastic panels in a 52- story assembly building near Cape Kennedy and a 180- ft. tall sign at Las Vegas. The latter, constructed from 24,000 sq. ft. of reinforced plastic panels, was guaranteed for 15 years.

(#a.

Design problems in the construction of reinforced plastic deep submersible vehicles have been discussed (7B). The US. Navy is building additional rescue submarines 44 ft. long and 8 ft. in diameter with glass fiber reinforced outer hulls.

Containers and Vessels

Progress in space exploration is also dependent on adequately designed plastic capsules, nose cones, and fuel cells. The 500-lb. polystyrene fuel cell in Geminis 6 and 7 replaced a 1900-lb. silver-zinc battery. The astronauts’ food and waste were stored in packages of laminated nylon, polytrifluorochloroethylene, and polyethylene films.

Heavy duty woven polypropylene is used for feed and grain bags and for sand bags in jungle warfare (4C). Gasoline tanks for the 1966 Ford Broncos were rotationally molded by the anionic polymerization of caprolactam. Tanks for washing machines are now being injection molded.

An emergency water supply tank with a capacity of 70,000 gal. was constructed by assembling 4-ft. square reinforced plastic panels in East Greenwich, London.

A lagoon for storage of 4.7 million gallons of black paper plant liquor was constructed by lining the ex-

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cavated area with polyvinyl chloride coverings (3C). A tank for storage of 12,000 gal. of hydrochloric acid

at Brunswick, Ga., was constructed by filament winding 1300 miles of phenolic resin impregnated fibrous glass. The weight of reinforced plastic storage tanks has been decreased by using polypropylene fibers in place of glass.

Milk containers may be blown from polyethylene or thermoformed from high impact polystyrene. About 300 dairies are now using plastic milk bottles (7C). Equipment is now available for blow molding, filling, and sealing plastic bottles in one integral operation at a rate of up to 650 one-quart bottles per hour.

Over a billion bottles were blown from high density polyethylene last year. New vinyl chloride copolymers may be blown at a lower temperature which is satis- factory for use with FDA approved stabilizers. I t has been predicted that over a billion polyvinyl chloride bottles will be used by 1970 (2C).

Permachor values (permeability properties versus surface area, wall thickness, and storage life) have been reported for a large variety of liquids in plastic bottles (6C). I t has already been shown that many drugs may be stored satisfactorily in polyethylene containers (5C).

Composites

It has been estimated that the annual production of plastic composites in the U. S. is about 7 billion pounds (370). Cellulose and asbestos account for over 80y0 of these reinforcing materials. About 1.5 billion pounds of glass fibers were produced in 1965.

Fibrous glass was used to reinforce the hood of the Comet cyclone automobile which received a merit award at the 1966 Conference of the Reinforced Plastics Division of the Society of the Plastics Industry. This type of reinforcement will be used in much of the 400 million pounds of reinforced plastics produced this year (240). Boats, transportation, and construction account for over GO% of the total use of this type composite.

The increased interest in reinforced thermoplastics has resulted in the formation of a reinforced thermo- plastics division of SPI. Ground glass filled poly- urethane composites are being used on flight deck areas of aircraft carriers. Solid propellant rockets consist of composites of ammonium perchlorate, aluminum, and polybutadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid (PBAN) ter- polymer.

Oil extended epoxy resins with aggregates are being tested as road patching materials on California high- ways. Filled polyester resins are being used for indus- trial flooring (470) and for the repair of autobahns in Germany (220). Syntactic foams, consisting of hollow glass spheres and epoxy resin, are being used in under- water applications (350).

Approximately 8 million pounds of furfuryl alcohol foundry resins are used annually but are being replaced by alkyd based isocyanate resins. The properties of wood are improved by the y-radiation polymerization of methyl methacrylate in situ (440), Large polyester preimpregnated laminates have been cured by irradia-

tion with ultraviolet light. The properties of hydraulic cements have been improved by the addition of polymers (540) and synthetic fibers (720).

The installation of reinforced plastic seats in buses and subway trains by the New York Transportation System resulted in an annual savings of over $350,000. A portable turntable is being used for on-site construction of filament wound reinforced plastic tanks in sizes up to 250,000 gal.

The filament winding process for the production of heavy duty pressure vessels has been reviewed (78D), and new design and engineering data have been pre- sented (20, 6 0 ) . In one study 11 different resins were used with three different types of fibrous glass to obtain hydroburst data for the design of filament wound com- posite vessels (80).

Since progress in composite technology depends to a large extent on a better knowledge of adhesion, attempts have been made to develop more information on the chemistry of glass-resin interfaces (750, 380, 550).

The strength of metal filled epoxy resins and other reinforced plastics is improved by the addition of silane coupling agents (480). The moisture resistance of filled polyesters has been improved by hydrolysis of chlorosilane coated fillers (760).

Dynamic studies have shown that the relative ad- hesion of different fibers with resins was similar for all resins investigated (790). Inert fillers decrease plastic deformation but have little effect on the glass tempera- ture (570). Stress-strain properties are a function of the content of reinforcing filler (300). The effect of fillers on peel strength of polyurethanes (340) and on internal stresses of epoxy resins (420) has been reported.

A linear relationship between mechanical properties and the reciprocal of particle size has been demonstrated ( ID , 740). Kew information has been published on the effect of fillers on surface behavior of coating resins (460) and phenolic moldings ( 7 7 0 ) .

Other reports include limestone fillers, the effect of variables on plastic properties (70, 730, 320, 450), and the effect of cryogenic temperatures on fibrous glass reinforced epoxy resins (520). Differential thermal analysis has been used to determine filler content (270 , 360).

The effect of particle size of whiting filler on PVC has been investigated (280). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the effect of fillers on properties of plasticized vinyl resins (260). The flow of sealants may be controlled by the addition of colloidal silica. The dispersion of this filler in liquid resins has been studied (400).

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate bond- ing of resins to glass fiber surfaces (700). The change in electrical volume resistivity has been used to monitor the curing of reinforced plastics (770). Other tests for determining the resin advancement of asbestos phenolics have also been evaluated (430).

The role of various organic peroxides in the production of free radicals for cross-linking polyester resins has been discussed (250). The diffusion of gases through filled

64 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

polymers has been investigated (200). The physical properties of composites have been determined from an evaluation of Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) rings ( 4 0 ) and by using polarized light for motion photography of the test specimens (270).

A new styrene compatible low molecular weight resin derived from bisphenol A tolerates more filler and liquid monomer than general purpose polyesters. Other developments include a glass fiber reinforced molding compound ( 9 0 ) and one-package cements which re- lease catalyst from molecular sieves when water is added. Fillers containing curing agents for polyester resins are also available.

Facilities have been provided for the production of boron nitride, silicon carbide, boron, stainless steel, and graphite filaments. The latter has a maximum tensile strength of 400,000 p.s.i. and retains 4oy0 of this strength at 4800’ F. Resistance of these fibers to oxidation has been increased by coating with silicon carbide. Woven carbon filament fabric is also available. The properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resins have been re- ported (370).

Ceramic fibers have been produced by wet spinning a dispersion of the oxide in viscose solution and pyrolyzing the resultant filament. Silicon carbide filaments have been obtained by the vapor deposition of crystalline silicon carbide on very fine tungsten wire.

New data on the use of single filaments in composite research have been published (50 , 330). The potential of single crystals (“whiskers”) may be verified with model systems. Unidirectional solidification yields whiskers with anisotropic properties (390) . A small rocket case has been produced by filament winding boron in an epoxy-resin matrix. Alumina coated silica fibers have been used to reinforce epoxy resins

High temperature curing of laminates may be facili- tated by use of at least one graphite laminate layer as an internal resistance heating unit (30). The strength of alumina-epoxy resin composites has been increased 100% by the addition of less than 1% of y-aminopropyl- triethoxy silane.

Filled thermoplastics have been accepted as engineer- ing materials and have replaced thermosetting resins in some applications. A nine-pound instrument panel on one 1966 model automobile was injection molded from fibrous glass filled styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers.

Reinforced polycarbonates (500) , ABS, nylon 6, cellulose esters, polysulfones, and polypropylene are available (290, 490, 530) . Glass reinforced poly- ethylene-terephthalate molding resin is available. The chemical analysis of reinforced polyethylene has been described (230). Present annual production of thermo- plastic composites is less than 10 million pounds but it is anticipated that more than 50 million pounds will be produced in 1970.

Sheet and Film

(470).

Over one billion pounds of plastic film and sheet were produced last year. Increased interest in functional

packaging, new techniques, and reduced costs should cause this volume to double by 1970. New techniques include injection molding of large panels, improvements in deep vacuum drawing of plastic sheet, and the con- tinuo- casting of acrylic sheet.

Over 100 million pounds of acrylic sheet were pro- duced last year, but extruded sheet is more readily formed (9E). A protective roof of cast acrylic sheet was used to enclose a 20-ft. wide mall area in Marin County, Calif. New information has been published on welding techniques (73E), and ultrasonic welding units are com- mercially available (7E).

Over 30 million pounds of polyester film were pro- duced last year. Composites used for shoe uppers have been shown to possess stress-strain properties comparable to tanned leather (2E). A new process modifies poly fluorocarbon film so that its surface resembles various fibrous products.

The addition of a nucleating agent assures the produc- tion of transparent polypropylene films. Isotactic polypropylene sheet has been used as stationery (823). Difficulties associated with the delamination of laminated film may be solved by new adhesive tests (77E). The apparent second-order transition of polymer film may be measured by a modified Instrom tester (10E).

The bonding properties of polyolefin or polyfluoro- carbon sheet may be improved by the surface action of helium or neon after passing through a glow discharge tube. Heat shrinkage polyfluorocarbon tubing is avail- able in continuous lengths. I t may be flame welded to metal rolls to provide nonsticking surfaces.

The weather resistance of nylon films has been im- proved by the addition of inorganic halides (6E). Pre- packaged foods may be cooked in nylon packages. Thermoplastic polyurethane films are being applied on many different substrates (3E).

