PLANT NUTRITION

FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENT

Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences

VOLUME 78

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment

Proceedings of the XIII International Plant Nutrition Colloquium, 13-19 September 1997, Tokyo, Japan

Edited by

TADAOANDO Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan

KOUNOSUKE FUJITA Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan

TADAHIKO MAE Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

HIDEAKI MATSUMOTO Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan

SATOSHI MORI University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

and

JIROSEKIYA Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Reprinted partly from Plant and Soil

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHTI BOSTON I LONDON

A.C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN -13: 978-94-010-6510-8

DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9

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v

Contents

Thirteenth International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XXVI

International Council on Plant Nutrition XXIX

Preface XXXI

Memorial messages to the late Professor Dr. Horst Marschner XXXII

Plenary papers

Plant nutrition in the 20th and perspectives for the 21st century 3 Jack F. Loneragan

Facing the challenge of food scarcity: Can we raise grain yields fast enough? 15 Lester R. Brown

Application of microinjection techniques to plant nutrition 25 William J. Lucas

Regulation of mineral nitrogen uptake in plants 41 Nicolaus von Wiren, Sonia Gazzarrini and WolfB. Frommer

Physiological nitrogen efficiency in rice: Nitrogen utilization, photosynthesis, and yield potential 51 Tadahiko Mae

1. Functions of macro and micro elements 61

Does boron play only a structural role in the growing tissues of higher plants? 63 Patrick H. Brown and Hening Hu

Boron requirement for reproductive development in wheat 69 B. Rerkasem, S. Lordkaew and B. Dell

Significance of N source (urea vs. NH4NO) and Ni supply for growth, urease activity and nitrogen 75 metabolism of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo convar. giromontiina) 1. Gerendas and B. Sattelmacher

HPLCIICP-MS study of metals bound to borate-rhamnogalacturonan-n from plant cell walls 81 Toshiro Matsunaga, Tadashi Ishii and Hisao Watanabe-Oda

Ameliorative effects of phosphate and silicate on aluminum toxicity in barley and rice plants 83 Tetsuo Hara, Masataka Nakashima, Yasumichi Matsuno and Hiroyuki Koyama

Effect of different concentrations of urea with or without nickel on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) 85 under hydroponic culture N. K. Khan, M. Watanabe and Y. Watanabe

Leaching from the leaf surface and its significance for apoplastic ion balance 87

VI

Kerstin PennewiB, Karl H. Miihling and Burkhard Sattelmacher

A borate-rhamnogalacturonan II complex in germinating pollen tubes of lily (Lilium longijlorum) 89 M. Kobayashi, S. Kawaguchi, M. Takasaki, 1. Miyagawa, K. Takabe and T. Matoh

Relationships between cell wall composition and leaf development in low-P mashbean (Vigna 91 aconitifolia) plants M. I. Chaudhary, H. Saneoka and K. Fujita

Effect of potassium on EDTA-osmoticum, nitrate reductase activity and productivity of groundnut- 93 sugarcane intercropping under water deficit conditions R. S. Dwivedi, Y. Misra, and K. K. Srivastava

Plant tolerance to nitrogen deficit and excess: Ion compartmentation in root cells 95 Kateryna S. Tkachuk

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations and their balance of durum wheat plants 97 during different growth stages Natalia A. Kuzmina

Calcium signalling in programmed cell death in plants 99 1. E. W. O'Brien and 1. B. Ferguson

2. Uptake and transport of nutrients I: Nutrient uptake 105

Reevaluating the free-ion activity model of trace metal availability to higher plants 107 David R. Parker and Judith F. Pedler

Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in chelator-buffered nutrient solution depends on ligand type 113 M. J. McLaughlin, E. Smolders, R. Merckx and A. Maes

Possible role of root-ethylene in Fe(III)-phytometaIlophore uptake in Strategy II species 119 Ross M. Welch, Wendell A. Norvell, Patee Gesuwan and Steven Schaefer

Compartmentation and flux analysis of Ca2+ in citrus root using isotope exchange kinetics 123 Langtao Xiao, Dujing Hu, Yahui Hong, Yusheng Zheng

Characterization of ferric chelate reductase in plasma membranes isolated from cucumber roots 125 Tatiana Zaharieva, Kousei Yamashita and Hideaki Matsumoto

Regulation of phosphate absorption by phosphorus nutritional status in Arabidopsis thaliana 127 seedlings James Dunlop, Greg Clark and Thai Phung

The toxicity of Cu on the seedlings of a mangrove (Kandelia candel) in the presence of NaCI 129 Chih-Yu Chiu, Cheng-Lin Chen and Chang-Hong Chou

Simultaneous observation of nitrogen uptake, transport and assimilation by rice and wheat young 131 plants fed 15N-nitrate Yasuhiro Arima, Satoshi Ohno and Mamoru Okamoto

Differences in growth and nutrition of legumes in varying soil temperature and phosphorus 133 V. C. Baligar, R. J. Wright and N. K. Fageria

Uptake and translocation of Nand P in Leucaena leucocephala grown at different N, P and AI 135 concentrations M. Girma, P. Sundin, S. Adalsteinsson and P. Jensen

A high affinity Na-dependent phosphate uptake induced by P starvation in Chara Robert J. Reid, Tetsuro Mimura and F. Andrew Smith

137

VII

3. Uptake and transport of nutrients II: Nutrient translocation 139

Detection and characterization of nitrogen circulation through the sieve tubes and xylem vessels of 141 rice plants Hiroaki Hayashi, Yoshihisa Okada, Hironori Mano, Tamikazu Kume, Shinpei Matsuhashi, Noriko S­Ishioka, Hiroshi Uchida and Mitsuo Chino

Isolation and patch clamp measurements of xylem contact cells for the study of their role in the 147 exchange between apoplast and symplast of leaves M. Keunecke, 1. U. Sutter, B. Sattelmacher and U. P. Hansen

The mechanism of phloem mobility of boron 153 Hening Hu and Patrick H. Brown

Characteristics of light-regulated iron transport system in barley chloroplasts 157 N. Bughio, M. Takahashi, E. Yoshimura, N. K. Nishizawa and S. Mori

Inheritance of potassium, calcium and magnesium status in maize (Zea mays L.) plants 163 Ivan Brkic, Vlado Kovacevic, Stipe Vujevicand Vinko Kozumplik

Solute-pool enlargement in drought-sensitive or -tolerant grain legumes: Concentration effect or osmotic 165 adjnstment ? Tilahun Amede and Sven Schubert

Efficiency of K utilization by soybean cultivars 167 Luis V. S. do Sacramento and Ciro A. Rosolem

Uptake and transport of positron-emitting tracer in irradiated plants 169 Tamikazu Kume, Shinpei Matsuhashi, Masamitsu Shimazu, Hitoshi Ito, Hiroshi Uchida, Atsunori Tsuji, Noriko Shigeta, Hirornitsu Matsuoka, Akihiko Osa and Toshiaki Sekine

Seasonal changes in accumulation and retranslocation of nutrients in Casuarina gkluca cladodes 171 Etienne Saur, David N. Fife and E. K. Sadanandan Nambiar

Study on sugar accumulation of sweet sorghum 173 K. Kunita, N. Tsuchihashi, H. Nishiyama, H. Takenaga and M. Yoshiba

The effect of the level of nitrogen supply on the amino acid composition in phloem sap and in leaf 175 extract of rice Y oshihisa Okada, Hiroaki Hayashi and Mitsuo Chino

Net influx of calcium and effiux of potassium in groundnut pods grown in solution culture 177 G. E. Zharare, C. J. Asher and F. P. C. Blarney

4. Molecular biology and biotechnology in plant nutrition 179

Genetic and physiological approaches toward understanding the mechanisms underlying the sulfur- 181 regulated expression of f3 -conglycinin genes Tom Fujiwara, Akifusa Matsui, Masami Yokota Hirai, Akio Fumhashi, Motoko Awazuhara, Chikako Honda, Hoyeun Kim, Kyotaro Noguchi, Nakako Shibagaki, Miho Yasumori, Hiroaki Hayashi, Satoshi Naito and Mitsuo Chino

High-affinity phosphate transporter genes of Arabidopsis thaliana 187 Norihiro Mitsukawa, Satom Okumura and Daisuke Shibata

The froh gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana: Putative iron-chelate reductases 191 Nigel J. Robinson, Sadjuga and Quentin 1. Groom

