PlantNamesandIden-fica-on

ThemostfunyoucouldpossiblyhaveonaSaturdaymorninginApril!

PresentedbyLauraCaddy,April21,2018

CommonNames

•  OGeneasytoremember.•  Canbeverydescrip-ve.– Use

•  Sugarmaple–  Colour

•  Redosierdogwood–  Formorhabit

•  CreepingJenny– Dangerousorobnoxious

•  Poisonoak•  Bindweed

Dianthusgra,anopolitanus'Bath'sPink'

CommonNames

•  Noregula-ons.– Thereforeso“correct”commonname.

– Noproperwaytowritethem.

•  OGendifferinregions,language.•  Onespeciesmayhavemanycommonnames.

•  Onecommonnamemaybeusedformanycompletelydifferentspecies.

CommonNamesAustrocedruschilensis:Chilean

cedar

Calocedrusdecurrens:incensecedarChamaecyparislawsoniana:Port

Orfordcedar

C.thyoides:Atlan-cwhitecedarCryptomeriajaponica:Japanese

cedarCupressuslusitanica:Mexicanwhite

cedarC.nootkatensis:yellowceda

Juniperusbermudiana:Bermudacedar

J.virginiana:easternredcedarLibocedrusbidwillii:NewZealand

cedarThujaoccidentalis:easternwhite

cedar

Thujaplicata:westernredcedarWiddringtoniacedarbergensis:

ClanwilliamcedarCedrelaodorata:Spanishcedar

Toonaciliata:Australianredcedar

Cedrusspp.:Lebanon,Atlas,Deodarcedar

Tamarixspp.:saltcedar

Taxonomy

•  Kingdom•  Division•  Class•  Order•  Family

•  Genus•  Species

Family

•  agroupoflikeplants•  thehighestclassifica-onweasgardenersgenerallyuse.

•  OGenhavequitedis-nctvisiblefeaturesthatunitethem

•  Endinaceae(unlessyou’reBri-sh…)– Asteraceae=Compositae– Lamiaceae=Labiatae– Brassicaceae=Cruciferae

Genus

•  Plural:genera•  adefinedgroupwithinaFamily

•  alwaysfirstlebercapitalized,andwribeninitalics

Abies

Magnolia

Species

•  Specieswereoriginallyiden-fiedasagroupofplantsthatwereinter-fer-le

•  Abinomialname Genus+specificepithet=species

•  Specificepithetlowercaseanditalicized. Thujaplicata

Cul-vars

•  AKAcul-vatedvarie-es•  Acul-varisagene-callyuniqueplantselectedforaspecifictrait.–  Theplantmaybenaturallyoccurring,orbred.

•  Propagatedasexually(cloned)•  Acul-varnameneedstoberegistered•  Cul-varnamescomeattheendofthescien-ficname

Trilliumgrandiflorum‘FlorePleno’Hosta‘TinyTears’

BotanicalLa-n

“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”

-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n

BotanicalLa-n

WhyLa-n?•  Commonacademiclanguagewhenthebinomialsystemwasstarted(Linnaeus,1753)

•  Manywordsadapted,created,orgivennewdefini-onstofacilitatedescribingplantsindetail–  Resultedina“new”unifyinglanguagetocommunicateaboutplantsaroundtheworld

BotanicalLa-n?

•  AncientGreekalsooGenadaptedandusedinscien-ficbotanicallanguage

•  Manynounsusedtonameplantsretainlanguageororigin

Pronuncia-on

Severalwaystopronouncela-n–  Different,dependingonfirstlanguageorregion–  AsEnglishspeakers,twomainones

•  English(tradi-onal)–  usedbybotanists,gardeners

•  Reformed–  Usedbyacademic,classicalscholars

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

•  Everyvoweltypicallypronounced–  Exceptpairspronouncedasonesound(diphthong)

•  ae,au,ei,eu,oe,ui–  Includingwhenwordendsinvowel

Cotoneaster Sphaerocephala-Co-to-ne-as-ter -Sphaer-o-ceph-a-la-Not:coton-easter -Not:spha-er-o-ceph-a-laLiriope-Li-ri-o-pee-Not:Li-ri-op

