Plants…..?

Kingdom Plantae Defined 1. Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. 2. Chloroplasts contain both chlorophylls a & b. 3. Stores carbohydrates (mostly starch). 4. Adult plants develop from embryos protected by tissue

from the parent plant - are embryophytes. 5. Have alternation of generation.

Big 5 Mass Extinctions

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Cambrian Period 543 - 500 mya Devonian Period 409-354 mya Permian 290 - 245 mya Creataceous 144 - 65 mya

Phylogenetic Hierarchy Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus species Binomial: Genus species or Genus species

Evolution of Plants

“Algae”a common name that includes organisms from 2

different Domains (3 kingdoms)

Kingdoms of the 3 Domains

D: Archaea– K: Archebacteria

D: Bacteria– K: Bacteria

D: Eukarya– K: Fungi– K: Protista (Protocista)– K: Plantae (Phyta)– K: Animalia

Where “Algae” are Found: D: Archaea

– K: ArchebacteriaD: Bacteria……………….bluegreen algae– K: Bacteria

D: Eukarya– K: Fungi– K: Protista (Protocista)…green,brown, red...

algae– K: Plantae (Phyta)– K: Animalia

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

1. Prokaryotic 2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins - phycocyanin

and phycoerytherin.

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

1. Prokaryotic 2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins -

phycocyanin and phycoerytherin. 3. Many have heterocysts and are nitrogen fixers. 4. Stores food as cytophycean starch (glycogen). 5. Many have gas vacuoles. 6. May form akinetes, resistant spores. 7. Many have slimy sheaths. 8. Reproduction by cell division, fragmentation

or spores - asexual only……

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

Unicellular:

– Gloeocapsa ill• thick sheath around individual cells.

• Often grows in mixed algae.

– Chamaesiphon ill• Epiphytic on other algae.

• Has holdfast.

• Spores released through a exopore.

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

Filamentous:– Oscillatoria

• trichome and filament (plus sheath)

• oscillatory motion -

• hormogonium fragmentation -

– ill

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

Filamentous:– Oscillatoria ill

• trichome and filament (plus sheath)

• oscillatory motion -

• hormogonium fragmentation -

– Anabaena & Nostoc• can form large masses - thick sheath

• prominent heterocyts and akinetes

• Nostoc form motile trichomes under red and green light.

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

• Anabaena

• heterocyst spore (akinete)

• Nostoc ill

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

• Anabaena

• heterocyst

Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

D: EukaryotaK: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

K; Protista Div: Chlorophyta

1. Stores starch in plastids 2. One or more nucleoli. 3. Chloroplasts have 2-6 thylacoids 4. Cell wall of cellulose. 5. Flagella 9+2 arrangement. 6. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and

xanthophylls. 7. Starch (pyrenoids)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Unicellular:– Chlorella no sexual reproduction– Chlamydomonas

• 2 anterior flagella• eyespot• contractile vacuole• monobiontic (n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Unicellular:– Chlamydomonas

• 2 anterior flagella• eyespot• contractile vacuole ill• sexual - isogamtetes• Monobiontic (n)

• isogametes (1n) -> plasogamy & karyogamy -> zoospore(2n) -> meiosis -> isogametes (1n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Unicellular:– Desmid (Cosmarium)

ill 4-39

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Unicellular:– Desmids (Microasterias) – semicells - isthmus– 1 nucleus in isthhmus– sexual reproduction (conjugation)- monobiontic (n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Filamentous:– Oedogonium

• Intercalary growth

– Ulothrix• Haplontic life cycle• Monobiontic (n)

– (main free living – Plant body is n – or 2n – not both.)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Filamentous:– Spirogyra

• sexual - conjugation

• monobiontic (n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Colonial:– Volvox

monobiontic (n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Colonial:– Hydradictyon

– Monobiontic (2n)

– ill 4-20A,B

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

– Coenocytic:• Acetobularia

“Mermaid’s Parasol”– Haploid (n)

– Marine, tropical

– rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches.