The body shell, underbody, and doors of the revived Cord automobile and the body of the Bordinat Cobra are thermoformed from ABS sheet plastic. Car bodies have also been vacuum formed from 7-ft. wide ABS sheet. I t is customary to assemble the two half bodies by adhesive welding.

A racing car with this type body won the American 3-liter championship. Other prototypes have been exhibited throughout the world by one of the manu- facturers of ABS copolymers. New technical informa- tion has been published on high impact styrene sheet (5E). Phenoxy polyethylene composite film has im- proved moisture vapor transmission properties.

A large number of cooling towers have been fabri- cated from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet in Japan. Properties of PVC sheet may be modified by blending with ABS copolymer (7E). Sheets of acrylonitrile rubber-PVC blend are available with proportions of components ranging from high impact PVC to vinyl reinforced rubber.

I t has been estimated that over 15 million square feet of extruded PVC building panels will be used in 1970. Both unfilled and asbestos reinforced PVC sheet is being extruded (4E, 72E). Six million yards of shiny textile-

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grade PVC sheet will be produced this year if present fashion trends continue.

Protective Coatings

In spite of the use of many paint-free surfaces which require little maintenance, coatings sales continue to improve and will approach $2.5 billion this year. The trend toward latex paints continues and it has been estimated that they will account for 50y0 of the total production in the near future.

Primer coats and experimental overcoats on auto- mobiles are now electrodeposited from aqueous polymer dispersions. Polyurethane coatings of this type are available for coating textiles, paper, and leather. Poly- urethane was used as the protective lining for 50-ft. long fuel tanks on the C-130 military jet aircraft. This polymer has shown promise for cryogenic applications (76F).

Coatings on nonconductive substrates may be cured rapidly by electron beams. Polymerization in situ may also occur when monomer vapor is deposited in the presence of an induction coil discharge ( IZF) . An imidazole (2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole) has been used to cure epoxy resin coatings. Polymercaptans are being used for thick coatings and sealants.

A hydrophobic polymer with carboxyl end groups is being used as a glass windshield coating to maintain visibility in rainy weather. Cellular polyethylene wire coatings are formed in situ by the volatilization of residual xylene at elevated temperatures. Over 20 million pounds of cross-linked polyethylene wire coating are produced annually. I t is anticipated that over 75 million pounds of this type wire and cable covering will be produced in 1970.

Over 30 million pounds of polyolefin coatings are being applied annually as finely divided polymer (79F, 21F) . Powdered PVC resin is being bonded to epoxy- acrylic-phenolic primed metal wire by heating at 500" to 1000" F. PVC coatings formulated with an adhesion promoting plasticizer may be applied directly to steel and other metal surfaces. Copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl isobutyl ether are also available for coatings.

Modern coating technology is based on physical- chemical principles (IOF). Adhesion tests for under- water cured epoxy resins have been described (8F) . The physical and chemical nature of vinyl coatings (73F) and organosol-plastisol technology has been reviewed (75F) . New information has also been published on selection (78F), wear resistance (6F) , and transitions in oxidative aging of coatings ( 7 IF ) .

Fibrous glass reinforced acrylic resin was used as a protective coating on the suspension cables of the Bid- well Bay Bridge in California. Ground glass filled polyurethane coatings are being used on aircraft carrier flight decks (5F) . Polyurethane-epoxy adducts have been used for patching and coating applications (77F). The use of epoxy (3F), acrylic (ZF), phenolic (4F) , epoxy-coal tar (9F), and asphaltic and coal tar coatings ( IF , 7F, 7 4 4 ZOF) has been reviewed.

Plastic Pipe

In spite of opposition by the plumbers' union, the Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute, and the Hon. Robert E. Sweeney, U. S. representative from Ohio, the use of plastic pipe for drain, waste and vent (DWV), and other applications continues to grow. The question of fire hazard raised by Mr. Sweeney was answered by scientists at the University of California at Berkeley, who demon- strated that ABS pipe does not tend to transmit fire into stud space. As a result, FHA has not altered its use of Materials Bulletin UM 33 (1961) which specifies condi- tions for use of ABS pipe. The use of this pipe in DWV service is described in federal specification L-P-00322.

Over 200 million pounds of thermoplastic pipe and fittings were used last year. The principal demand was for small diameter pipe, but PVC pipe up to 20 in. in diameter is being extruded from dry blends of PVC (6G). In addition to the much publicized plastic drain pipe (5G), over 50,000 miles of plastic potable water pipe and over 1500 miles of plastic gas pipelines were installed last year ( IG , 7G). Unusual applications include the use of sodium filled polyethylene tubing for electrical conducting cable and a 4360-meter continuous poly- ethylene pipeline laid under Lake Malaren near Sigluna, Sweden.

New information is available on pipe design ( I I G ) , rupture tests for pipe (7OG) and welded joints (3G), and PVC pipe technology (9G). Plastic pipe fittings molded around a metal ring may be heat welded by induction heating. The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) has issued a large number of speci- fications on plastic pipe fittings.

Vinyl plastisol continues to be used for joining ceramic sewer pipe but urethane elastomers now are used for about 33y0 of these type joints. Stainless steel pipe is being joined with epoxy cement.

Techniques for the joining of reinforced plastic pipe have been described (8G). This type of pipe may be produced continuously by use of radio frequency curing. An unusual plastic pipe was fabricated by covering a 225-ft. cast iron water main with fibrous glass reinforced polyester resin (ZG) . Experience with reinforced plastic piping has been recorded (4G). One of the larger in- stallations was a one-mile, 20-in., filament wound poly- ester pipe designed to be used in a sewage treatment plant at Seattle.

Cellular Plastics

Over 500 million pounds of cellular plastics were used last year. I t is anticipated that over a billion pounds will be produced in 1970 and that polystyrene and rigid polyurethane will account for over 50% of the total production ( 7 H ) . Much of this volume will be used for packaging. Avocados and eggs are already being shipped in cellular containers. I t has been esti- mated that a billion egg cartons will be made by thermo- forming polystyrene foam sheets in 1972.

Because of its thermal insulation properties, poly- urethane foam was used to insulate the 25-story Chatham

66 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Towers in New York and to insulate barges carrying liquid ammonia. Its buoyancy property was used to float the U.S.S. Knox which was grounded on a reef off the coast of China and to salvage the Lumberjack from 60 ft. below the surface in Humboldt Bay, Calif. Sixty thousand pounds of urethane were formed in situ in the hold of the Lumberjack. Seventy tons of polystyrene foam beads were pumped as an aqueous slurry to float a 2750- ton ship sunk in 48 ft. of water in Kuwait Harbor.

New economic (3H) and technical (7H, ZH) data on cellular plastics have been compiled. Information on the art of molding polyurethane foam (8H) and the use of cellular plastics for packaging (5H) has been published. Hydroxy and carboxy terminated polybutadienes which react with diisocyanates are available. More uniform polyurethane foam may be obtained by using silicone- glycol copolymers as surfactants.

A rigid foam may be produced by heating high density polyethylene containing azobisformamide and organic peroxides. p-Toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide may also be used for the high temperature foaming of thermoplastics. The relationship of load bearing properties to composi- tion of polyurethane foams has been investigated (4H). New information on flame retardant cellular products has been published (6H). Equipment is now available for the production of cellular polystyrene board in widths up to 4 ft. at a rate of 60 ft. per minute.

Plastics vs. Corrosion

The reduction in corrosion costs has resulted in part from the increased use of plastics for corrosion resistant applications. Polyfluorocarbon fibers are being used as a filter for hot chlorine gas. The copolymer of nitrosomethane and tetrafluoroethylene is being used in nitrogen tetroxide service.

The advantages of using fibrous glass reinforced plas- tics for petroleum tank bottoms (20J) and aluminum silicate filled PVC (8.4 in corrosive environment have been discussed. New information on the protection of offshore structures has been supplied ( 7 7 4 .

New information on the use of polypropylene (22J, 27.J)) chlorinated polyether (74J), and epoxy and poly- ester resins (374 is available. Finely divided poly- ethylene has been used as a fusible protective coating in the laboratory and for the fabrication of corrosion resistant equipment (261). New chemical resistance data have been compiled for corrosion us. coatings (SJ, 374 , reinforced plastic pipe (72J, 73J), plastic mor- tars (24.J)) and epoxyacrylate resins (79J).

Investigations on the environmental stress cracking of polyethylene (33J) have been continued, and a relation- ship between extrusion processing and this effect has been demonstrated (7J). Stability curves for epoxy resins in corrosive service have been devised (6J) , and simulated service tests for plastics have been developed ( 2 5 4 .

Critical strain (35J) and optical tests (75.4 have been proposed for the evaluation of crazing. Infrared spec- troscopy (30J) and sorption measurements (2J) have been used to study the hydrolytic degradation of poly-

mers. Other techniques include the diffusion of pene- trants (704, depth of penetration (7J), creep rupture behavior (23J), static fatigue (3J) , flexural modulus strength retention ( 4 4 , and changes in flexural modulus and Barcol hardness (27J).

Other investigators have studied the pyrolysis of thermoplastics in corrosive environment ( 76J) and polymer-solvent interaction parameters (32J). A com- prehensive summary of chemical reactions of polymers has been published (9J).

Reactions of PVC and triethyl phosphite (344 and 1,4-polyisoprene and H X reactants (78J) have been investigated. Other reactions studied include the preferential attack of amorphous polyethylene by nitric acid (77J, 28J, 29J) and x-ray and infrared spectro- scopic data on the effect of acetyl chloride on the fine structure of cellulose (36J).

Plastics VI. Weather

The effect of sunlight and weathering factors on poly- mers is of great economical importance. Almost a million pounds of ultraviolet light stabilizers are used annually but photolytic degradation continues to be a problem. The principles associated with polymer stability have been stated (78K), and relationships be- tween structure and performance have been demon- strated (79K).