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

Anigozanthos

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos

Silene

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos

Silene

Si-le-nee

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos

Silene

Si-le-nee

Pseudotsugamenziesii

Pronuncia-on:Vowels

AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos

Silene

Si-le-nee

Pseudotsugamenziesii

Pseu-do-tsu-gamen-zies-i-i

Pronuncia-on:Consonants

•  Ch=K– Chlorophyll

•  J=j–  Juncus

•  Ph=f– Macrophyllus

Pronuncia-on:Emphasis

•  Wordsoftwosyllables

– Emphasizefirst •  Rosa=RO-sa•  Acer=A-cer

Pronuncia-on:Emphasis

•  Threeormoresyllables

– Emphasizesecondtolast(penul-mate)when:–  Vowelisfollowedby2consonants

»  Cornuscanadensis:COR-nuscan-a-DEN-sis–  Vowelislong

»  Equisetum:E-qui-SE-tum

– Emphasizethethirdtolastwhen:•  Thepenul-matesyllablehasashortvowel

–  Lilium:LI-li-um–  Chrysanthemum:chry-SAN-the-mum

BotanicalLa-n

“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”

-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n

Pronuncia-on:Emphasis

Whenindoubt,gowithwhatsoundspleasingtoyou.

•  Clema,s:

– CLE-ma--s,Cle-MA--s•  Cyclamen:

– sci-CLA-men,SICK-la-men

Pronuncia-on

Proper(peopleorplace)names–  Ideally,rootwordispronouncesasinoriginallanguage

•  Suffix,asinLa-n–  Realis-cally,inLa-n,English,ororiginallanguage.Dependson

name

–  Fuchsia•  NamedaGerGermanbotanistLeonhartFuchs

–  Kniphofia•  NamedaGerGermanbotanistH.Kniphof•  K-nip-of-i-a(aspronouncedinGerman)•  Ni-FO-fi-a,nip-HO-fe-a(morecommonbygardeners)

Pronuncia-on

Proper(peopleorplace)names– Halesiacarolina

•  NamedaGerEnglishphysiologistReverendHales•  English=HALES-i-a,La-n=Hal-ES-i-a

– Paeoniamlokosewitschii•  NamedaGerPolishbotanistLudwikMlokosiewicz

•  Molly-the-witch

La-nSuffixes

Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.

Namedreferencingpeople:…iae(f),…ii(m),…iana(f),…ianus(m)•  Irisdanfordiae•  Rhododendronmenziesii•  Piceasmithiana

La-nSuffixes

Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.

Namedreferencingcountry/placeorgrowth

…sis(m),…is(f),…e(n)

•  As,llbechinensis•  Thujaoccidentalis•  Cirsiumarvense

La-nSuffixes

Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve

Indica-ngresemblance…oides,…eum,…opsis•  Catalpabignonioides•  Schizophragmahydrangeoides•  Sempervivumarachnoideum•  Echinopsis

Transla-ngLa-n

Specificepithetsareeithernouns(propernames)oradjec-ves(descrip-ve)

Descrip-ve–  grandiflora=bigflowers–  prostrata=prostrategrowth– macrophylla=bigleaf–  cercidiphyllum=leaflikecercis–  rubra=red–  officinalis=withherbaluses–  arvensis=ofthefield(oGenweedy)–  sylvestris=ofthewoods

PlantIden-fica-on

•  Knowingbasicplantmorphologyisessen-al•  Somegroupsofplantshaveveryspecificterms– Glossariesareourfriends

WoodyStemMorphology

A.  Terminal/ApicalBud

B.  Lateral/AxillaryBudC.  NodeD.  Internode

A.

B.

C.

D.

Stern,Introduc,ontoPlantBiology,11thed.,2008

LeafMorphology

•  Blade•  Midrib•  Pe-ole=leafstalk•  AxillaryBud•  Margin•  Apex

hbps://www.flickr.com/photos/71183136@N08/7128074957

LeafTypeSimple PalmatelyLobed PinnatelyLobed

CompoundLeafTypes

HarrietL.Keeler,viaWikimediaCommons

Palmate Pinnate Bipinnate

ByNinjatacoshell(Ownwork),viaWikimediaCommons

FlowerStructure

A.ReceptacleB.Sepal(Sepals=Calyx)C.Petal(Petals=Corolla)D.Stamen

–  Anther–  Filament:stalk

E.Pis-l–  S-gma–  Style:narrowpor-onof

pis-l–  Ovary:swollenbasalpart

•  Containsovules

C

A

DE

B

FlowerTypes

•  Complete:allpartspresent,calyx,corolla,stamen(s),pis-l

•  Incomplete:onepartmissing•  Perfect:allsexualpartspresent•  Imperfect:unisexual•  Monoecious(onehouse):bothsexflowersonsameplant.