VIII

Transfer of potassium channel genes into tobacco 195 Wei-ming Shi, Yanhua Su, T. Fujiwara, H. Hayashi, K. Goto, Y. Komeda, J. E. Shaff, L. V. Kochian and M. Chino

Changes in the activities of ammonia assimilation enzymes during senescence of Brassica nap us leaf 197 protoplasts Masami Watanabe, Tomoko Hanamoto, and Yukio Watanabe

Exogenous sucrose supresses a far-red light block of greening in Arabidopsis seedlings 199 Naoko K. Nishizawa, Simon A. Barnes, Ronaldo B. Quaggio, Garry C. Whitelam and Nam-Hai Chua

Molecular aspects of potassium and water transport, and their bearing under salt stress 201 Maki Katsuhara

Uninfected cell specific enhancement of a nodulin-35 genomic gene expression in soybean nodules. 203 Evidences by RT-PCR and chimeric promoter region: GUS reporter gene analysis using transgenic hairy root system of soybean Shigeyuki Tajima, Kenichi Takane and Hiroshi Kouchi

Expression in Escherichia coli and purification of a fusion protein containing a hydrophilic region 205 from Oryza sativa plasma membrane H·-ATPase Y oshiaki Kasahara

Short root-hair mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana 207 Nakako Shibagaki, Toru Fujiwara, Wei-ming Shi, Yoshibumi Komeda, Leon V. Kochian, Hiroaki Hayashi and Mitsuo Chino

Isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant in which the soybean p-conglycinin gene promoter does 209 not respond normally to sulfur deficiency Masami Yokota Hirai, Toru Fujiwara, Mitsuo Chino and Satoshi Naito

Cloning of axil-like cDNA from soybean 211 Shu Fujimaki, Kazuhiko Nakabayashi, Richard Walden, Hiroaki Hayashi and Mitsuo Chino

Screening of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants sensitive to sulfur deficiency 213 Motoko Awazuhara, Akio Furuhashi, Toru Fujiwara and Mitsuo Chino

Wounding inducibility of axil gene, which induces auxin independent cell division of tobacco 215 protoplast H. Mano, S. Fujimaki, H. Hayashi and M. Chino

Pectic fragments prepared by irradiation and their phytoalexin elicitor activity 217 Shinpei Matsuhashi, Masamitsu Shimazu and Tamikazu Kume

Transcription regulation of a Kunitz chymotrypsin inhibitor gene which is expressed abundantly in 219 seeds and tuberous roots of winged bean Yoichi Sakata, Sanae Tamura, Yasuyo Yamazaki, Yoichi Ohdaira, Tomomasa Kuwano!, Noriko Takashima, Hiroshi Takenaga, Yoshiki Habu and Satoshi Naito

Modification of the nitrogen utilization in transgenic tobacco plants that have enhanced or repressed 221 expression of a putative nitrite transporter in chloroplast envelope Keiko Oka, Katsumi Amako and Masaaki Takahashi

Hydroponic culture of Arabidopsis thaliana to screen mutants defective in the absorption of 223 manganese Kenta Ohtani, Takahiro Kitano, Katsumi Amako and Masaaki Takahashi

PeR-assisted differential display of the expression of genes that are induced by manganese- 225 deficiency in tomato roots Takahiro Kitano, Koji Sasaki, Katsumi Amako and Masaaki Takahashi

IX

Phenotypic characterization of tobacco mutant CF15-9, which overexpress the axil gene, under 227 phosphate deficient condition Manabu Kato, Hiroaki Hayashi, Richard Walden and Mitsuo Chino

Characterization and cDNA cloning of the GPI-anchored phosphatase from Spirodela oligorrhiza 229 Hiroshi Nakazato, Takashi Okamoto, Miwa Nishikoori, Kenji Washio, Naoki Morita, Kensaku Haraguchi, Guy A. Thompson, Jr and Hidetoshi Okuyama

Selection of mineral stress resistant lines in sugarcane through biotechnological methods 231 G. R. Naik

Structure and function of two higher plant sulfate transporters 233 Malcolm 1. Hawkesford and Frank W. Smith

5. Tolerance to nutrient deficiency I: Micronutrients 235

Role of rye chromosomes in improvement of zinc efficiency in wheat and triticale 237 1. Cakmak, R. Derici, B. Torun, 1. Tolay, H. 1. Braun and R. Schlegel

Root exudation and microflora populations in rhizosphere of crop genotypes differing in tolerance to 243 micronutrient deficiency Z. Rengel

Reevaluation of the genes induced by iron deficiency in barley roots 249 Satoshi Mori

Iron stress response in iron-efficient and iron-inefficient groundnut cultivars 255 K. B. Reddy, P. V. Bhaskar and K. Venkaiah

Manganese deficiency and toxicity levels for Japanese mint 257 A. Misra

Dissolution of iron from soils by mugineic acid 259 Syuntaro Hiradate and Katsuhiro Inoue

Iron stress response in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): morphological changes and levels of H+- 261 ATPase mRNA in root tips Y. Ohwaki, K. Sugahara, K. Suzuki, H. Moriyama, T. Fukuhara and T. Nitta

Zinc efficiency of dwarf Zea mays treated with a gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor 263 Hitoshi Sekimoto, Mitsuo Hoshi, Takao Yokota and Takahito Nomura

Characteristics of root Fe'+-reduction and root exudate secretion under Fe-deficient conditions in 265 alfalfa Yusuke Arakawa and Yoshikuni Masaoka

Seed manganese (Mn) content is more important than Mn fertilisation for wheat growth under Mn 267 deficient conditions M. Moussavi-Nik, Z. Rengel, G. J. Hollamby and J. S. Ascher

Efficient Mn uptake in barley is a constitutive system 269 Chunyuan Huang and Robin D. Graham

Prevention and correction of iron-deficiency chlorosis of groundnut in India 271 A. L. Singh and Y. C. Joshi

Tolerance of fababean genotypes to low zinc using carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity as a screening 273 technique Mohamed M. EI-Fouly, A. Amberger, M. R. Shabana and E. A. A. Abou EI-Nour

x

Evidence that transplanted oilseed rape (Brassica napus) has a higher external zinc requirement 275 than direct sown plants Mulyati, R. W. Bell and L. Huang

Characterization of iron deficiency response system with riboflavin secretion in some dicotyledonous 277 plants Fumie Shinmachi, Isao Hasegawa, Akira Noguchi and Jinya Yazaki

Purification, characterization and DNA sequencing of nicotianamine aminotransferase (NAAT-III) 279 expressed in Fe-deficient barley roots M. Takahashi, H. Yamaguchi, H. Nakanishi, K. Kanazawa, T. Shioiri, N-K Nishizawa and S. Mori

Possible involvement of Ids3 in the hydroxylation of deoxymugineic acid to mugineic acid in Fe- 281 deficient barley roots Hiromi Nakanishi, Naoko-Kishi Nishizawa, Etsuro Yoshimura and Satoshi Mori

Effect of seed zinc content on grain yield and zinc concentration of wheat grown in zinc-deficient 283 calcareous soils A. YIlmaz, H. Ekiz, I. Giiltekin, B. Torun, S. Karanhk and I. Cakmak

Relationship between sulfur metabolism and biosynthesis of phy-tosiderophores in barley roots 285 Kiyoshi Kuwajima and Shigenao Kawai

Physical mapping of rye genes determining micronutritional efficiency in wheat 287 Rolf Schlegel and Ismail Cakmak

Genotypic variation for Mn efficiency in durum wheat (Triticum turgidium L. var. durum) 289 H. Khabaz-Saberi, Robin D. Graham and A. J. Rathjen

Establishment of a screening system for "Fe(III)-phytosiderophore" transporter protein from Fe- 291 deficient barley roots Hirotaka Yamaguchi, Michiko Takahashi, Naoko-Kishi Nishizawa and Satoshi Mori

6. Tolerance to nutrient deficiency II: Phosphorus 293

Properties of secretory acid phosphatase from lupin roots under phosphorus-deficient conditions 295 Jun Wasaki, Michiko Ando, Kenji Ozawa, Masanori Omura, Mitsuru Osaki, Hiroyuki Ito, Hirokazu Matsui and Toshiaki Tadano

Phosphorus deficiency enhances root exudation of low-molecular weight organic acids and 301 utilization of sparingly soluble inorganic phosphates by radish (Raghanus satiuvs L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) plants F. S. Zhang, J. Ma and Y. P. Cao