The Manufacturing Chemists’ Association has spon- sored a project for the investigation of weathering at the National Bureau of Standards. Other investigations have included accelerated tests (ZK), polymerizable stabilizers (7K, 5K), and statistical correlations between the effect of indoor light and outdoor weathering of rigid PVC (27K).

Factors influencing stress cracking ( 7 7K), actinic degradation of fibers (26K), importance of free radicals in degradation processes (6K), and problems associated with the weathering of polymer (4K) have been dis- cussed. Yellowing is associated with the weathering of polyamides ( 77K) and polystyrene. Color formation and spectroscopy have been used to identify carbonyl groups resulting from photolytic degradation (9K). The yellowness index (ASTM D1925) may be used to show the superiority of acrylic plastics in outdoor ex- posure (25K).

The weathering of glass reinforced plastics (ZZK), neopentyl glycol polyesters (3K), epoxy resins (23K), and polysulfides (72K) has been studied. New informa- tion is available on the photolytic degradation of poly- alpha methylstyrene (7K) and polystyrene (8K, 73K, ?4K, 28K). Impact tests have been used to test the weatherability of rigid polymers (20K) and their resist- ance to rain erosion (70K). I t has been suggested that weathering tests on polyolefins be made with stressed specimens (27K).

Photolytic degradation of acetal polymers causes surface crazing and a reduction in insulation resistance (75K). Biological degradation is responsible for the pink staining of PVC (24K) and for much deterioration of polymers in temperate and tropical climates (76K).

V O L . 5 8 NO. a A U G U S T 1 9 6 6 67

Plastics VI. Temperature

Present re-entry systems depend on ablative properties of their composite heat shields. New information on this subject includes the investigation of char formation in the thermoxidative degradation of ablative phenolic resins (24L) and the use of infrared spectroscopy to study the kinetics of this process (7L). Highly branched polymer chains are attacked preferentially by atomic oxygen (IZL), and carbon-carbon bonds may be cleaved by ultrasonic waves (IOL) .

New data have been supplied on ablation of refrasil- phenolic nozzle inserts in solid propellant exhaust systems (46L, 50L) and on the thermal stability of other com- posite plastic systems (77L, 26L, 45L, 52L). Tech- niques for the fabrication of polybenzimidazole com- posites have been described (36L).

A comprehensive review on thermal oxidative deg- radation has been published (I3L), and mechanisms contributing to this process have been proposed (47L). The effect of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide on the carbon-carbon bonds in propylene has been investigated (30L), and new information is available on the thermal oxidative degradation of polyethylene (28L, 35L) and polypropylene (3ZL, 43L). The oxidative degradation of polychloroethers has been studied (78L).

Many new thermal stable fibers were discussed at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society at Phoenix. The list includes ordered amide heterocyclic copolymers (34L), polythiazoles (38L, 39L), polybenz- imidazoles (ZL), polyimides ( I IL, 42L), polyoxazoles, polyhydrazones, and polypyrazoles.

The oxidative stability of polyimidazoles has been improved by substituting methyl groups for the hydro- gen atoms on the nitrogen in the imidazole rings (29L). Polyaryloxysilanes and polymeta carboranesilanes are being investigated for space environmental applications. Perfluoroalkyl triazines are being tested for use as higher temperature hydraulic fluid tubing. Heat resistant epoxy-boroxine foams are also being investigated (4L).

A comprehensive bibliography on pyrolysis of poly- mers has been compiled (79L), and specific studies of degradation have been reported for epoxy resins (44L) and their model compounds ( IL ) , polyesters (9L), poly- urethanes (74L), polyphenylene oxide (8L), and poly- mers ,with aromatic rings in their polymer chain struc- ture (ZIL).

Hydrogen chloride accelerates the thermal degrada- tion of PVC (25L). The evolution of this gas or color changes (48L) may be used to evaluate the relative heat stability of these polymers (3L). Random polymer degradation and depropagation have been discussed (75L), and reports on the thermal degradation of poly- fluorocarbons ( 76L) and polystyrene (2OL, 49L) have been published. Polycyanogens are obtained by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile or polycyanoacetylene

Thermal analytical techniques for investigating the degradation of polymers have been reviewed (22L, 37L), and energy parameters for thermal degradation data have been derived (5L, 37L). Products from thermal

(27L, 57L).

degradation have been identified by gas chromatog- raphy (6L), infrared spectroscopy (23L), and mass spectrometry (4OL).

The effect of cryogenic temperatures on polymers has also been investigated (33L, 47L).

Plastics vs. Flame

In spite of statements by representatives of nonplastics organizations, flammability is not a major factor in modern plastics technology. Disposal of one-time use plastic articles is actually a greater problem, and some experts have asked the industry to reformulate dis- posable plastics to reduce incinerator problems. Flame retardant polypropylene has proved serviceable as an electrical insulator after 40,000 hr. of service. Flame resistant polyester resins have been in service for years.

Self-extinguishing resins have been reviewed (5M) , and the general behavior of plastics us. flame has been summarized ( 6 M ) . Fluorinated polymers have been used as additives to improve flame resistance ( I M ) . The use of other additives has been reviewed (4M). Problems and tests associated with the flammability of cellular plastics have also been reviewed (ZM, 3M) .

Progress in Polymer Science

Dr. Carothers shelved the synthesis of polyesters be- cause of purification problems and concentrated his efforts on the synthesis of polyamides. Subsequently polymeric polyesters were produced commercially by ester exchange reactions with methyl phthalate and are now being produced directly from terephthalic acid (79149. Blends of polyesters and polyamides are being used to produce “flat spot” resistant tire cord (1315‘).

Properties of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicar- boxylate may be improved by gamma irradiation. Graft copolymers of terephthalic esters and bis phenol ter- ephthalic esters (18N) have been studied. New plants have been constructed for the production of polysulfones, paraoxylenes, and polyphenylene oxide.

New compilations on testing ( Z O N ) and analysis of polymers have been published ( IOA7, 14N). New in- formation on plasticizers (Zi.’, 5iV) includes relationship of structure to performance and thin layer chroma- tographic analysis ( 3 5 ) .

Other reports have been issued on kinetics of emulsion polymerization (&V, 771Y)) crystallization of polymers ( I N ) , and infrared spectroscopic analysis of polymers containing nitrile groups (61V), a study of shock resistant polymers (161Zr), and microstructure analysis of polymers by NMR (7N, I Z N ) . The calculated and experimental thermal profiles of polyethylene and polytetrafluoro- ethylene have been compared ( 15Ah’).

Relationships of molding conditions and properties of thermosetting plastics have been investigated (21N). Ion exchange resins have been produced by the reaction of furfural and styrene in the presence of zinc chloride (4ic‘). Excellent strength properties have been reported for polyhexallyl melamine ( Q N ) . The use of lithium coordination catalyst systems has been reviewed ( I I N ) .

68 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Thermosetting Plastics

Phenolic resins are still in demand. Present annual pro- duction of phenolics is approximately one billion pounds. A quasicontinuous process is available (77P), and phenol- formaldehyde condensates with uniform structure have been produced (4P). Cure rates of phenolic resins have been determined by DTA techniques (73P), and the ex- tent of branching has been ascertained by gas chroma- tographic analysis of the products of the pyrolysis (7P).

The Epoxy Resin Formulators Division of SPI has issued 20 new test methods for these products. The strength of epoxy adhesives under stress has been reported (72P). Heat resistance has been improved by use of cycloaliphatic derivatives. The properties of epoxy molding compounds (7P) and epoxyacrylic composites (6P) have been described.

A new book on polyesters (2P) and a new polyester resin (3P) are available. The effect of variables on the hardening of polyesters has been investigated (IOP), and improved catalyst-inhibitor systems for diallyl phthalate resins have been announced (5P). A series of articles on furfural resins has been published (8P), and the properties of furfural-acetone mortars have been determined (9P).

Thermoplastics

Three billion pounds of polyethylene, over 2 billion pounds of vinyl polymers, and almost 2 billion pounds of polymers and copolymers of styrene were produced last year. The production of polypropylene is already greater than that of classical cellulosics or petroleum resins. Last year's production of other thermoplastics was almost 250 million pounds of acrylic resins, 60 million pounds of nylon, 40 million pounds of poly- acetals, and approximately 15 million pounds each of silicones and polycarbonates.

Polyoleflns

New reports on polyolefin technology include : rela- tionship of properties to molecular structure (75Q), thermodynamic properties (SQ) , melt flow studies ( Z Q , 744, 76Q, 22Q), surface tension (27Q,23Q), sound trans- mission ( 73Q), and infrared spectrometric studies (8Q, 7.24). The resistance to impact and abrasion has been improved by the use of extremely high molecular weight polyethylene.

Processes for the cobalt-60 gamma irradiation are available for the production of low and intermediate density polyethylene (774). Cross-linkable gel-free extrudates may be obtained by the control of tempera- ture and peroxide catalysts (34).

The properties and applications of polypropylene have been reviewed ( 7 7 Q ) , and stabilization techniques have been discussed (7OQ) . The polymorphic transforma- tions of isotactic polybutene-1 have been reported (74, 7 U Q ) . Poly-4-methylpentene-1 with a density of 0.83 and good heat stability is commercially available.

Resistance to impact and abrasion of polyethylene

has been improved by copolymerization ( 7 Q ) . The physical properties of ethylene copolymers have been improved by irradiation techniques (254). Products obtained by the graft polymerization of acrylic and polyethylene have superior tolerance for fillers ( Z O Q ) . An interesting copolymer has been obtained by grafting vinyl chloride on an olefin elastomer (78Q).

The thermodynamic properties of ethylene-propylene copolymers have been determined (6Q), and differences in crystallinity have been observed by infrared spec- troscopy (44). Chlorinated polyethylenes with a wide range of properties are available. These products have been used to upgrade PVC (5Q).

The effect of copolymerization of ethylene with different butene isomers has been studied (244). The copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene has improved resistance to environmental stress cracking. Approxi- mately 30 million pounds of ethylene-propylene ter- polymer were produced last year.