– Cap forms cysts and gametes

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

– Coenocytic:• Caulerpa & Codium

– Diploid (2n), coenocytic Monobiontic

– Marine

– rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches.

– Gametes (form by meiosis, n, bud off of leaf or stem)

K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

Cladophora

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

– Ulva• 2 cell layers• holdfast coenocytic• marine or brackish• dibiontic (1n and 2n)

K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta

– Ulva

– Isomorphic

– life cycle

– Dibiontic• haploid

• & diploid

K: Protista Div: Charophyta“stoneworts”

1. Stores starch in plastids 2. One or more nucleoli. 3. Cell wall of cellulose. 4. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and ill 5-1

xanthophylls. 5. Starch Chara 6. Whorled branching: regular nodes and internodes. 7. Covered with calcareous surface layers.

K: Protista Div: Charophyta“stoneworts”

Nitella sp. Chara sp.

Ill 5-3 ill 5-6

nodes & internodes oogonium & antheridium

K: Protista Div: Euglenophyta

1. Stores food - Paramylon & fats.

2. Reproduction: Cell Division sexual (?) 3. Chl a & chl b Carotenes & Xanthophylls. 4. Also Phagocytic. 5. No Cell wall. 6. Motile with flagellum

K: Protista Div: Chrysophyta “Diatoms”or Golden Brown Algae”

1. Chl a & chl c, high amount carotenes and xanthophylls 2. Cell wall of cellulose and silica - 2 articulated portions 3. Never stores starch - other carbohydrates & oils.

K: Protista: Div: Pyrrophyta “Dinoflagellates”

1. Chl a & chl c, carotenes and xanthophylls some have no chlorophyll 2. Cell wall of cellulose & oils. 3. Usually 2 flagella - 1 trailing & 1

girdling. 4. Some species produce “red tides”

in stagnant waters - neurotoxins - fish kills.

K: Protista: Div: Pyyrophyta “Dinoflagellates”

K: Protista Div: Phaeophyta“Brown Algae or Kelps”

1. Mainly marine. Annual & perennial. 2. Chl a & Chl c, carotenes Xanthophylls (Fucoxanthin). 3. Laminarin, no starch, mannitol, fat droplets. Ill 7-6

4. Cell wall: cellulose alginic acid 5. Many have leaflike. rootlike

and stemlike structures. 6. Sexual reproduction 2n plant body.

K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta 1. Mainly tropical seas some fresh water. 2. Filamentous or foliaceous. 3. Chl a & chl d, carotenoids, phycocyanin, much phycoerythrin. 4. Stores Floridean starch - glucose polymer (15) 5. Cell wall - cellulose, gelatinous material – hydrocolloids

– “agar” galatose phosphate polymer 6. Sexual and asexual reproduction complex - like some Fungi

K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta

D: EukaryotaK: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

K: Protista Div: Oomycota

“water molds” Saprolegnia aquatic- Multinucleated or Coenocytic

- Flagellated Reproductive Cells (n)

- Saprobic

- Cellulose Cell Walls

“powdery mildews” terrestrial (Irish Potato Blight, 1845 - 1847)

K: Protista Div: Myxomycota

“acellular slime molds” - Plasmodium has motile pseudopods coenocytic (2n nuclei) with

cytoplasmic streaming (actin & myxomycin) no cell walls - endocytosis - spores (n) from erect fruiting bodies or sporangia - “swarm cells” motile spores – forms zygotes - > plasmodium - irregular, hard mass: sclerotia form under unfavorable conditions - >

plasmodium - likes cool, moist habitats Physarum

K: Protists

“cellular slime molds” - single, haploid (n) nucleated cells: myxamoebas (n) no cell walls

- myxamoebas group into a single mass or slug under favorable conditions

- endocytosis

- spores (n) from erect fruiting bodies or sporangia

- sexual cycle: myxamoebas fuse zygotes (2n) meiosis mxyamoebas (n)