Comparison of the ability of different crop species to access poorly-available soil phosphorus 305 P. J. Hocking, G. Keerthisinghe, F. W. Smith and P. J. Randall

The role of cell wall components from groundnut roots in solubilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus 309 in low fertility soils Noriharu Ae and Takashi Otani

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to soil stress and to P and K fertilization on strong K-fixing soil 315 Vlado Kovacevic, Vladimir Vukadinovic and Blazenka Bertic

Kinetic properties and ''in situ" visualization of acid phosphatase secretion from cowpea roots under 317 P-deficiency Jocelyne Ascencio

Zinc response in clusterbean as influenced by genotypic variability 319

XI

Kuldeep Singh

Potassium-deficiency stress tolerance and potassium utilization efficiency in wheat genotypes 321 Maqsood A. Gill, M. I. Ahmad and M. Yaseen

Characteristics of aluminum phosphate utilizing cells: Alteration in enzyme activities in carbon 323 metabolism Eiji Takita, Hiroyuki Koyama and Tetsuo Hara

The exudation of organic acids by pigeonpea roots for solubilizing iron- and aluminum-bound 325 phosphorus Takashi Otani and Noriharu Ae

Mechanisms for efficient utilization of phosphate by wheat and a new screening method for efficient 327 genotypes Guodong Liu, Zhensheng Li, Jiyun Li and Gengling Liu

Adaptive strategies of maize genotypes in low P supply 329 Krisztina R. Vegh, Tamas Szundy and Tibor Tischner

Analysis of protein in low-phosphorus-adapted ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) 331 T. Masuda, T. Yoneyama, K. Kataoka and S. Komatsu

7. Diagnostic techniques for plants and soils 333

Critical values for sulfur in young plants of oilseed rape (Brassica nap us L.) determined with 335 reference to dry weight, leaf area and specific leaf weight P. J. Randall, Q. Wang, P. J. Hocking and A. Pinkerton

Responses of secondary metabolism in plants to nutrient deficiency 341 Naoya Chishaki and Tsuyosi Horiguchi

Physiological changes during the development of potassium deficiency in cotton 347 D. M. Oosterhuis and C. W. Bednarz

Potassium quantity-intensity relationships of a hydrosequence of soils from the Cerrado region of 353 Brazil Manoel Vicente de Mesquita Filho and Miguel Angel Parra Rinc6n

Stored nitrate for diagnosing N sufficiency in wheat crops 355 Peter Barraclough and Ian Pearman

Extractants testing for determination of plant available manganese in soil 357 Blazenka Bertie, Vladimir Vukadinovic and Vlado Kovacevic

Prompt gamma ray analysis of boron in plants and soil 359 Koichiro Watanabe, Susumu Miyamoto, Akihiro Shiomoto, Chushiro Yonezawa and Michio Hoshi

Soil fertility and productivity evaluation of selected Philippine soils 361 Maria Teresa T. Manuel, Yujiro Ito, Saneyuki Okuda and Tamaki Yasuda

Potassium deficiency diagnosis in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) 363 R. W. Bell, D. Brady, D. Plaskett and J. F. Loneragan

Comparison of methods for determination of phosphorus retention 365 Lars D. Hylander

Extractability of soil phosphorus by different methods and its critical limit for wheat 367 M. I. Ali, G. K. M. M. Rahman and M. Q. Haque

XII

Diagnostic technique for nitrogen nutrition of cabbage to increase sugar concentration Yuji Hikasa

Critical levels of available P in acid soils of Cameroon F. Tchuenteu

369

371

Non-destructive measurement of plant growth and nitrogen status of pearl millet with low-altitude 373 aerial photography Bruno Gerard, Andreas Buerkert, Pierre Hiernaux and Horst Marschner

In situ measurement of soil nutrient supply in lowland rice fields 379 A. Dobermann, R. Nagarajan, P. Stalin, P. Mutukhrishnan and Ma. A. A. Adviento

Sugarbeet nutritional diagnosis using remote sensing 381 C. Okano, A. Nishimune, M. Fukuhara, K. Okamoto and M. Hayasaka

8. Tolerance to mineral toxicity I: Heavy metals and salts 383

Accumulation and transport of nickel in relation to organic acids in ryegrass and maize grown with 385 different nickel levels Xiao E Yang, Virupaex C Baligar, Joyce C Foster and David C Martens

Genetic improvement of heavy metal tolerance in plants by transfer of the yeast metallothionein 391 gene (CUPl) Isao Hasegawa, Emiko Terada, Michio Sunairi, Hajime Wakita, Fumie Shinmachi, Akira Noguchi, Mutsuyasu Nakajima, and Jinya Yazaki.

Salt tolerance in two gramineae sp. Panicum maximum and Eleusine coracana: glycinebetaine 397 accumulation and expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase mRNA Hirofurni Saneoka, Satoshi Ishiguro, Chie Nagasaka, Takuo Okada, Kaori Yamauchi, Reda. E. Moghaieb and Kounosuke Fujita

Sulphydryl groups in two Brazilian corn cultivars as a function of cadmium in the nutrient solution 401 Clistenes W. A. Nascimento, Renildes L. F. Fontes and Jose Cambraia

Ion uptake, metabolism and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at excess iron in the growth medium 403 K. K. Baruah and B. C. Natb

Seasonal variations of amino acids and organic acids in the xylem sap of Quercus ilex L. growing on 405 serpentine and sandy loam soils C. Nabais, H. Freitas and J. Hagemeyer

Higher plant metallothionein genes confer Cu resistance to yeast 407 Eiichi Akahoshi, Toru Fujiwara and Mitsuo Chino

Increased susceptibility to photoinhibition in leaves of Japanese elm (Ulmus davidiana var.japonica) 409 with high manganese concentrations Mitsutoshi Kitao, Thomas T. Lei, Takayoshi Koike, Shigeta Mori and Yutaka Maruyama

Characterization of phytochelatin synthase and relationship with Cd-tolerance of plant 411 Ryoji Nakazawa and Hiroshi Takenaga

Effect of temperature and zinc supply on early growth of Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient genotypes 413 of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Harsham Singh Grewal, Robin D. Graham and James C. R. Stangoulis

Effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of trees for revegetation in the United Arab 415 Emirates Hirorni Yokota, Masahiro Abe, Tomoo Shoji, Yoshikazu Kiriiwa, Koichi Ozawa, Shinji Yoshizaki and

XIII

Atsushi Oishi

Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of the species collected from the saline 417 areas of Iran Nayer Azam Khosh Kholgh Sima, Toshinori Nagaoka, Kenji Kouno and Tadao Ando

Effect of soil salinity on the growth and nutritional status of crop plants and that of Nand P 419 application Yuping Lei, Toshiaki Tadano, Kuixian Tian, Nobumasa Ichizen, Jingyu Sun and Sunao Yamazaki

Effects of soil salinity on the growth, nutritional status and salt-removing capacity of fodder beet 421 Mengyu Liu, Kuixiang Tian and Toshiaki Tadano

Crop cultivation and the change of salts in saline soil 423 Kuixiang Tian, Toshiaki Tadano, Mengyu Liu, Jingyu Sun, Sunao Yamazaki and Yuping Lei

9. Tolerance to mineral toxicity II: Acid soil and Al 425

Aluminum distribution and viability of plant root and cultured cells 427 Tatsuhiko Kataoka, Hiroshi likura and Tomoko M. Nakanishi

Genetic and physiological analysis of doubled-haploid, aluminium-resistant lines of wheat provide 433 evidence for the involvement of a 23 kD, root exudate polypeptide in mediating resistance U. Basu, J. L. McDonald-Stephens, D. J. Archambault, A. G. Good, K. G. Briggs, Taing-Aung, and G. J. Taylor

Early events induced by aluminum stress in elongating cells of wheat root 439 Masao Sasaki, Y oko Yamamoto, Jian Feng Ma and Hideaki Matsumoto

Excretion and metabolism of malic acid produced by dark carbon fixation in roots in relation to 445 aluminium tolerance of wheat Leide R. M. de Andrade, Motoki Ikedaand Junji lshizuka

Complexing ability of organic acids with aluminium in acidic soils K. Singh, E. Yoshimura, N. Bughio, K. Kanazawa and S. Mori