Vinyl Plastics

Improvements in monomer production such as the oxyhydrochlorination of ethylene, new uses for the polymer such as bottles and sidings, and new more readily processed compositions such as propylene co- polymers assure the continued growth of vinyl plastics. PVC technology has been reviewed (ZR), and new data on design (6R) and mechanical behavior of this polymer have been published (7ZR).

Impact grade PVC (4R) has been obtained by blend- ing with acrylonitrile rubber (7OR) and other copolymers (711). Rigid PVC may be extruded as sheet (5R) or injection molded (8R). Syndiotactic PVC melts above 273" C. (3R). High temperature resistant products may also be obtained by chlorination or blending (9R).

New copolymers of vinyl chloride with long chain alkyl vinyl ethers (73R) and carbon monoxide (74R) are available. A microtest for determining compati- bility of plasticizers has been developed (7R). The molecular weight of PVC has been determined from viscosity data ( 7 7R).

Styrene Plastics

The oxo process for the economical production of styrene monomers assures a continuation of growth for the styrene plastics industry. I t has been predicted that the production of this type polymer will exceed 3 billion pounds in 1970.

Over 200 million pounds of ABS copolymer (8s) will be produced this year, and this volume should double by 1970. Processibility and flexibility of this important engineering plastic can be improved by in- creasing the butadiene content. Replacement of part of the acrylonitrile by acrylic acid improves surface characteristics. The addition of a-methyl styrene yields products with better thermal properties.

Impact resistance is improved by grafting styrene on the flexible backbone of polybutadiene. Mechanical failure in flexure is accompanied by the appearance of

VOL. 5 8 NO. 8 A U G U S T 1 9 6 6 69

opacity near the point of failure. The opaqueness is associated with bands of oriented polymer, shorter in rubber-modified polystyrene than in polystyrene (3s).

When dried over sodium-potassium alloy, styrene may be irradiated to yield a cation which continues to propagate under anhydrous conditions. Styrene may also be polymerized in aqueous solution (72s). A new styrene butadiene elastomer which does not require vulcanization and a 4-cyclopentene-l,3-dione copolymer (16s) are available.

New techniques are available for the determination of styrene (ZS, 7s) and acrylonitrile (5S, 6s) in styrene polymers. Precipitation copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile has been described (9s). The impact resistance of polystyrene may be improved by com- pounding with styrene grafted ethylene-propylene co- polymer (13s).

Viscometry and ultracentrifugation have been used to determine the degree of branching in styrene copolymers ( I S ) , and graft copolymers of $-isopropyl styrene and ethyl methacrylate (IOS), as well as poly-a-cyano styrene ( I IS), have been prepared. Poly-a,&@-trifluorostyrene has been used as a fuel cell membrane.

The rate of polymerization of ortho and para chloro- styrene is greater than that of styrene (74s). Poly-)- iodostyrene ( 75s) and sulfonated polystyrene latex have been described (4s).

Polyfluorocarbons Lubricity and heat resistance are unique qualities

which assure the increased use of polyfluorocarbons. Their use as bearings (5T), bellows, heat exchangers, and gaskets (6T, 8 T ) is based on these inherent qualities. The effect of polyfluorocarbon coatings on the efficiency of razor blades has received considerable advertising publicity. The engineering properties of polyfluoro- carbons have been reviewed ( 7 T, 3T, 7 T ) .

Other articles have described fundamentals of friction ( I Z T , 74T) and the use of polyfluorocarbons for re- ciprocating compressors ( I 7 T ) and electrical equipment ( 7 O T ) . Isotactic molding (equal pressure from all sides) formerly used in ceramic technology, has been applied to polyfluorocarbons (9T).

New fluorocarbon monomers include 1 -fluorovinyl methyl ketone (13T) and vinylidene fluoride ( 4 T ) . The polymerization of n-perfluoropentadiene-1,4 has been induced by irradiation techniques (ZT) .

Polyamides

Engineering opportunities in the expanding synthetic fiber industry have been reviewed (5U). I t is antici- pated that the annual production of polyamides will exceed 1 billion pounds by 1967. Adiponitrile is being produced by the electrodimerization of acrylo- nitrile in aqueous quaternary ammonium solutions (IOU). The shortage of bismuth catalyst in the produc- tion of acrylonitrile has been relieved by the substitution of a heavy metal catalyst.

Recent reviews have been published on properties of

nylon-66 (7U), the relationship of structure and abrasion resistance (4U), the effect of structure on the glass temperature ( I Z V ) , molecular weight determinations of polyamides (3U), crystallization (9U) , the effect of heat on properties of nylon-66 (73U), and the deter- mination of end groups (6U) . The gamma form of nylon-6 (ZU) has been investigated, and new technical information has been published on the properties of nylon-7, -9, and -12 (8U, 77U). Kew heat resistant polycycloamides have been described ( 7 U, 74U).

Acrylates

The annual production rate of acrylic resins is in excess of 250 million pounds. The continued growth of this segment of the polymer industry is assured. Some of the factors contributing to this forecast are continuous casting of acrylic sheet, high heat distortion and high impact modifications, new monomer production tech- niques based on oxidation of propylene, and new produc- tion facilities.

Gas chromatographic retention data for a series of alkyl acrylates are available ( Z V ) . The properties of acrylic polymers have been reviewed ( I V ) , and their viscoelastic behavior has been studied (IOV) . New information on the mechanical properties of polymethyl (9V) and poly-n-butyl methacrylates (6V) is available.

Polarography has been used to study the copolymeriza- tion of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in the presence of some of its salts ( 4 V ) . The cohesive energy density of polymethacrylates has been investigated

Thermal stability has been improved by copolymeriza- tion with minor proportions of 2-allylphenyl meth- acrylate. New reviews on cyanoacrylate adhesives are available (31.: 7V, 8V) .

(5V).

Polyurethanes

New information has been published on the effect of aromatic rings on properties of polyurethane (5W), relationships of molecular structure and physical proper- ties of polyurethane elastomers (7W, S W ) , new catalyst systems (4W), water resistance of cured polymer ( I W ) , and the effects of reinforcing agents on properties of these elastomers (14W). High performance castable elastomers have been investigated (ZW, 3W, 77W).

Poly-E-caprolactone urethanes (6W) have been de- scribed. The results of investigations have been re- ported on peel strength of polymers obtained from oxy- propylene polyols (9W), cleavage of cross-linked elas- tomers (73W), and relaxation response of urethane elastomers (IOW, IZW).

Miscellaneous Polymers

New production facilities for polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonates, polychloroethers, and polysulfones have been constructed. New information on polycarbonates includes a book on these polymers ( IOX) , design in- formation ( I Z X ) , a description of block copolymers obtained from 2,2-bis-4-hydroxyphenyl propane (427,

70 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

and the viscoelastic behavior of these polymers ( 3 X ) . A polycyclic carbonate with pendant unsaturated units was obtained through the polymerization of divinyl carbonate (5X) . Alkylene oxides have been copoly- merized with carbon monoxide (2X) .

Trioxane has been polymerized in the solid state ( 6 X ) . The general properties (9X) , molding (77X), and rhe- ology of acetal copolymers have been described (73X). The processing of polysulfones ( 7 X ) and the extrusion of polyphenylene oxide have been discussed. Ethylene imine is available commercially. Phenylene imine has been polymerized ( 75X).

Vinyl acetate is being produced by the vapor phase oxyacetylation of ethylene. Other vinyl esters are produced by the reaction of carbon monoxide with appropriate olefins. Readily dispersible powder is obtained by spray drying of polyvinyl acetate emulsions (74X). Over 40 million pounds of this polymer was saponified to yield polyvinyl alcohol last year.

Methyl polysiloxane elastomers have high resistance to tear over a wide range of temperature. The addition of 0.02% cerium improves the heat resistance of poly- siloxanes ( 7 X ) , Dimethyl polysiloxane is an effective antifoaming agent (8X).

REF E REN CES General Information (1A) Bilek, J. G., Kollonitsch, V., Kline, C. H., IND. END. CHEM. 58 (5), 28 (1966). (2A) Domininghaus, H., Brit. Plostics 38, 676 (1965). (3A) DuBois, J. H., Plastics World 23 (E), 28 (1965). (4A) Eyre, T. S., Brit . Foundryman 58 (12), 461 (1965). (5A) Gilby, G. W., Rubber Plustics Age 46, (E), 909 (1965). (6A) Gornick, F., Hoffman, J. D., IND. ENC. CHEM. 58 (Z), 41 (1966). (7A) Kustanovitch, I. M., Patalakh, I. I., Polak, L. S., Polymer Sn’. ( U S S R ) 6 (2),

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(9A) Molzon, A. E., Plastec. R e p . 23 (7), 150 (1965). (10A) Sayles, D. C., Rubber Chem. Technol. 39 (l), 112 (1966). (11A) Schmitz, J. V., “Testing of Polymers,” Vol. I, Interscience, New York,

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Plastic Structures (1B) Anderson, B. C., SPE J. 21, 1090 (1965). (2B) Kelly, W., Plastics in Australia 16 (lo), 35 (1965). (3B) Kenny, M. E., S P E J . 22 (4), 57 (1966). (4B) Kileen, N. D., Interspace Tech. J. 2 (2), 14 (1965). (5B) Pierson, 0. L., Appl. Plastics 8 (3), 17 (1965). (6B) Post, U., Kunststofe 55, 119 (1965). (7B) Rosato, D. V., Plastics World 23 (12), 24 (1965). (8B) Schneider, K., Kunrtstofe 55, 315 (1965). (9B) Thomas, J. R., Hagan, R. S., SPE J. 22 (11, 55 (1966). ( loa) West, P., Mater. Design Eng. 61 (2), 87 (1965). (11B) Wiggs, K. C., Plastics Techno!. 11 ( l l ) , 56 (1965). (12B) Zimmerman, A. B., Stabenau, W. H., Machy 71 (9), 123 (1965).

