plant unit chapters 29-30, 35-39 -evolution -structure and growth -transport -nutrition...
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PLANT UNITChapters 29-30, 35-39
-Evolution-Structure and Growth-Transport-Nutrition-Reproduction-Responses
EVOLUTION
Land Plants
Spores Seeds
Alternation of Generations
Water Management
Xylem Cell Evolution
Vascular Tissue
Secondary Compounds
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocot and Dicot
PLANT STRUCTURE
3 Tissues: -Ground -Dermal -Vascular
Root
Stem
Leaf
Ground Tissue (thickness of cell wall)Thinnest Thickest1.Parenchyma Cells = storage, photo, secretion2.Collenchyma Cells = mechanical support3.Sclerenchyma Cells = mechanical support
Dermal TissueEpidermal cells, guard cells/stomata, specialized cells (hair cells, stinging cells, glandular cells)
Urushiol oil
C6H4(OH)2R = (CH2)14CH3 orR = (CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3 orR = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)2CH3 orR = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH=CHCH3 orR = (CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH2
Alkyl Groups (C-H)
Vascular TissueXylem = transport water and minerals, provide mechanical supportPhloem = transport sugar
Xylem
Secondary Cell Wall = StrengthDead at maturity (no components)
Perforations =more efficient
Phloem
TracheidsVessel Elements
Sieve-Tube MembersSieve-Tubes
Living at maturityNo Nuclei or Ribosomes
Plasmodesmata
Companion Cell =parenchyma cell that providesphysiological support to sieve-tube member
VascularBundles
PLANT GROWTH The Seed Embryo
Seed CoatEndosperm orCotyledons (digested endosperm)
Epicotyl (shoot tip)
Plumule (leaves)
Hypocotyl (shoot)Radicle (root)
Cotyledon
Dormancy = environmental cues (water, temp, light, fire, ingestion)
Imbibition (absorption) of waterInitiates enzymes biochemical pathwaysSeed coat swells and cracksRadicle Hypocotyl elongation
Water Gibberellins (GA) hormones Aleurone (outer endosperm) Amylase Growth
SAM (Shoot Apical Meristem)
RAM (Root Apical Meristem)
Differentiation
Xylem/ PholemParenchymaEpidermal
Seed to SeedlingNegative Gravitropism
Positive Gravitropism (Auxin)
PRIMARY GROWTH vs. SECONDARY GROWTH
Primary Growth- vertical growth-apical meristems
Secondary Growth-lateral growth (girth)-lateral meristems-“cambium”
Primary Structure of Roots
Casparian Strip (Suberin/wax)
Lateral Root from Pericycle
Primary Structureof Stems
Cutin (wax)
Secondary Structure of Stems
Primary Structureof Leaves
Cutin (waxy)
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
Only Symplast
Nitrates
Xylem Sap Transport (Evapotranspiration)
Into root = Osmosis-movement of water root stem-mineral concentration in stele
Into Xylem = “Root Pressure”- seen in “guttation”
Cohesion-Tension Theory (most water movement)-transpiration (negative pressure/ tension in leaves)-cohesion (hydrogen bonds between water)-bulk flow (evaporation from leaf pulls the column)
Capillary Action-rise of liquids in narrow tubes-adhesion
Leaf Draw (Pull)
Guard Cells-cell walls not uniform thickness-cellulose microfibrils arrranged radially-water diffuses in-thinner cell wall expands more-create the stoma (opening)
K+ Ions-active uptake (H+ membrane potential)-water potential change
Stomata open at dawn – duskThree cues:1.Light stimulates guard cells to accumulate K+ ions (blue light receptors H+ pump) Light drives photosynthesis making ATP available2. Depletion of CO2 in air spaces of the leaf3. “Internal clock” in guard cells Circadian rhythm
Loading of sucrose into phloem
symplast
apoplast
TRANSLOCATION OF PHLOEM SAP
Source – Sink (Pressure Flow)1.Soluble carbohydrates (sucrose)
Palisade mesophyll (source) Sieve-tube Active transport2. Solute concentration gradient
Water diffuses into sieve-tube3.Pressure potential increases
Bulk flow through sieve-tubes4.Pressure begins to build at sink
Carbohydrates are being utilized at sink
Sugars removed from sieve-tube (active)
Decrease solute concentrationWater diffuses out relieving the
pressure
C4 and CAM Adaptations
Transpiration Adaptations
Xerophytic Leaf (sunken stoma)
Plant Nutrients
Flower Reproduction
UV light
Pollination
Fruits
Seed Development
Seed Dispersal
Seedling Growth
Ecological Impact
AgricultureAndMedicinal Use
Deforestation
Human Abuse
Plant Hormone Overview
Plant Responses (Hormones)