Secretion of citric acid as an aluminium-resistant mechanism in Cassia tora L. Jian Feng Ma, Shao Jian Zheng and Hideaki Matsumoto

An aluminum-tolerant cell line isolated from cultured tobacco cells Y oko Yamamoto, Akiko Hachiya and Hideaki Matsumoto

447

449

451

The inheritance of aluminium stress response in rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines 453 Andrzej Aniol

Excretion of citrate as an aluminium-tolerance mechanism in tropical leguminous trees 455 H. Osawa, K. Kojima and S. Sasaki

Cellular distribution and chemical forms of aluminum in Scapania undulata 457 E. Yoshimura, N. Satoh, M. Kaneko, N. Nishizawa, K. Satake and S. Mori

Response of plants adapted in low pH soils to aluminum 459 Toshihiro Watanabe, Mitsuru Osaki and Toshiaki Tadano

Chemical characterization of two forests on the coastal plains of the Dha do Mel, Parana, Brazil 461 R. M. Britez, C. B. Reissmann, S. M. Silva, S. F. Athayde, R. X. Lima, and R. M. B. de Quadros

Aluminum distribution and its related mechanisms in roots and other parts of some Japanese tree 463 species Hisao Fujii

XIV

Selection of aluminium-tolerant variants in Arabidopsis thaliana in solution culture 465 Tomomi Toda, Hiroyuki Koyama and Tetsuo Hara

AI-binding capacity of plasma membrane of root-tip portion in relation to Al tolerance 467 Tadao Wagatsuma, Hideyasu Hitomi, Satoru Ishikawa and Keitaro Tawaraya

Factors limiting tea pollen tube growth in soil solution from three acid soils 469 Chunlan Lian, Naomi Matsuda, Hiromi Yokota and Shigeki Konishi

A new method for assessing pollen tube growth and its application to study alleviation of aluminium 471 stress Shigeki Konishi, Chunlan Lian, Miho Ohmoto and Hiromi Yokota

Mechanisms of differential tolerance of crop plants to high aluminium and low phosphorus growth 473 conditions Hui Ming Luo, Mitsuru Osaki and Toshiaki Tadano

10. Nutrients in rhizosphere and nutrient acquisition 475

A new root box for developing whole root systems in water culture 477 Hitoshi Sekimoto, Kazuo Shibuya, Akinori Yoshida and luichi Itani

Studies on nickel and manganese dynamic in the rhizosphere of wheat 483 R. A. Youssef

The soil solution composition as a predictor for metal availability to spinach: a comparative study 487 using mcs, "'Sr, !09Cd, 65Zn and 152Eu Erik Smolders, Karen Van den Brande, Andre Maes and Roe! Merckx

Phosphorus acquisition and cycling in crop and pasture systems in low fertility tropical soils 493 D. K. Friesen, I. M. Rao, R. 1. Thomas, A. Oberson and 1. I. Sanz

Modelling and measurement of the effects of K-fertiliser on yield, crop uptake and soil-K 499 T. W. Karpinets and D. J. Greenwood

Fractionation of soil copper and manganese in the rhizosphere of finger millet 501 Kozo Iwasaki, Mitsuru Tsuji and Katsutoshi Sakurai

Determination of low molecular weight organic acids in forest soils 503 Katsutoshi Sakurai, Taroh Nakamura, Satoshi Ishizuka and Koza Iwasaki

Growth-promoting effect of root exudates of Fe-deficient alfalfa on Rhizobium meliloti 505 Yoshikuni Masaokal, Hiroyuki Koshino, Yusuke Arakawa and Shuichi Asanuma

The Earth BOX™ - A containerized gradient oriented nutritional paradigm 507 C. M. Geraldson

Preferential use of organic nitrogen by upland rice compared to maize 509 Makoto Yamagata and Noriharu Ae

Exploitation potential for nonexchangeable potassium of Lupinus albus L. and Triticum aestivum L. 511 Diedrich Steffens and Karim Zarhloul

Changes in phosphorus compounds around the rhizosphere of groundnut and pigeonpea grown in 513 an Andosol with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Naoko Suzuki and Hiroshi Hirata

Phosphate distribution and movement in the rhizosphere of wheat SIS M.G.XU

xv

Distribution of denitrifying and enzyme activities across the rhizosphere of wheat 517 Shinjiro Kanazawaand Mitsuo Chino

11. Environmental pollution and plant nutrition 519

Nitrogen movement and water quality at a poorly-drained agricultural and riparian site in the 521 Pacific Northwest S. M. Griffith, 1. S. Owen, W. R. Horwath, P. 1. Wigington, Jr., 1. E. Baham and L. F. Elliott

Zinc uptake by plants on amended polluted soils 527 Anna Chlopecka and Domy C. Adriano

Dieldrin uptake from a contaminated Haplustox by glasshouse-grown plants 533 Rina Bhattacharya and Lyle A. Douglas

Accumulation of gallium (Ga) in Azolla 537 Nobuyuki Shiomi, Shunji Kitoh and Eiji Uheda

Nitrogen dynamics in paper-mulched paddy field fertilized with controlled-release coated urea by 539 15N-method Hideto Ueno and Shigekazu Yamamura

Content of Be, Ga, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, TI and Bi in wild plants: screening for accumulating plants 541 Hisatomi Harada and Tetsuya Hatanaka

Prediction and measurement of nutrients leaching from a soil under fodder crops in the Indian semi- 543 arid tropics A. K. Patra, Pradeep Behari and J. B. Singh

Effects of cadmium on sorghum plants (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) cultivated on soiless culture 545 Claudia M. d. S. Cordovil and Fernanda Cabral

Relationship between soil acidification and nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem on Volcanogenous 547 Regosols in Hokkaido, northern Japan H. Shibata, Y. Tanaka, T. Sakuma and R. Hatano

Physiological responses of rice crop to cement dust 549 A. Narayanan and Ch. M. Rao

Influence of rainfall on mass loss and potassium dynamics of decomposing forest tree leaf litter 551 E. F. Salamanca, N. Kaneko and S. Katagiri

Background levels of heavy metals in kanagawa prefecture farm soils impacted by volcanic ash from 553 Mt. Fuji Tamotsu Okamoto, Kiyomi Kamiyama and Kiyoshi Wachi

Emission of N.o from a clayey aquic soil cultivated with onion plants 555 Ryusuke Hatano and Takuji Sawamoto

Restoring the productivity potential of Mt. Pinatubo-affected soils 557 Esperanza V. Dacanay

Effect of organic materials and lime application on cadmium uptake by ryegrass (Lolium 559 multiflorum Lam.) in cadmium polluted acid soils Shao Jian Zheng, Ning Yu Dong and Ai Tang Hu

Salt tolerance in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grown on soil perfused with cattle urine 561 Yoshiyuki Maeda and Hiroshi Takenaga

Chromate sorption by acid and alkaline soils 563

XVI

Y. M. Tzou, Y. R. Chen and M. K. Wang

Chemical composition of deciduous and coniferous vegetation, mosses and humus as environmental 565 indicator in Slovakia Blanka Maiikovska

Np and N2 emissions from a soilless culture system as affected by greeuhouse climate Manfred K. Schenk and Diemo Daum

12. Recycling of nutrients in organic wastes

567

569

Effect of alkaline stabilized sewage sludge solids on chemical speciation and plant availability of Cu 571 and Zn in the rhizosphere soil solution Y ong Ming Luo and Peter Christie

Ecological evaluation of long-term application of sewage sludges according to the legislative 577 permissions Wilfried Werner and Janos Wamusz

Recycling of municipal and industrial organic wastes in agriculture: benefits, limitations, and means 581 of improvemen R. Schulz and V. Rornheld

Residue recycling for restoring soil fertility and productivity in Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) 587 mustard (Brassica sp.) system D. D. Patra, M. Anwar and Sukhmalchand

Alkaline stabilized sewage sludge cake as an organic fertiliser for spring barley 589 Peter Christie and D. Lindsay Easson

The effect of barnyard manure of different degradation levels on grass production 591 T. Matsumoto, M. Noshiro and M. Hojito

EtTect of zeolite addition to chicken manure on nitrogen mineralization in the soil 593 Suwardi, L. T. Indriyati and I. Goto

Use as a fertilizer of emuent from a bio-gas generator processing animal manure 595 Manus Kumpukul

Decomposition characteristics of organic manure in soil and influence of manure application on 597 extractable Fe and Zn Zhengqian Ye and Yuai Yang