Containers and Vessels (1C) Carty, T. M., Mod. Plastics 43 (6), 88 (1966). (PC) Cheely, J. F., Plastics World 24 (l), 24 (1966). (3C) Klass, C. P., Paper Trade J . 149 (13), 34 (1965). (4C) Ladbury, J. W., Danks, C. L., Appl. Plastics 8 (l), 21 (1965). (5C) Pinsky, J., Jannke, P. J., Beal, H. M., Mod. Packaging 39 (12), 156 (1965). (6C) Wilson, G. A. R., Plastics (London) 30 (5), 86 (1965).

Composites (1D) Abelson, R. J., Plasticsin Australia 16 (6), 18 (1965). (ZD) Alter, H., J . Appl. Polymer Sn’. 9 (41, 1525 (1965). (3D) Bandaruk, W., Plastics Technol. 12, (3), 41 (1966). (4D) Barnet, F. R., Plastics Inrt. Trans. 33 (107), 177 (1965). (5D) Bott, T. R., Barker, A. J., Ibid., p. 153. 16D) Chiao, T. T., S P E J. 22 (41, 43 (1966). (7D) Christie, S. H., Mod. Plastics 42 (12), 134 (1965). (ED) Conrad, P. G., Darms, F. J., IND. END. CHEM. PROD. RES. DEVELOP. 5 (l),

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@OD) Kwei, T. K.,Arnheim, W. M., J.Poly . Sci. Proc. 10, 103 (1965). (21D) Liesergang, H., Kunststofe 55,372 (1 965). (22D) Light, T. S., Fitzpatrick, L. F., Phaneuf, J. P., Anal. Chem. 37 (l), 79 (1965). (23D) Luce, C. C., Plastics Design Process. 5 (l), 22 (1965). (24D) McMarlin, R. M., IND. END. CHEM. 58 (3), 21 (1966). (25D) Mageli, 0. L., Kolizynski, J. R., 16id., p. 25. (26D) Maklakov, A. I., Voskresenskii, V. A., et al . , Polymer Sci. ( U S S R ) 6 ( 5 ) , 1018

(27D) Malinskii, Y. M., Trifel, B. Y., Kargin, V. A., E d . , p. 862. (28D) Martin, P. I. A., Brit. Plastics 38 (Z) , 95 (1965). (29D) Murphy, T. P., IND. ENC. CHEM. 58 (5), 41 (1966), (30D) Nielsen, L. E., J. Appl. Poly. Sn’. 10 (l) , 97 (1966). (31D) Pallozzi, A. A., S P E J. 22 (21, 80 (1966). (32D) Parker, E. E., IND. END. CHEM. 58 (41, 53 (1966). (33D) Parrat, N. J., Chem. Eng. Progr. 62 (3), 61 (1966). (34D) Reegen, S. L., J . Appl. Poly. Sci. 9 (l), 279 (1965). (35D) Resnick, I., Mod. Plastics 43 (l), 144 (1965). (36D) Rosato, D. V., Plostics World 11 (2), 30 (1966). (37D) Rosenfeld, J. M., Plastics Design Process 11, 11 (1965). (38D) Rowland, E., Bulas, R., et al., IND. END. CHEM. 57 (9), 49 (1965). (39D) Salkind, M. J., George, F. D., et al., Chem. Eng. Progr. 62 (3), 52 (1966). (40D) Sampson, F. R., PlaslicsDesign Process. 5 (E), 12 (1965). (41D) Sherwocd, P. W., Brit . Plastics 38 (31, 155 (1965). (42D) Shreiner, S. A., Zubov, P. I., et al., Colloid J . ( U S S R ) 26 ( S ) , 541 (1964). (43D) Shuman, W. P., Wronski, J. P., Polymer Eng. Sci. 6 (l), 79 (1966). (44D) Siau, J. F., Meyer, J. A., Sckaar, C., Forest Prod. J . 15 (lo), 426 (1965). (45D) Smith, A. L., IND. ENC. CHEM. 58 (4), 50 (1966). (46D) Stamm, H., Schwartz, J., et al., Elektrie 19 (8), 328 (1965). (47D) Standage, A. E., Turneri, N., Appl. Mater. Res. 5 (I), 41 (1966). (48D) Sterman, S., Marsden, J. G., Polymer Eng. Sci. 6 (Z), 97 (1966). (49D) Streib, H., Oberbach, K., Kunststofe 55 (5), 309 (1965). (50D) Ibid., 56 (l) , 17 (1966). (51D) Teitlebaum B. Y., Gizatullina, U. G., Yagfarova, T. A., Polymer Sci. ( U S S R )

(52D) Toth, L. W., Mod. Plastics 42 (12), 123 (1965). (53D) Turner, S., Appl. Mater. Res. 4 (l), 10 (1965). (54D) Wagner, H. B., IND. ENC. CHEM. PROD. RES. DEVELOP. 4 (3), 190 (1965). (55D) Zisman, W. A., IND. ENC. CHEM. 57 (l), 26 (1965).

Sheet and Film (1E) Accard, P., Penser Plostiques 5 (lo), 3 (1965). (2E) Brooks, F. W., Ward, A. G., J. Sot. Leather Trades’ Chemisfs 50 (2), 44 (1966). (3E) Dorman, W., Laidlow, A,, M o d . Plastics43 (4), 132 (1965). (4E) Dowrick, D. J., Plastics (London) 30 (336), 67 (1965). (5E) Fletcher, K., Haward, R. N., Mann, J., Chem. Ind. 1965, p. 1854 (Nov. 6). (6E) Kochetkov, V. N., Rogov, V. M., Soviet Plastics 1966, p. 16 (March 1966). (7E) Maher, A. D., Walkin, P., Brit. Plastics 38 (7), 436 (1965). (8E) Parrini, P., Materie Plastiche 31 (3), 239 (1965). (9E) Ronzoni, I., Monaco, U., S P E J. 21, 1203 (1966). (10E) Rothstein, E. C.,Speckles, D., PolymerEng.Sci. 6 (21, 112 (1966). (11E) Throne, J. M., Mod. Plastics 42 (YE), 144 (1965). (12E) Wicker, G. L., Rubber Plastics Age 4 6 , 273 (1965). (13E) Witteveen, F., Ingenieur 77 (20), W65 (1965).

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Protective Coatings (1F) Alexander, S. H.,Tarver, G. W., IND. ENG. CHEM. 58 (4), 37 (1966). (2F) Brushwell, W., Australian Paint J . 11 (8), 23 (1965). (3F) Bune, A., Appl. Plastics 8 (3), 32 (1963). (4F) Chen, L. W., Kumanotani, J., J. Appl . Poly Sci. 9 (E), 2785 (1965). (5F) Cizak, A. W., Plastics World 23 (7), 36 (1967). (6F) Corey, T. L., Sargent, L. B., Lubrication Eng. 21 ( S ) , 189 (1965). (7F) Dickson, W. J., IND. ENG. CHEM. 58 (4), 28 (1966). (8F) Drisko, R. W., Alumbaugh, R. L., Cobb, L. W., Mater. Protect. 4 (9), 24

(9F) Fiebach, K., Bitumen, Teere, Asphnlte Pache 16 (l) , 12 (1965). (10F) Fisk, P. M., “The Physical Chemistry of Paints,” Chemical Pub., New York

(11F) Holt,T., Edwards, D., J . Appl. Chem. 15 (5), 223 (1965). (12F) Hopf, P. P., Rubber Plastics Age 46 (4), 391 (1965). (13F) McKnight, W. H., Mater. Protect. 4 (8), 32 (1965). (14F) McManus, J. J., Pennie, W. L., Davies, A., IND. ENG. CHEM. 58 (4), 43 (1966). (15F) Palke, C. R., Plastics World 23 (61, 50 (1965). (16F) Sandler, S. R., Berg, F. R., J . AppLSn’. 9 (12), 3909 (1965). (17F) Schultheis, H., Kunrtstofe 55 (5), 369 (1965). (18F) Todd, D. A., Mater. Protect. 4 (lo), 66 (1965). (19F) West, P., Mater. Design Eng. 61 (l), 92 (1965). (20F) Whittier, F., IND. ENC. CHEM. 58 (41, 33 (1966). (21F) Zimmerman, A. B., Ellis, D. R., SPE J. 22 (3), 41 (1966).

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Plastic Pipe (1G) Anderson, E. V., Chem. Eng. A’eews 43 (23), 84 (1965). (2G) Daley, R. C., Mater. Protect. 5 (4), 77 (1966). (3G) Diedrich, G.: Muller, W., Gauhe, E., Kunststofe 5 6 , 228 (1766). (4G) Edmisten, E. D., Mater. Protect. 4 ( l o ) , 54 (1965). (5G) Jaglom, J., Zbid., (12), 17 (1965). (6G) Lester, G., M o d . Plastics 43 (l), 140 (1965). (7G) Look, E. H., AWWA J . 57 (111, 1385 (1965). (8G) Mallinson, J. H., Chem. En,!. 7 3 (Z), 168, (4) 180 (1966). (9G) Van der Wal, A. A, , Plastics 29 (324), 53 (1964). (10G) Vetter, H., Kunststofe 5 6 , 250 (1966). (11G) JVilliams, J. G., Plastics Inst. Trans. 33 (106) 103 (1965).

Cellular Plastics (1H) Bender, R. J., “Handbook of Foamed Plastics,” Lake, Libertyville, Ill.

(2H) Gerstin, H., Prod. Ens. 36 (13), 59 (1965). (3H) Kohudic, M. A,, SPE J . 21, 660 (1965). (4H) Mendelsohn, hl . A,, Black, R . G., et a/., J . Appl . Poljmer Sci. 9 (a), 2715

(5H) Miles, D. C., RubberPlastic Age 46 (2), 165 (1965). (6H) Robitschek, P., J . Cellular Plostrcs 1 (3), 395 (1965). (7H) Rosdto, D. V., Plastics World 23 (lo), 67 (1965). (8H) Zuckerman, J. L., SPE J. 23 (51, 56 (1966).

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(1966).

(1965).

