Plants

4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 5-3, (5-2)

What is a plant? (4-1)

Autotrophic Eukaryotic Multicellular Different structures Complex reproduction cycles

What structures do all plants have? Cell wall made from cellulose Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll Vacuole Cuticle: waxy waterproof layer that

covers the leaves and prevents water loss Other organelles….

Tissue Plants are multicellular Cells are organized into tissues, which are

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

Plants have vascular tissue

Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue: a

system of tube-like structures that that support a plant and allow water, food, and nutrients to run through it.

Light (4-2) Things that appear a certain color (blue)

reflect that color’s light rays (blue) and absorb the rest (ROYGIV)

White light is composed of ROYGBIV White reflects all colors Black absorbs all colors In order for an object to be seen, it MUST

reflect some light. Is a red shirt still red in the dark?

No, because color is the result of reflected light and if there is no light to be reflected, then there is no color.

Plants and Light Pigment: a chemical that produces color

and absorbs light What pigment do plants have the most of?

Chlorophyll What color is chlorophyll?

Green

Plants also have other pigments to help them absorb colors of light that chlorophyll can’t. These are called accessory pigments. Ex. Carotenoids, Xanthophylls

Photosynthesis Why do plants need light?

Light energy helps plants to make sugar (food) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. They do this during the process of photosynthesis.

light energy

carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen

light energy

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H1206 + 6 O2

Seed Plants (5-1) Seed plants are plants that:

Have vascular tissue Use seeds to reproduce

All have leaves, stems, and roots Complex life stages 2 types of seed plants

(Gymnosperns) Angiosperms-flowering plants

Vascular Tissue Xylem/Phloem Video Phloem: a type of vascular tissue that transports

food and larger nutrients throughout the plant Moves from leaves (source) to roots (sink)

Xylem: a type of vascular tissue that transports water and small nutrients throughout the plant Moves from roots to leaves

Xylem/Phloem

Leaves *Leaves carry out

photosynthesis for the plant*

Cuticle covers the surface Upper and lower cells

protect the leaf Towards the top, there is a

layer of cells that contain chloroplasts

Tubes/veins of xylem and phloem

Stomata (pores) on the underside of the leaf that, when open, allow CO2 in and O2 and H2O out

Transpiration Transpiration: when water evaporates

from a plant’s leaves How can plants prevent transpiration?

Close their stomata during hot weather Open their stomata only at night

Stems (p. 147) Functions:

Transports substances from the leaves to roots

Supports the plant Two types:

Herbaceous: soft (dandelion, lily)

Woody: Hard (maple tree, rose)

Outer layer of bark: protection

Cambium: divides to make new xylem and phloem (annual rings)

Annual Rings

Roots (p.149) Functions:

Anchor the plant Absorb nutrients and water

2 Types Tap root: Thick root that

grows deep in the soil Fibrous root: tangled

mass of roots Structure:

Root cap: tip of the root that contains dead cells

Under the root cap, dividing cells

Xylem, Phloem, Cambium, Root hairs

Plant Parts (p.157) Angiosperms are

plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in a fruit

Plant PartsFEMALE PARTS Pistils: contains the

female reproductive parts Stigma: the tip of the

pistil Style: the slender tube Ovary: protective

vessel where the seed develops

Ovule: contains the egg cell

MALE PARTS Stamen: contains the

male reproductive parts Filament: The thin

stalk that makes up the stamen

Anther: Where pollen is produced

Pollen: where sperm cells are located

Neither Male nor Female Flower: Reproductive structure of an

angiosperm Petals: colorful, leaf-like structures of a

flower Sepals: leaf-like structure that encloses

the bud of the flower Plant Part Quiz

Life cycle of an Angiosperm (p.159)

Life cycle of an Angiosperm Anther produces pollen, where sperm cells are

located. The egg cell is produced in the ovule, which is inside the ovary.

Pollen gets transported to the sticky stigma. Pollen grain makes a pollen tube and the

sperm travels downwards through the pollen tube towards the ovule. The sperm and egg join during fertilization.

Ovule develops into a seed, seed coat, and stored food. The fertilized egg (zygote) becomes the seed’s embryo.

Ovary develops into a fruit that encloses the seeds.

The seeds will grow into new plants.

Seeds (p. 143) Seed: structure that contains a young plant

inside Has 3 major structures:

Embryo Cotyledon: stores the food

Monocot: 1 cotyledon (corn) Dicot: 2 cotyledons (bean)

Seed coat: protects the embryo and food from dying out

1. Disperal: spread of seeds through wind, water, animals

2. Germination: early growth of an embryo where it uses stored food to sprout roots

Plant Life Cycle (4-1) Sporophyte: plant

that produces spores Gamete: sperm and

egg cells Gametophyte: plant

that produces gametes

Zygote: fertilized egg cell

Fertilization: when a sperm and egg cell unite

1. Gametes (sperm and egg) join to form a zygote

2. Zygote develops into a sporophyte

3. Sporophyte produces spores

4. Spores develop into gametophytes

5. Gametophytes produce gametes

Life Cycle