Effect of decomposition of city refuse compost on the behavior of organic compounds in the particle 599 size fractions Hiroaki Sumida and Kazuhiko Yamamoto

Nutrients recycled from pruned fronds in mature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) 601 K. K. Kee and P. S. Chew

Effective of long-term applications of sewage sludge on Zn and Cu retention in sludge-treated soil 603 S. Goto, M. Chino, J. Yamagishi and K. Kumazawa

Origin of selective inhibitors of legume-seed germination in sludge composts 605 Toshinori Nagaoka, Satoshi Yoshida, Hiroshi Tanaka, Kenji Kouno and Tadao Ando

13. Advances in fertilizer and fertilization strategy 607

XVII

Use of urease inhibitors to reduce ammonia loss from broadcast urea and increase grain yield of 609 flooded rice in Thailand S. Phongpan, J. R. Freney, D. G. Keerthisinghe and P. Chaiwanakupt

Nitrogen management and biological nitrogen fixation in sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on 613 Alfisols of the semi-arid tropics Joseph J. Adu-Gyamfi, O. Ito, T. Yoneyama and K. Katayama

Effects of organic-acid treatment of phosphate rocks on the phosphorus availability to Italian 619 ryegrass Charles 1. Sagoe, T. Ando, K. Kouno and T. Nagaoka

Characteristics of P supply from polyolefin-coated P fertilizers in soil Masami Nanzyo, Hidetada Kurosaki and Shin-ichi Yamasaki

625

Effect of Bacillus pumilus PJ 19 and UPMB 001 on the dissolution of gafsa phosphate rock in acid 631 soils Omar Pozan, Mohamed M. Hanafi and Zulkifli H. Shamsuddin

Uptake and efficiency of split applications of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat 633 J. P. Destain, B. Bodson, J. L. Herman, E. Fran~ois and 1. Franc

Effect of split nitrogen application on grain nitrogen, grain protein and nitrogen harvest of wheat (T. 635 aestivum L.) genotypes M. Z. Abdin and Y. P. Abrol

Effect of shade and fertilizer application on dry matter yield of medicinal plants 637 s. P. Samarakoon

Properties of a new slow-release nitrogen fertilizer "SUPER-IB" 639 Hisato Saitoh and Takahiro Watanuki

A new fertilization system for rice cultivars susceptible to lodging 641 Seigo Ouchi, Akira Nishikawa and Shoji Okada

Improvement of nitrogen fertilizer availability by co-situs placement using polyolefin-coated 643 fertilizers in corn production H. Kanno, S. Shoji and S. Yamasaki

A mechanism and an improved simulation of nitrogen release from resin-coated urea 645 Eiji Fujisawa, Arata Kobayashi and Tomoji Hanyu

Evaluation of dry matter production and nutrient-element accumulation of several summer-growing 647 green manure crops Yuki Igarashi, Shoji Nakagawa and Hideharu Yamamoto

Calcium boron interaction studies in tomato grown in a calcareous soil P. Singaram and K. Prabha

Resin-coated urea fertilizer use efficiency in direct seeding culture of paddy rice F. Nishiyama and M. Yoshiba

Effects of no-tillage system on silage-corn yields and soil characteristics in Andisol Toyoaki Ito, Hiromichi Inoue and Masahiko Saigusa

649

651

653

Effects of polyolefin-coated fertilizer containing NPK and micro-elements on copper deficiency in 655 barley and wheat in acid high humic Andisol Masahiko Saigusa, Akiko Tosaki, Toyoaki Ito and Kyoichi Shibuya

Effects of zinc fertilization and irrigation on grain yield and zinc concentration of various cereals grown 657 in zinc-deficient calcareous soils

XVIII

H. Ekiz, S. A. Bagci, A. S. Kiral, S. Eker, 1. Giiltekin, A. Alkan and 1. C;:akmak

Determination of uptake efficiencies and leaching properties of nitrogen fertilizers in tomatoes using 659 lysimeters H. Giilec, M. R. Karaman, K. Saltali, M. Bal<;in and M. R. Derici

14. Root structure and function 661

Nitrate-uptake capacity of different root zones of Zea mays (L.) in vitro and in situ 663 Gerd Reidenbach and Walter 1. Horst

A root-shoot interaction hypothesis for high productivity of field crop 669 Mitsuru Osaki, Takuro Shinano, Mina Matsumoto, Taigen Zheng and Toshiaki Tadano

Gibberellin, cytokinins, nitrate content and rate of water transport in the stem in response to root 675 temperature Imad. A. Ali, U. Katkafi, 1. Yamaguchi, Y. Sugimoto and S. Inanaga

Estimation of mucilage on maize roots with ruthenium red 681 B. Lu and N. C. Uren

Measurement of root length and width using image analysis system 683 Kazuhiko Kimura Seiji Kikuchi and Shin-ichi Yamasaki

Grain yield and root activity in upland crops grown continuously or in rotation plots with different 685 depths of topsoil Tsuneo Nitta, Tomoko Sugito, Toshihiko Karasawa, Tomoyoshi Hirota and Yoji Momota

The effects of soil compaction on the growth and nutrient status of rice grown under flooded 687 conditions M. Lieffering, H. Yamanishi and K. Yoshida

Nitrogen fertilizer management in pigeonpea/sorghum intercropping on an Alfisol in the semi-arid 689 tropics o. Ito, R. Matsunaga, S. Tobita, 1. 1. Adu-Gyamfi, K. Katayama, T. P. Rao and Gayatri Devi

15. Dinitrogen fixation 691

Changes in concentration of leghemoglobin components in hypernodulation mutants of soybean 693 Toshikazu Nishiwaki, Takashi Sato, Hiroyuki Yashima, Taro Ikarashi, Takuji Ohyama, James E. Harper, Shoichiro Akao and Hiroshi Kouchi

Physiological aspects of nitrogen fixation response to copper nutrition in several grain legume 699 species Henryka Seliga

Fine structure of Frankia in root nodules and isolation of Frankia from nodules of actinorhizal 703 plants growing in Japan Hideo Sasakawa, Hiroshi Kawai, Norikatsu Takahashi, Sizuka Tanigawa and TOfU Hiyoshi

A nodulation type with increased number of nodules and nitrate intolerance in soybean 707 lun-ichi Ikeda

Effect of fertilization on soybean yield and quality on poor soil 709 Nedeljko Nenadic

Polyamine as a negative regulatory substance in defense responses of soybean against the infection 711

XIX

and nitrogen fixation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum Takashi Ozawa, Sayaka Kato, Katsuko Sanai and Mamami Sawamoto

Genomic diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains compatible with soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) 713 harboring various Rj-genes Takeo Yamakawa, Masaharu Eriguchi and Junji lshizuka

Proliferative response of Rhizobium etli strains to the mixture of common bean exudate and the soil 715 extract Kotaro Kato and Yasuhiro Arima

Physiochemical mechanism of nitrate nitrogen stress on root nodulation in common bean and 717 soybean seedlings Hisaya Matsunami and Yasuhiro Arima

Influence of native root microflora on wheat growth 719 Danica Micanovic, V. Zecevic, D. Knezevic, V. Raicevic

Effect of Ca Levels and some fertilizer application formulas on yield and biological nitrogen fixation 721 by peanut in vietnam Vo Huy Dang, Le Xuan Tham, Phan Lieu, Mai Thanh Son, Lam Minh Duc and Nguyen Dinh Huyen

Assimilation of biological and mineral nitrogen of pea plants in symbiosis with nodule bacteria 723 Elena D. Krugova

16. Microorganisms affecting plant nutrition 725

The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and phosphorus nutrition of Populus 727 nigra seedlings M. T. Gon<;alves and M. A. Martins-Lou<;ao

Growth stimulatory substances for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Bahia grass (Paspalum 733 notatum Fliigge.) roots Takaaki Ishii, Akihiko Narutaki, Kazutoshi Sawada, Jiro Aikawa, Isao Matsumoto and Kazuomi Kadoya

Transport processes at the plant-fungus interface in mycorrhizal associations: physiological studies 737 S. M. Ayling, S. E. Smith, F. A. Smith and P. Kolesik

Root colonization and iron nutritional status of a Pseudomonas fluorescens in different plant species 743 Petra Marschner and David E. Crow ley and Burkhard Sattelmacher