(1J) Apen, J. R., SPE J . 21, 643 (1965). (25) Arnheim, W. M., Kwei, T. K., Kumins, C. A, , Plastics World 23 (6), 42 (1963). (35) Bohshilskayo, K. A,, Kleinov, I. Y., Tr. ,+fork. Inst. Khim. Mashinosti 28, 151

(1964). (45) Cass, R . A., Fenner, 0. H., Mater. Protect. 4 (lo), 22 (1965). (55) Damerham, R. L. H., Corrosion Technol. 12 (l), 24 (1965). (65) de Laberbis, G., Leduc, P., Znd. Plastiques Mod. (Paris) 14, 25 (1962). (75) Dolezel, B., Chytry, V., Plasticke Hmoty Kaucuk 2 (lo), 289 (1965). (8J) Ferrigno, T. H., M a t e r . Protect. 4 (lo), 13 (1965). (9J) Fettes, E. M., “Chemical Reactions of Polymers,” Interscience, New York

(lOJ) Frisch, H. L., J . PolymerSci. Pt. C, 3 (lo), 11 (1965). ( l l J ) Hock, C. W., Zbid., Pt. B , 3 (7 ) , 573 (1965). (125) Jackson, W. O., Ferraro, J. P., <Mater. Protect. 4 (lo), 35 (1965). (135) K ~ l l y , M. E., Hof, R., Zbid., p. 50. (145) Kunert, K. A,, Polimery 10 (9) , 378 (1965). (15J) Leghissa, S., Salratori, O., Polymer Eng. Sci. 6 ( Z ) , 127 (1966). (16J) McAlevy, R. F., Hansel, J. G., AZAA J . 3 (2), 244 (1965). (175) Machdanz, C. H., Mater . Protec. 4 (lo), 83 (1965). (ISJ) Matsuzaki, K., Fujinami, K., Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 5 8 (8), 1456 (1965). (19J) May, C. A.,Newey, H. A . , Mater. Protec. 4 (lo), 47 (1965). (20J) Mayer, J. F., Dieterlee, R . J., Zbid., p. 74. (215) Moore, S. A,, Weber, A. , Chem. Erg. 72 (20), 176 (1965). (225) Mueller, W., Plnstics (London) 30 (328) , 87 (1965). (235) Sakagawa, Y., Okuda, S., Koga, hl., Kngaku Kogoku 27 (lo), 703 (1963). (245) Xilsen, K. B., ACS Diu. Org. Coatinss and Plastics Chem. Preprints 23 (Z) , 321

(25J) Norris, D. P., Quakenbos, H. M., A S T M S T P ( 3 2 5 ) , 3 (1964). (265) Ohstfeld, F. A , , Plastics World 23 ( 9 ) : 34 (1965). (275) Parrini, P., Pinto, L., ltfnteriePl‘iastiche 31 (3), 268; ( l l ) , 1207 (1965). (28J) Pascale, J. V., Rentzepis, P. M. , J . Appl . Poly. Sci. 9 (8), 2641 (1965). (295) Peterlin, A,, Meinel, G.: J . Po/?. Sci. Pt. B , 3 (12), 1059 (1965). (30J) Pohiner, H., Jawitz, TV., J . A$$/. Poly. Sci. 9 (3), 1193 (1965). (315) Sayre, J. E.: Western Plastics 12 ( l l ) , 15 (1965). (325) Sheehan, C. J., Bisio, A. L., Rubber Chem. Technol. 39 ( l ) , 149 (1966). (33J) Suezawa, Y., Hojo, H . et a / . , Mater. Res. Std. 5 (21, 55 (1965). (345) Takemoro, K., hlaekawa, H., Polymer Previews 2 (l) , 3 (1966). (35J) Tung, L. H., J . Poly. Sci. Pt. A , 3 (3), 1045 (1966). (365) Warwicker, J. O., Spedding, H., J . A p p l . Poly. Sci. 9 ( 5 ) , 1913 (1965). (375) Zade, H. P., Corrosion Prec~nt. Control 12 (7), 1 9 (1965).

(1965).

(1963).

Plastics us, Weather (1K) Braun, D., Neumann, N. W., Faust, J., Mokromo!. Chem. 85 , 143 (1965). (2K) Chottiner, J., Bowden, E. B., Mater. Design Eng. 6 2 , 97 (1965). (3K) Edwards, D. L., Von Brammer, P. T., et a!., Plastics Technol. 12 (Z) , 32 (1966). (4K) Estevez, J. M., Plastics Inst. (London) Trans . 33 (105), 89 (1965). (5K) Fertig, J., Goldherg, A. I . , et ai . , J . A p p l . Poly. Sci. 10, 1332 (1966). (6K) Fircher, H., Kunststofe 55, 344 (1965). (7K) Fox, R. B., Price, T. R., J. Poly. Sci. Pt. A , 3 (6), 2303 (1965). (8K) Grassie, N., Weir, N. A , , J . Appl . Poly. Sci. 9 (31, 975, 987 (1965). (9K) Gray, V. E., Wright, J. R., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (4), 284 (1965). (10K) Hoff, G., Langbein, G., Kunststofe 5 6 , 2 (1966). (11K) Howard, J. B., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (3), 125 (1965). (12K) Isaacs, L. G., Fox, R . B., J . A p p l . Polymer. Sci. 9 (lo), 3489 (1965). (13K) Isaccs, L. G., McDowell, et al., ACS Din. org. Coatings nnd Plastics Chem.

(14K) Karyakin, A . V., Funtikova, A . I., V~”l’sokomolekul. Soedin. 7 (7), 1171 (1965). (1 5K) Kelleher, P. G., Miner, P. J., M o d . Plastics 43 (4), 139 (1965). (16K) Kulkarni, R. K., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (4), 227 (1965). (17K) Marek, B., Lerch, E., J . SOC. Dyers Colourists 81 ( l l ) , 481 (1965). (18K) Mark, H. F., AtIas, S. H., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (3), 142 (1965). (19K) Matsuoka, S., Zbid. (20K) Neuman, R. C., Ibid., 6 (2), 124 (1966). (21K) Newland, G. C., Tamhlyn, J. W., Zbid., 5 (3), 148 (1965).

Preprtnts 23 (21, 221 (1963).

(22K) Paul, J. T., Thompson, J. B., Mod. Plastics 43 ( 5 ) , 154 (1966). (23K) Pschorr, F. E., Cianciarulo, .4. N., Polymer €ng. Sci. 5 (3), 166 (1965). (24K) Scullin, J. P., Girard, T. A. , Koda, C. K., Rubber Plastics Age 46 (3), 267

(25K) Sease, S., M o d . Plastics 43 (9), 271 (1 966). (26K) Singleton, R. W., Kunkel, R. K., Sprague, B. S., Textile Res. J . 35 (3), 228

(27K) Weisfeld, L. B.,Thacker, G. A , , Nass, L. I., SPE J . 21 (7), 649 (1965). (28K) Zapolskii, 0. B., Vyrokomolekul. Soedin. 7 (4), 615 (1965).

Plastics us. Temperature (1L) Adrova, N. A., Koton, hl . &I., et o l . , Vysokomolekul. Soedin. 7 (Z), 305 (1965). (2L) Anderson, A. C . , Sci. Tech. Aerorpoce Rep . 3 (7), 1037 (1965). (3L) Braun, D., Thallmaier, M.: Kunststofe 5 6 , 80 (1966). (4L) Chen, H. H., Sixon, A . C., SPE Trans. 5 (2), 11 (1965). (5L) Coats, A. W., Redfern, J. P., J. Polymer Sci. Pt. B , 3 ( l l ) , 917 (1965). (6L) Conley, R. T., Deoelop. Appl. Spectry. 4 , 377 (1965). (7L) Conley, R. T., Bicron, J. F., J . Appl . PolyrnerSci. 7 (l), 171 (1963). (8L) Cox, J. M., Wright, B. A., Wright, W. W., Zbid., 9 (2): 513 (1965). (9L) Faerman, V. T., Goryachko, G. V., Slonimskii, G. L., Tlysokomolekul, Soedin.

(1OL) Fort, R. J., Moore, W. R., Sheldon, R. P., Plostics Znrt. (London) Trans. J.

(11L) Freeman, J. H., Frost, L. W., et a/., SPE Trans. 5 (Z), 75 (1965). (12L) Hansen, R. H., Pascale, J. V., e t a/. , J. Polymer Sci. Pt. A , 3 (6), 2205 (1965). (13L) Hawkins, W. L., Oxidutive Combus. Reti. 1 , 169 (1965). (14L) Ingham, J. D., Rapp, N. S. , Polymer Eng. Sci. 6 (l) , 36 (1966). (15L) Jellenek, H . H. G., A m . Soc. Testing M a t e r . Spec. Tech. Publ. 382, 3 (1965). (16L) Jellenek, H. H . G., Kachi, H., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (3), 200 (1965). (17L) Kauzlarich, J. J., J . Appi . Mech. 32 (l), 177 (1963). (18L) Khinkis, S. S., Kreitser, T. V., Matveeva, E. N., Vysokomoiekul. Soedin. 7 (3),

(19L) Kohl, R. I V . , U. S. A t . Energy Comm. MLM-1271 (1965). (2OL) Kyael, O., CIiem. Zaesli 19 ( 6 ) : 490 (1965). (21L) Lancaster, J. hl., Wright, R. A., Wright, W. W., J . Appl , Polymer Sci. 9 (j),

(221.) Levi, D. W., Reich, L., Lee, H. T., Pol~tner Eng. Sci. 5 (3), 135 (1965). (23L) Lindley, G., L a b . Pmrt. 14 (7), 826 (1965). (241.) Lochte, H. W., Strauss, E. L., Conley, R . T., J . Appl . Polymer Sci. 9 (8), 2799