Phosphorus transfer via vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphallink between roots of red clover 749 Xiaolin Li and Junling Zhang

Relationship of crop yield to microbial biomass in highly-weathered soils of China 751 Zhenli He, Huaiying Yao, Guochao Chen, lun Zhu and Changyong Huang

Detection of amo gene of chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizers in soil by nested PCR 753 Kazuhira Yokoyama, Hideya Kimura, Hiroya Shinozaki and Shigeyuki Tajima

Effects of strontium treatment on bacterial wilt development and the concentration of strontium in 755 inoculated tomato seedlings Hiromichi Yamazaki, Sunao Kikuchi, Tsuguo Hoshina and Takeshi Kimura

Effect of fertilization on suppression of common scab of potato 757 H. Yoshida, J. Ushiki, N. Mizuno and T. Tadano

Role of plant nutrition on alleviating nematode parasitism 759 Haddish Melakeberhan

xx

Effects of previous crops on the arbuscular mycorrhizal formation of maize plants under different 761 soil moisture conditions Toshihiko Karasawa, Joji Arihara and Yoshiaki Kasahara

Nitrogen transformations to carbon mineralization in soil 763 PavoI Bielek

The effect of various plant residues on microbial activity and N mineralization in Kurupelit soil 765 Abdulkadir Stiriicti, Veli Uygur, Ahmet Korkmaz and Ayhan Horuz

Suppressive effect of Geranium pratense L. on potato common scab and identification of the effective 767 compound Jun Ushiki, Satoshi Tahara, Yoshihiko Hayakawa and Toshiaki Tadano

Effects of different plant species on soil microbial biomass carbon in a grassland soil 769 Kenji Kouno, Hiroyuki Saito, Toshinori Nagaoka and Tadao Ando

Responses of phosphorus uptake and growth of Allium fistulosum L. cultivars to arbuscular 771 mycorrhizal colonisation Keitaro Tawaraya, Hideki Kiso and Tadao Wagatsuma

A rapid method for determining bacterial biomass on the root surface 773 Kazunori Sakamoto, Akiko Imai and Atsuko Machida

Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection decreases the free amino acid contents in the host plant 77 5 Hiroyuki Suzuki, Kazunori Sakamoto and Tomio Yoshida

Effects of added organic matter on microbial biomass nitrogen dynamics and plant uptake in paddy 777 soils K. Inubushi, F. Shibahara, K. Hasegawa, and S. Yamamuro

Bases of physiological and biochemical interactions between plants and microorganisms in 779 agrocenoses E. A. Golovko

17. Rice plants: Physiology and production 781

Nutritional physiology of the rice plant and productivity decline of irrigated rice systems in the tropics 783 Kenneth G. Cassman, Shaobing Peng and Achim Dobennann

Molecular markers linked to genes underlying seedling tolerance for ferrous iron toxicity 789 P. Wu, A. Luo, J. Zhu, J. Yang, N. Huang and D. Senadhira

Applications of a simple rice-nitrogen model 793 H. F. M. Ten Berge and J. J. M. Riethoven

Possibility of copper deficiency and impediment in ripening in rice from application of crop residues 799 in submerged soil Akira Noguchi, Isao Hasegawa, Fumie Shinmachi and Jinya Yazaki

Rice seedling establishment as affected by soil type and redox potential 801 Minoru Yamauchi

Effects of Indonesian electric furnace slag on rice yield and chemical properties of soils 803 Suwarno and Itsuo Goto

The use of an anti-lodging agent for rice fertilized with controlled-release urea 805 Hitoshi Sekimoto, Tadanobu Maeda and Hitoshi Isobe

Photosynthesized carbon distribution in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus status of rice leaves 807

XXI

Taigen Zheng, Mitsuru Osaki, Takuro Shinano and Toshiaki Tadano

Isolation of genomic DNA fragment of rice phloem thioredoxin h 809 Yutaka Ishiwatari, Hiroaki Hayashi, Toru Fujiwara and Mitsuo Chino

Increase of PEPC activity in developing rice seeds with nitrogen application at flowering stage 811 Toshio Sugimoto, Kuni Sueyoshi and Yoshikiyo Oji

Sulfur status of rice and lowland soils in West Africa 813 Junichi Yamaguchi

Fertilizer management and nitrogen use efficiency for irrigated rice grown on calcareous-alkaline 815 soils M. Sharif Zia, M. Aslam, Arshad Ali and Z. Saeed

Behavior of nitrogen in soil and uptake by the rice plant 817 Eric Ofasi, Hiroshi Takenaga, Shohei Aso and Masaaki Y oshiba

18. Nitrogen and sulfur metabolism 819

Comparison of contents for cytosolic-glutamine synthetase and NADH-dependent glutamate 821 synthase proteins in leaves of japonica, indica, and javanica rice plants Tomoyuki Yamaya, Mitsuhiro Obara, Toshihiko Hayakawa and Tadashi Sato

Ammonia exchange between plants and the atmosphere: Effects of ammonium supply to the roots, 827 dark-induced senescence and reduced GS activity Marie Mattsson and Jan K. Schjoerring

Effects of exogenous ABA application on sulfate and OAS concentrations, and on composition of 833 seed storage proteins in in vitro cultured soybean immature cotyledons Hoyeun Kim, Toru Fujiwara, Hiroaki Hayashi and Mitsuo Chino

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Sasanishiki, a leading cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in 839 northern Japan Satoshi Goto, Yuri Ishii, Toshihiko Hayakawa and Tomoyuki Yamaya

The effect of nitrogen nutrition on the resistance of tobacco to light stress 841 R. Bendixen, B. Sattelmacher and U. P. Hansen

Nitrogen and sulphur nutrition of oilseed rape and crop quality 843 Joime Fismes, Phuy Chhoy Vong and Armand Guckert

Peanut glutamate dehydrogenase: A target site of herbicide action 845 Godson O. Osuji

Effects of amides on the expression of NADH and NAD(P)H nitrate reductase genes in barley 851 seedlings Kuni Sueyoshi, Toshio Sugimoto and Yoshikiyo Oji

Depression of {J-subunit accumulation in nitrogen deficient soybean seeds 853 Norikuni Ohtake, Shinya Yamada, Yae Ikarashi, Taro Ikarashi and Takuji Ohyama

Purification and characterization of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase of radish seedlings 855 Takeshi Ara and Jiro Sekiya

Effects of seleno-methionine on accumulation of seed storage proteins of soybean 857 Chikako Honda, Toru Fujiwara, Hiroaki Hayashi and Mitsuo Chino

Seed derived nitrogen in bean plant organs during early growth stages 859 T. Muraoka, P. C. O. Trivelin and A. E. Boaretto

XXII

Regulation of nitrate reduction by sink activity in soybean (Glycine max L.) 861 H. Nobuyasu, S. Liu, H. Saneoka and K. Fujita

The effects of nitrate on sprouting of grapevine buds and changes in amino acid concentration 863

Shoho Suzuki, Tohru Mochizuki, Yoshihide Yamakawa and Masanori Moriya

19. Photosynthesis, respiration and dry matter production 865

Cotton responses to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and temperature interactions 867 V. R. Reddy, K. R. Reddy and Z. Wang

Growth, grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to elevated CO2 and phosphorus 873 nutrition Saman P. Seneweera and Jann P. Conroy

Ribulose-l,S-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) content and nitrogen allocation in rice leaves 879 under CO2 enrichment: Optimization of Rubisco content by 'antisense' rbcS Amane Makino, Hiromi Nakano, Kentaro Kaneko, Tadahiko Mae, Takiko Shimada, Shigeo Takumi, Makoto Matsuoka, Ko Shimamoto, Mitsue Miyao-Tokutomi and Naoki Yamamoto

Critical stage of nitrogen requirement for citrus fruit development 885 A. K. Alva

Effects of high CO2 on nodule formation in roots of Japanese mountain alder seedlings grown under 887 two nutrient levels Takayoshi Koike, Takeshi Izuta, Thomas T. Lei,Mitsutoshi Kitao and Shu'ichi Asanuma

Effect of potassium nutrition on translocation of photosynthesized 14C and carbon-nitrogen 889 metabolism in leaves of various crop plants Satoshi Yamada, Mitsuru Osaki and Toshiaki Tadano

How do nutrients drive growth? 891 Ian G. Burns, Robin L. Walker and Jeff Moorby

The role of molecular oxygen in the photosynthetic electron transport of higher plants 897 Sodoy Damdinsuren, Mitsuru Osaki and Toshiaki Tadano

No biochemical evidence for separating respiration into growth and maintenance 899 Takuro Shinano, Mitsuru Osaki and Toshiaki Tadano

Nutritional characteristics of sago palm (Metroxylon sagus) 901 Mina Matsumoto, Mitsuru Osaki, Tanit Nuyim, Yoshiaki Kitaya, Masaru Urayama, Toshihiro Watanabe, Takuji Nakamura, Chairatna Nilnond and Toshiaki Tadano

Effect of brassinolide on growth and parameters of photoautotrophically cultured green tobacco 903 cells Y. Sasuga, H. Shindo, K. Murata and H. Takenaga

Aluminum and calcium effects on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in taro 905 S. C. Miyasaka, T. Tsumura, W. S. Sakai, S. Riede and H. R. Valenzuela

Factors controlling leaf area development in husk leaf of flint corn (Zea mays L.) 907 K. Fujita, T. Oka, H. Sato, N. Sakurai, S. Sendo, H. Saneoka and H. Nobuyasu

Effect of CO2 enrichment on stem and fruit diameters, and fruit growth in Japanese pear (Pyrus 909 serotina Reheder) J. Ito, S. Hasegawa, K. Fujita, S. imai, S. Ogasawara and T. Fujiwara

Physiological characteristics of husk leaves and its contribution to grain production in maize (Zea 911

XXIII

mays L.) T. Oka, K. Fujita, H. Saneoka, O. Sawada, H. Sato and S. Sendo

Different mechanisms of carbon-nitrogen interaction in cereal and legume crops 913 Takuji Nakamura, Mitsuru Osaki, Takuro Shinano and Toshiaki Tadano

20. Crop quality and plant nutrition 915

Sulphur nutrition: An important factor for the quality of wheat and rapeseed 917 F. 1. Zhao, P. 1. A. Withers, E. 1. Evans, 1. Monaghan, S. E. Salmon, P. R. Shewry and S. P. McGrath

Influence of late nitrogen application on nitrogen translocation and protein fractions of wheat 923 genotypes differing in protein content Liu Xiaobing and Li Wenxiong

BCO, feeding studies on the metabolism of carbohydrates, ascorbate and oxalate in spinach (Spinacia 927 oleracea L.) T. Yoneyama, M. Yasuda, S. Sato and M. Takebe

A strategy for breeding staple-food crops with high micronutrient density 933 Robin D. Graham, D. Senadhira and Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio

Response of sugar beet to foliar fertilization with Epsom salt (MgS04.7H,o) 939 Andrija Kristek, Ernst Andres, Vlado Kovacevic, lvica Liovic and Manda Rastija

Effects of sulfate application and shading on myrosinase activity and S-methyl-L-cysteine 941 sulfoxide content in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) roots Gensho Ishii

Changes in soybean quality resulting from applications of lime and potassium fertilizer 943 R. T. Tanaka, H. A. A. Mascarenhas, T. Muraoka and P. B. Gallo

Improvement of phosphorus uptake of forage legumes by rock phosphate fertilization and vesicular- 945 arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation D. R. Lukiwati, S. Hardjosoewignjo, Y. Fakuara, 1. Anas, T. R. Wiradaryaand A. Rambe

Genetic analysis of nitrogen contents in four wheat cultivars and their hybrids 947 D. Knezcvic

Sugar beet yield and quality as affected by N fertilization and crop planting density 949 Milan Bozic, Nedeljko Nenadic and Tihomir Gujanicic

Effects of zinc and copper application on timothy (Phleum pratense L.) growth on andisol grasslands 95 I in Konsen district T. Saigusa, M. Hojito and M. Noshiro

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and post-maturity rainfall on wheat grain quality 953 S. Nakatsu, Y. Watanabe and S. Okumura

The role of winter wheat chromosomes SD and SA in nitrogen accumulation and grain protein 955 content Teruo Matsunaka, John W. Snape and Hiroko Hoshino

Effect of ammonium-nitrogen supply on oxalic acid content in spinach grown in hydroponics and 957 fields Masako Takebe and Tadakatsu Y oneyama

A low cost ridge hammering tillage system for high quality production of sweet potato Katsunobu Ganno, Nobuharu Kihou, Hiroki Ikoma and Sasakazu Imazono

959

XXIV

Effects of nitrogen application on the yield and quality of Fl-hybrid tomato seeds 961 Ani Andayani Soedjana, Isao Hasegawa, Akira Noguchi, Hidetatsu Tanaka, Kan Tsuchiya and linya Yazaki

Effects of replacing of nitrate with urea or chloride on the growth and nitrate accumulation in pak-choi 963 in the hydroponics Zhujun Zhu, loska Gerendas and Burkhard Sattelmacher

Organic top dressing to improve yield and quality of paddy rice 965 Ken-ichi Yonekura, Shigeki Sano, Tomoaki Kuwamura and Shoji Nakagawa

Relationships between the mineralized-N levels in rice field soil and the total N levels in brown rice 967 Ken-ichi Yonekura, S. Sano and S. Nakagawa

Effect of NH.-N levels and KlCa ratios in the nutrient solution on incidence of blossom-end rot and 969 gold specks on tomato fruits grown in rockwool Akira Nukaya, Kakushi Goto and Hon-gi lang

Ascorbic acid and reducing sugars contained in two kinds of tomato fruits watered by different 971 methods K. Yoshida, H. Nakami, K. Tsukazawa and M. Inayama

Improving ascorbic acid content of tomato fruits by the oxidized yeast extract 973 C. Yamada, H. Kawai and K. Yoshida

Improvement of pineapple fruit quality by molybdenum 975 Praphasri Chongpraditnun, Pratueng Lukasanawimol, Pakorn Limsmuthchaiporn, Pichit Pongsakul and Sasithorn Was unum

xxv

Plant and Soil Volume 195 (1997)

Some of the papers in this volume were first published in Plant and Soil Volume 195 (1997) according to the authors' wishes.

XXVI

Thirteenth International Plant Nutrition Colloquium

Local Organizing Committee

Toshiaki Tadano Tadao Ando Teruo Asami Mitsuo Chino Y oshisuke Fujinuma Kounosuke Fujita Toru Fujiwara Shigeko Goto Isao Hasegawa Hiroaki Hayashi Hiroshi Hirata Tsuyoshi Horiguchi Motoki Ikeda Toshiro Kinos:1ita Shigeki Konishi Masayoshi Koshino Tadahiko Mae Toushiro Matsuda Hideaki Matsumoto Satoshi Matsumoto Katsuyuki Minami

(Chairman) (*Program and Publication)

(President)

(Program and Publication) (Registration) (Finance) (*Exhibition) (Secretariat, *Registration)

(Program and Publication)

(Program and Publication)

Satoshi Mori (Program and Publication) Norio Nakaya Naoko K. Nishizawa Hitoshi Obata (*Social Program) Kunihiko Ojima Mitsuru Osaki Naoto Owa Jiro Sekiya Akinori Suzuki Eiichi Takahashi Tadashi Takakura Hiroshi Takenaga Kouu Yamazaki Tadakatsu Y oneyama

(*Finance) (*Field Tours, Program and Publication)

Masaaki Yoshiba (*Venue Coordination)

*Chairman of sub-committee

Thirteenth International Plant Nutrition Colloquium

SPONSORS

Here, I, as The President of International Plant Nutrition Colloquium (IPNC), express my sincere gratitude to all the Sponsors of XlII IPNC.

The major sponsors are listed in the followings;

The Royal Society (United Kingdom) XII International Plant Nutrition Colloquium (Australia) Comson Co" Ltd. Council for Promotion of Utilization of Organic Materials Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Japan Federation of Economic Organization (Keidanren) Mitsui Plant Biotechnology Research Institute MOA International National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations (Zen-Noh) Nishihara Environmental Sanitation Research Corp. Ltd. The Commemorative Association for the Japan World Exposition (1970) The Federation of Electric Power Companies The Japan Racing Association Tokai Trading Company Tokyo Bankers Association Inc. Tokyo University of Agriculture

AUf\ust, 1997 Mitsuo Chino President, IPNC

XXVII

XXIX

International Council on Plant Nutrition

M. Chino (President) Japan C.1. Asher Australia M. L. van Beusichem The Netherlands I.Cakmak Turkey M. M. EI-Fouly Egypt R. Graham Australia M. Gorshkova Russia A. Guckert France W. J. Horst Germany U. Kafk:afi Israel T. Kallay Hungary E. A. Kirkby U.K. R. F. Korcak U.S.A. H. Marschner Germany K. Marsh New Zealand P. Martin-Prevel France R. Merckx Belgium B. Rerkasem Thailand C. A. Rosolem Brazil M. R. Saric Yugoslavia T. Tadano Japan R. Welch U.S.A. F. Zhang P.R. China

XXXI

Preface

In the history of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium from its first meeting in 1954, this meeting, the 13th Colloquium, is the first to be held in Asia and will be the last in the 20th century.