(25L) Luther, H., Kruger, H.: Zellerfeld, C., Kunststofe 56,74 (1966). (26L) Mackay, H . A , , M o d . Plastics43 (51, 149 (1966). (27L) hlanassen, J., Wallach, J., J . A m . Chem. Soc. 87, 2671 (1965). (28L) Menzel, G., Kunststofe 5 6 , 92 (1966). (29L) Mitsuhashi, K. , Marvel, C. S., J . Poljmer Sci. 3 (4), 1661 (1965). (30L) Mizutani, Y., Yamamoto, K., et ai., I n t . Chem. Etig. 5 (3), 575 (1965). (31L) Osawa, Z . , hlatsuzaki, K., Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 68 (31, 570 (1965). (32L) Ostwald, H. J., Turi, E., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (3), 152 (1965). (33L) Pascuzzi, R., Hill, J. R., Adhesives Age 8 (3), 19 (1965). (34L) Preston, J., J . Polymer Sci. Pt. B , 3 (lo), 845 (1965). (35L) Quackenbos, H. M. , Polymer Eng. Sci. 6 (2), 117 (1965). (36L) Reed, R., Reinhart, T. J., Plastics Technol. 12 (31, 39 (1966). (37L) Reich, L., Lre, H. T., Levi, D. W., J . Appl . Polymer Sci. 9 (l) , 351 (1965). (38L) Sheehan, 1%’. C., Polymer Ens. Sci. 5 (4), 263 (1965). (39L) Sheehan, W. C., Cole, T. B.: J . Polymer Sci. Pt. A, 3 (4), 1443 (1965). (40L) Shulman, G. P., Zbid., Pt. B , 3 ( l l ) , 911 (1965). (41L) Slani, I . I., Kutyanin, G. I., S o h Plastics 2, 45 (1966). (42L) Sroog, C. E.: Endrey, A . L.: et a / . , .J. Polymer Sci. Pt. A , 3 (4), 1373 (1965). (43L) Stivala, S. S., Reich, L., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (3); 179 (1963). (44L) Stuart, J. M., Smith, D. A, , J . Appl . PoljrnerSci. 9 (9), 3195 (1965). (45L) Thomas, C. R., Plastics 38 (l) , 36 (1965). (46L) Tick, S . J., Huson, G. R., Griese, R., J . Spacecroft Rockets 2 (3), 325 (1965). (47L) Tobolsky, A. V., h-orling, P. hi., et d., J . -4m. Chem. Soc. 8 6 , 3925 (1964). (48L) Vymezal, Z . , Dolezal, B., Stepek, J., Kunststofe 5 6 , 86 (1966). (49L) Wall, L. A , , Straus, S., Flynn, J. H., et ai., J . Phys. Chem. 70 (l), 53 (1966). (50L) Wilhelm, J. R., J . Spacecraft Rockets 2 (3), 337 (1965). (51L) \Vu, H., Chu, C., Ho, T., K’o Hsueh Chu Puo Shu 1963, p. 200. (52L) Yakoviev, G. A,; Tepl . A’upryozh. V. Elemeniakh Konstruktsii 1964 (4), 329.

Plastics vs. Flame (1M) Al’shits, I . M., Gladkaya, L. A , , Pfasticheskie MOZJJ’ 1966 (2), p. 68. (2M) Carpenter, D. A,, Brit. Plastics 38 (51 , 284 (1965). (3M) Robitschek, P., J . Cellular Plastirs 1 (31, 385 (1965). (4M) Schmidt, W. G., PlastzcsZnst. Trans. 33 (12). 108 (1965). (5M) Sherwood, P. W., Kunststofe-Plastics 12 (3), 147 (1965). (6M) Van Sante, F., P/U&Q 18 (1): 17 (1965).

(1965).

(1965).

7 (7), 1217 (1965).

3 3 (107), 131 (1965).

404 (1965).

1955 (1965).

(1 965).

Progress in Polymer Science (1N) Baer, E., Collier, J. R., Carter, D. R., SPE Trunr. 5 (l), 22 (1965). (2N) Baseman, A. L., Plastics Technol. 11 (lo), 36 (1965). (3N) Braun, D., CIMIA 19 (2), 77 (1965). (4N) Dasare, B. D., Krishnaswamy, N., J . Appl. Polymer Sci. 9 ( 8 ) , 2655 (1965). (jN) Deanin, R. D., SPE J . 22 (4), 19 (1966). (6N) Doerffel, K., Wiss. Z . Tech. Hochsch. Chem. Leuna-Merseburg 7 (2) , 71 (1965). (7N) Ferguson, R. C., Kautrchuk Gummi 18 ( l l ) , 723 (1965). (8N) Fitch, R. M., O$c. Dig. Federation Soc. Paint Techno!. Eng. 37 (348) Pt. 2 , 32

(9N) Gillham, J. K., Petropoulos, J. C., J . A)$. Polymer Sci. 9 (6), 218G (1965). (lox) Haslam, J., Willis, H. A , , “Identification and Analysis of Plastics,” Van

(11K) Kamienski, C . W.? IND. ENG. C H E X . 57 (11, 38 (1965).

(1965).

I\-ostrand, Princeton, 1965.

7 2 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

(12N) Khachaturov, A. S., Zavodsk. Lab. 31 (8), 948 (1965). (13N) Kovac F. J Rye G. W., Dague, M. R., IND. ENC). CHEM. PROD. RES.

(14N) Ledwoch, K. D., Kunststoffe-Rundschau 615, 683 (1965). (15N) Neuman, R. L., J. Spucecraft Rockets 2 (31, 449 (1965). (16N) Osima, A,, Muterie Plustiche ed Elastomerie 31 (9), 921, 1001 (1965). (17N) O’Toole, J. T., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 9 (4), 1291 (1965). (18N) Pao, C., Wang, P., KO Fen Tzu Tung Hsun 6 (3), 242 (1964). (19N) Sakurai, K., Ogata, K., Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokoi Shi 24 (3), 174 (1966). (20N) Schmitz, J. W., “Testing of Polymers,” Vol. I, Interscience, New York,

(21N) Sokolov, A. D., Kanavets, I. F., Souiet Plastics 1966, p. 31 (June 1966). (22N) Van Veersen, G. J., Meulenberg, A. J., Kumbtoffe 56,23 (1966).

Thermosetting Plastics (1P) Colette, B., Rev. Gen. Caoutchouc ~ t d e s Plustiques3-4,127 (1965). (2P) Goodman, I., Rhys, J. A., “Polyesters,” American Elsevier, New York, 1965. (3P) Hauck, J. E., Mater. Design Ens. 61 (5), 98 (1965). (4P) Kammerer, H., Kunrfstoffe 56 (3), 154 (1966). (5P) Litwin, J., Beacham, H. H., Mod. Plastics 42 ( l l ) , 133 (1965). (6P) May, C. A., Burge, R. E., Christie, S. H., SPE J . 21, 1106 (1965). (7P) Melzer, W., Kunstoffe 55 (2), 99 (1965). (8P) Murgulescu, I. G., Tomus, I. E., Tomus, F., Rev. Roumaine Chim. 10 (7), 583

(9P) Sneck, T., Marttinen, P., Enthach, C., Rilem Bull. 28 (9), 95 (1965). (1OP) Srna, C., Kunststoffe-Rundschau 12 (7), 379 (1965). (11P) Swift, S., Chem. Eng. 72 (23), 104 (1965). (12P) Tanner, W. C., Adhesives Age 8 (9), 32 (1965). (13P) White, R. H., Rust, T. F., J. Appl . Sci. 9 (2), 777 (1965).

Polyolefins (1Q) Alexander, R. L., Anspon, H. D., et al., Polymer Eng. Sn‘. 6 (1 ), 5 (1966). (2Q) Beck, D. L., Hiltz, A. A., SPE Trans. 5 (l) , 15 (1965). (34) Benning, C . J., SPE J. 21, 1083 (1965). (44) Bly, R. M., Kiener, P. E., Fries, B. A,, Anal. Chem. 38, 217 (1966). (54) Dornininghaus, H., Plastics 30 (337), 112 (1965). (6Q) Foster, G. N., Waldman, N., Griskey, R. G., Mod. Plastics 43 (9), 245 (1966). (74) Geacintov, V. C., Miles, R. B., J . Polymer Sn’. Pt. A, 4 (2), 431 (1966). (84) Grant, I. J., Ward, I. M., Polymer 6 ( 5 ) , 223 (1965). (9Q) Griskey, R. G., Waldman, N., Mod. Plastics 43 (7), 121 (1966). (lOQ) Hansen, R. H., DeBenedictus, T., Martin, W. M., Polymer Eng. Sn‘. 5 (4), 223

( l l Q ) Honeycutt, E. M., Chem. Eng. Pmgr. 61 (8), 88 (1965). (124) Koenig, J. L., Van Roggen, A., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 9, 359 (1965). (134) Levene, A.,Pullen, W. J., Roberts, J.,J. PolymerSci. 3A, 697 (1965). (144) Lupton, J. M., Regester, J. W., Polymer Eng. Sci. 5 (lo), 235 (1965). (l5Q) Matsuoka, S., Winslow, F. H., Mater. Res.Std. 5 (3), 134 (1965). (16Q) Mendelsohn, R. A., SPE Trans. 5 (l), 34 (1965). (174) Munari, S., Castello, G., et al., Chem. Ind. (Milan) 47 (l), 20 (1965). (184) Natta, G., Severini, F., et al., Ibid., p. 960. (194) Powers, J., Hoffman, D. O., et al., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. 69a, 335 (1965). (ZOQ) Randell, A. G., Kumfstoffe 55, 316 (1965). (21Q) Schonhorn, H., Sharpe, L. H., J . Polymer Sci. 3A, 569 (1965). (22Q) Schreiber, H. P., J. Appl. Polymer,Sci. 9, 210 (1965). (234) Starkweather, H. E., SPE Tram. 5 (l), 5 (1965). (24Q) Steiner, R., Sobotta, G., Schoenemann, K., Kunst&ffe 56 (3), 167 (1966). (254) Vermes, R., Brenner, W. V., Pal, Y., Plastics Technol. 11 (7), 43 (1965).

Vinyl Plastics (1R) Ana nostopoulos, C. E., Coran, A. Y., Gamrath, H. R., Mod. Plastics 43 (Z) ,

141 (198). (2R) Bier, G., Kunststofe 55 (4), 228 (1965). (3R) Bockman, 0. C., Brit. Plastics 38 (6), 364 (1965). (4R) Domininghaus, H., Plastics (London) 30 (lo), 80 (1965). (5R) Dowrick, D. J., Ibid., p. 67. (6R) Everard, K . B., Brit. Plastics 38 (31, 160 (1965). (7R) Gobel, W., Bartl, H., et al., Kunststoffe 55, 329 (1965). (8R) Hauck, J. E., Mater. Design Eng. 61 (l), 83 (1965). (9R) Huth, R., Kunststoffe 55 (5), 319 (1965). (10R) Lee, C. C., Rovatti, W., et al., J . Appl . Polymer Sn‘. 9,2047 (1965). (11R) McKinney, P. V., Ibid., p. 583. (12R) Ogorkiewicz, A. A., Sayigh, M., Brit. Plastics 38 (lo), 624 (1965). (13R) Ohtsuka, S., Yoshikawa, S., Hoshi, Y., SPE J. 22 (5), 75 (1966). (14R) Weintrauh, L., Hoffman, J., Manson, J. A,, Chem. Ind. (London) 48 1976

DEVELOP. d (l), I’? (19i6).

1966.

(1965).

(1965).

(1965).

Styrene Plastics (1s) Blachford, J., Robertson, R. F., J . Polymer Sci. 3A, 1289 (1965). (2s) Bright, K., Farmer, B. J., Malpass, B. W., Chem. Ind. (London) 1965 (14),

(3s) Bucknall, C. B., Smith, R. R., Polymer 6 (8), 437 (1965). (4s) Chan, F. S., Goring, D. A,, Can. J . Chem. 44 (6), 725 (1966). (5s) Crornpton, T. R., Buckley, D., Analyst 90 (1067), 76 (1965). (6s) Crompton, T. R., Myers, L. W., Bair, D., Brit. Plastics 38 (12), 740 (1965). (7s) Debowski, Z . , Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 10 (3), 469 (1965). (8s) Fisler, T., D i m , N., Materiale Plast. 1 (4), 200 (1964). (9s) Gerrens, H., Ohlinger, H., Fricker, R., Aus. Forsch. J. 1965, p. 433. (10s) Holahan, F. S., Stivala, S. S., Levi, D. W., J. PolymerSci. Pt. A, 3 ( l l ) , 399

(11s) Hughes, L. J., Perry, E.,Zbid., (5), p. 1527. (12s) Matsumoto, T., Ochi, A., Kobunshi Kagaku 22 (244), 481 (1965). (13s) Natta, G., Pegorara, M., et al., Chim. Ind. (Milan) 47 (5), 378 (1965).

p. 610.

(1965).

(14s) Rubens, L. C., Joffe Poly. Sn’. 9 (4), 1473 (1965). (15s) Salovey, R., Hellman, M. Y., J . PolymerScz’. Pt. B, 3 (6), 499 (1965). (16s) Winston, A., Hamb, F. L., Ibid., Pt. A, 3, 583 (1965).

Polyfluorocarbons (1T) Bowley, G. W., Brit. Plastics 38 (lo), 614 (1965). (2T) Brown D. W., Fearn, J. E., Lowry, R. E., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. Pt. A, 3 (4),

(3T) Cox, A. P., Plastics (London) 30 (366), 75 (1965). (4T) Durrell, W. S

(5T) Irwin, A. S., Mod. Plastics 43 (l), 178 (1965). (6T) Koch, R. H., Chem. Eng. 73 (7), 138 (1966). (7T) Koo, G. P., Jones, E. D., et al., SPE J. 21, 1100 (1965). (ET) McCormick, N. E., Mod. Plastics 43 (l), 174 (1965). (9T) Mack, E. J., Plastics Technol. 11 (lo), 45 (1965). (10T) Mathes, K. N., Mod. Plastics 43 (l), 183 (1965). (11T) Mickle, S. C., Ibid., p. 172. (12T) O’Rourke, J, T., Ibid., p. 161. (13T) Sedlak, J. A., Matsuda, K., J . PolymerSci. Pt. A, 3 (6), 2329 (1965). (14T) Stock, A. J., Muter. Design Eng. 61 (Z), 97 (1965).

Polyamides (1U) Bell, A,, Smith, J. G., Kibler, C. J., J.PolymerSci. Pt. A , 3 (l), 19 (1965). (2U) Bradbury, E. M., Brown, L., et al., Polymer 6 (91, 465 (1965). (3U) Bruck, S. D., Bair, H. E., Ibid. (8), p. 447. (4U) Fedorchuk, E. A., Soviet Plastics 2, 38 (1966). (5U) Forney, R. C., McCune, K. C., et al., Chem. Eng. Progr. 62 (3), 88 (1966). (6U) Garmon, R. G., Gibson, M. E., Anal. Chem. 37, 1309 (1965). (7U) Janacek, J., Tomka, J., Sebenda, J., Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 3, 692

(8U) Komoto, H., Saotome, K., Kobunski Kagaku 22 (242), 337 (1965). (9U) Magill, J. H., Polymer 6 (7), 367 (1965). (1OU) Prescott, J. H., Chem. Eng. 72 (23), 238 (1965). (11U) Rohde-Liehenau, U., Kunststofe 55, 302 (1965). (12U) Temin, S. C,, J . Appl. Polymer. Sci. 9 (2), 471 (1965). (13U) Valko, E. I., Chiklis, C. K., Ibid. (8), p. 2855. (14U) Watson, M. T., Armstrong, G. M., SPE J . 21 (5), 475 (1965).

Acrylates (1V) Hadley, D. J., Hall, R. W., Plastics Inst . (London) Trans. 33 (108), 237 (1965). (ZV) Haken, J. K., McRay, T. R., J. Gas Chromalog. 3 (2), 61 (1965). (3V) KO, T., Hwu Hsueh Tung Pao 1965 (2), p. 87. (4V) Kuznetsov, E., V., Bogoyavlenskaya, L. A., Vysokomolekul. Soedin. 7 (Z), 259

(5V) Mangaraj, D., Patra, S., Roy, P. C., Mukromol. Chem. 81,173 (1965). (6V) Meyer, H. H., Mangin, P. N. F., et al., J . Polymer Sn’. Pt. A, 3 (5), 1785 (1965). (7V) Nishi, E., Yuki Gorei Kagaku KyokaiShi 23 (6), 531 (1965). (8V) Panchak, J. R., Kelso, R. L., et al., J . Appl. Polymer Sci. 9 (Z), 429 (1965). (9V) Roetling, J. A., Polymer 6 (61, 311 (1965). (1OV) Schreyer, G., Kunrtsto$% 55, 339 (1965).

Polyurethanes (1W) Athey, R. J., Rubber Age 96 (2), 705 (1965). (2W) Berger, S. E., Szukiewicz, W., Rubber Chem. Technol. 38 (l), 150 (1965). (3W) Delmonte, J., Mod. Plastics 43 (4), 114 (1965). (4W) De Paolo, P. A., Ibid. (7), 153 (1966). (5W) Lyman, D. J., Heller, J., Barlow, M., Makromol. Chem. 84, 64 (1965). (6W) Magnus, G., Rubber Age 97 (7), 86 (1965). (7W) Myuller B E Apukhtina, N. P., Klebanskii, A. L., Rubber Chem. Techno/.

(8W) Rausch, K. W., Martel, R . F., Sayigh, A. R., Ibid. (l), 140 (1965). (9W) Reegen, S. L., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 9 (l), 279 (1965). ( l o w ) Singh, A., Weisshein, L., J . Polymer Sn’. Pt. A, 3 (5), 1675 (1965). (11W) Smith, C. H., IND. END. CHEM. PROD. RES.DEVELOP. 4 (l), 9 (1965). (12W) Theocaris, P. S., J . Polymer Sci. Pt. A, 3 (7), 2619 (1965). (13W) Tuholsky, A. V., Johnson, V., MacKnight, W. J., J . Phys. Chem. 69, 476

(14W) Van der Wal, C. W., Bree, H. W., Schwarzl, F. R., J . Appl. Polymer Si.

1641 (1965).

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(1965).

(1965).

38 (Z), 452 (19k5):’

(1965).

9 (6), 2143 (1965).

Miscellaneous Polymers

(1X) Bassett, H. D., Fazzari, A. M., Stauh, R. B., Plustics Technol. 11 (9), 50; (lo),

(2X) Furukawa, J., Iseda, Y., et al., Makromol. Chem. 89, 263 (1965). (3x1 Mercier, J. P., Aklonis, J. U., et al., J. Appl . Polymer Sn‘. 9 (Z), 447 (1965). (4X) Merrill, S. H., Petric, S. E., J.Poly. Sci. Pt. A, 3,2189 (1965). (5X) Murahashi, S., Nogakura, S., Kikukawa, K., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 38, 1905

(6X) Rao, H., Ballantine, D. S., J. Polymer Sei. Pt. A, 3,2579 (1965). (7X) RFvner H., Murphy, C. M., Kagarise, R. E., Pet. Div. 151st ACS Natl.

(EX) Sabria, A,, Chem. Eng. Progr. 62 (5), 112 (1966). (9X) Schmidt, H., Brit. Plastics 38 (9), 546 (101, 608 (1965). (10x1 Schnell, A., “Chemistry and Physics of Polycarbonates,” Wiley, New York,

(11X) Serle, A. G., Mod. Plustics42 (lo), 115 (1965). (12X) Thomas, A. D., Machine Design 97 (13), 162 (1765). (13X) Wagner, H. L., Wissbrun, K. F., Makromol. Chem. 81, 14 (1965). (14X) Yanishevski, A. V., Reshanov, A. S., Bolotovskaya, R. M., Plasiicheskie

(15X) Zhuravleva, I. P., Zgadzai, E. A., Maklakov, A. I., PolymerSci. (USSR) 6 (3)

49 (1965).

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(1 965).

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539 (1964).

VOL. 5 8 NO. 8 A U G U S T 1 9 6 6 73