The 20th century has seen huge changes in the number and activities of mankind. Our population has increased from around 1.7 billion to more than 5.8 billion and technological innovations have completely altered our way of living. As a consequence of such rapid change, we are facing many problems including changes in our environment of a global scale. But, while food shortage has been a serious concern to mankind throughout our history, serious food shortages in the 20th century have been confined to limited times and areas. As Lester Brown discusses in this volume, farmers have increased food production heroically on demand. We, the plant nutritionists should be proud of our support to the world's farmers which has helped them make their achievement possible.

During the 20th century, the science of plant nutrition also has achieved great progress as described by Jack Loneragan; it became established as a discipline firmly based in science, defined the chemical elements supporting plant growth, and has contributed to improvements in plant production and environmental quality, as readers will find in many contributions in this volume. The seed sown by Justus von Liebig has produced a beautiful flower in the Green Revolution of this century and the mature plant has many buds preparing to bloom in the next century. On this occasion, when plant nutritionists from allover the world get together in Tokyo, let us discuss the fruits we can harvest in the 21st century and the seeds we should sow for following generations.

I must confess that before the Colloquium I had no confidence in our ability to complete publication of this enormous volume. It contains 320 contributed papers from 357 submitted papers, almost double the number we expected. We had to overcome many barriers of language, communication and time. I learned that it takes three days for a fax to reach one place in Asia and that some authors don't read instructions. On the other hand, I have received excellent cooperation from most authors who have prepared well-written papers and from more than 40 reviewers and five coeditors who have done outstanding jobs. Without this help, this volume could never have been in your hands before the meeting; it is literally the fruit of collaboration among the authors, reviewers and editors. However, as Editor-in-Chief, I accept responsibility for any faults.

Very sad news frightened us last September when Volker Romheld told us that Professor Horst Marschner had suddenly and unexpectedly passed away! We had requested Professor Marschner to join us as an editor of the Proceedings and a consulting member of the Program and Publication Committee since none of the Japanese editors were as skilled in editing as the former editor Jim Barrow. I sent all abstracts to Professor Marschner and asked him for suggestions on the symposium sessions and selection of the papers. At all times, his comments were concise and to the point. Without his help and encouragement, the program would not be as well organized as it is now. His contribution was such that I had wished to include his name as an editor of this volume. Unfortunately, my intention could not be realized as he cannot take responsibility for the final work. However, in recognition of his contribution and in memory of him as our respected colleague and teacher, the Editorial Committee with the support of many authors, has decided to dedicate this work with our thanks to Professor Horst Marschner. He will be with us throughout the Colloquium.

Many other people helped us, but I can mention here only some of them; Colin Asher who gave us valuable advice and encouragement as our consultant after Professor Marschner, Ad Plaizier who worked with us as a publisher of Kluwer Academic Publishers for the four years of preparation, and Nahoko Nishibori who struggled to process dozens of e-mail, fax and postal messages every day. I, who have almost forgotten all the weekends during the past year, also owe much to my wife for her support.

Finally, I would like to thank all those who have contributed to bringing this Colloquium to fruition; I hope it will be a most successful and enjoyable meeting with no serious problems and prove fruitful to all delegates. ARIGATO (not alligator! but "Thank you" in Japanese) to all.

Higashi Hiroshima, August 1997 T. Ando

XXXII

Professor Dr. Dres. h. c. Horst Marschner (1929 - 1996)

This volume of Proceedings is dedicated to the late Professor Dr. Horst Marschner.

It was with great sorrow that we heard the news of the sudden death from malaria of Professor Dr. Horst Marschner, the world's leading authority on plant nutrition. His encyclopedic knowledge, wide experience, and talented and keen insight into plant nutrition was widely respected. Combined with his generosity of spirit and gentle character, these attributes attracted plant scientists throughout the world to discuss their research and to work with him. He will be especially missed by younger scientists who found him a willing listener and who eagerly sought his advice on their work (Photograph: Left).

Professor Dr. Horst Marschner had been a valuable member of the International Council of Plant Nutrition for over 20 years and throughout that time worked hard to make it the premier international body in the discipline of Plant Nutrition. It is a great loss for us that he has passed away without us having had the benefit from his guidance as President. As a member of Council, he gave unstinted support to the Organizing Committee of this 13th International Plant Nutrition Colloquium being held in Tokyo, providing us with valuable advice and support from our earliest planning stage. As part of his dedicated contribution to the Colloquium, he had reviewed most of the abstracts submitted from all over the world for publication in this Volume (Photograph: Right).

We would like to take this opportunity, to record our sincere appreciation for the dedicated support so willingly given by Professor Dr. Horst Marschner, not only to publication of this Volume but also to the organization of the Colloquium itself.

We also thank The German Society of Plant Nutrition for providing the brief record of the late Professor Dr. Horst Marschner's achievements outlined on the next page.

Mitsuo Chino President XIII International Plant Nutrition Colloquium

Toshiaki Tadano Chairman, Local Organizing Committee XIII International Plant Nutrition Colloquium

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Horst Marschner was one of the most highly esteemed scientists in the area of plant mineral nutrition. He contributed substantially to the development of Plant Nutrition as a scientific discipline especially through his engagement for more than 20 years in the International Council for Plant Nutrition. His book "Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants" (2nd edition 1995 from Academic Press, London) is used as a textbook in many universities around the world. He was a stimulating and generous teacher, mentor, and colleague. He found research in plant nutrition fascinating, and was able to transmit that fascination to those around him. He died in September 1996 after a very short illness.

Horst Marschner was born in 1929 in Zuckmantel (now in the Czech Republic). He studied agriculture and chemistry at the Universitat Jena, obtained a Ph.D. in Agricultural Chemistry in 1957 and then joined the Institut fiir Kulturpflanzenforschung in Gatersleben. During these years, he developed his interest in modern techniques for studying plant nutrient uptake. In 1960, he joined the research group of Prof. Michael at Stuttgart­Hohenheim. In 1966, he became Full Professor of Plant Nutrition at the Technische Universitat Berlin, and since 1977 was Director of the Institut flir Pflanzenernahrung (Institute of Plant Nutrition) at the Universitat Hohenheim.

Despite the success of his professional career and his heavy work load, Horst Marschner maintained an interest in new developments in agronomy, botany, and soil science. He especially enjoyed discussing ideas with both young and established scientists and students. His reputation as a referee for scientific journals, as well as for funding agencies or government bodies, was particularly high, not only because of his wide knowledge and experience, but because his interest was in the progress of science, without personal bias.

At the beginning of his career Horst Marschner mainly studied the uptake of mineral nutrients, but then extended this to include nutrient transport and use within the plant. His later research greatly advanced the understanding of rhizosphere processes and iron uptake by plants. He also included environmental aspects of plant nutrition in his work, for example on the side-effects of high rates of agricultural fertiliser use, on heavy metal contamination of soils, and on the effect of changes in forest ecosystems on the uptake and use of nutrients by trees. Horst Marschner also published extensively on the adaptation mechanisms of plants to adverse soil conditions and low nutrient supply.

Studies on the efficient use of fertilisers in developing countries were of particular importance to him, in recent years especially in Turkey, West Africa, and China. He believed that science and rational thinking should be used to improve human living conditions.

Among many international awards, Horst Marschner was given honorary doctorates by the universities of Hannover and Utrecht, and an honorary professorship by the China Agricultural University.

He was fully engaged in scientific work and was full of new ideas, sharing his interests with a large group of graduate students, technicians, befriended scientists and co-workers.

We have lost in Horst Marschner an extraordinary person, teacher, scientist, and colleague. We will miss his stimulating contributions to the field of plant nutrition.

German Society of Plant Nutrition