•  Dioecious(twohouses):imperfectflowers,onlyonesexperplant

InflorescenceTypes

Solitary Spike Raceme

Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement

InflorescenceTypes

Panicle Umbel Cyme

Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement

PlantIden-fica-on

Dichotomouskeys•  Themostusedmethodscien-fically

•  Setoftwochoices,un-lyougettoanendpoint

Conifer key 1a. Plant deciduous………..…Larix,

Metaseqouia, Taxodium 1b. Plant evergreen……………...…2 2a. Cone is fleshy…..…….……......3 2b. Cone is dry…………..………...4 3a. Cone is red.…..Taxus, Podocarpus 3b. Cone is not red….…….Juniperus 4a. Needles in bundles……......Pinus 4b. Needles not in bundles….…..….5 5a. Needles scale like…Cupressus,

Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Sequoiadendron

5b. Needles singular……….….……6 6a. Needles stiff, 4 angled…….Picea 6b. Needles flat…………………….7

7a. Cones have fork scale sticking out..............................Pseudotsuga

7b. Cones not as above….…………8 8a. Cones hang down, fall

intact………………...…….Tsuga 8b.Cones sit upright, shatter as

fall……………………..……….9 9a. Leaves single on new growth, spur

like on mature stems……….…Cedrus

9b. Leaves not as above……….Abies

PlantIden-fica-onKeyFeatures•  Conifer?•  FloweringPlant?

– Woody?•  Leafarrangement?•  Evergreenordeciduous?•  Leafform•  Flower•  Bark

–  Herbaceous?•  Dicot,ormonocot?•  Flower•  Evergreenordeciduous?•  Leafform?•  Size,habit

Woody,Flowering

OppositeM:Maplefamily

A:Ashfamily

D:Dogwoodfamily

CAP:Caprifoliaceae

Alternate

•  Mosteverythingelse

HerbaceousFlowering

Dicot(2cotyledon)•  Flowerpartsin4,5’s•  Nebedveins

Monocot(1cotyledon)•  Flowerpartsin3’s•  Parallelveins

Asteraceae

Flowers:many,inCapitulum.Rayand/ordiskflorets.

Fruit:Achenewithpappus.

Leaves:Everyvaria-onpossible.

Habit:Herbaceous,shrub,tree

Other:Milkysap(some-mes).

AsteraceaeAnthemiscappadocica Antennariadioica Centaureamontana

Brassicaceae

Flower:Monecious,perfect.Foursepals,fourpetals.

Fruit:Silique

Leaves:Alternateorbasalrosebes.Simple.

Habit:Herbaceous,shrubs(some,andaresmall).

BrassicaceaeAlliariape,olata

Rosaceae

Flowers:Monecious,perfect,5sepals,5disQnctpetals,stamenstypicallynumerous,pis-ls1-many.Fruit:various

Leaves:Alternate,serratemargins,withsQpules

Habit:Herbaceous,shrubsandtrees.

RosaceaePoten,llaatrosanguinea

RosaceaeAruncusdioicus

RosaceaePrunus

Liliaceae

Flowers:Showy,monecious,perfect.6tepals(oTenmarked/spoVed),6stamens,1pis-l(with3chambers).Nectariesatbaseoftepals.

Fruit:Capsule.Seedflat,notblack.

Leaves:Alternateorwhorled.Simple,en-re.

Habit:Herbaceous.Bulborrhizome.

LiliaceaeTulipasaxa,lis

LiliaceaeFri,llariamichailovskyi

Prac-cemakesProgress

•  Prac-ceasmuchaspossible•  Sayplantnamesoutloud– Don’tworryifyou’resayingit“right”

•  Lookatplantlabels– Nurseriesandgardencentres– BotanicGardens

ResourcesLa-ntransla-ons:•  hbp://theseedsite.co.uk/la-n.html•  hbp://www.calflora.net/botanicalnamesPronuncia-onInforma-on•  hbp://baygardens.tripod.com/botla-n.html•  hbp://anpsa.org.au/APOL33/mar04-2.htmlAudioClips•  hbp://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/

•  hbp://www.finegardening.com/pronuncia-on-guide

ResourcesSomeofmyfavouritebooks:•  ThePronouncingDic-onaryofPlantNames,byTheAmericanNurseryman

PublishingCompany,2006.•  PlantNames:AGuidetoBotanicalNomenclature,byLumley,Crossand

Spencer,2007.•  TheKEWPlantGlossary,byHenkBeentje,2010.

–  Alsogreat:PlantIden-fica-onTerminologybyJamesHarrisandMielindaWoolfHarris

•  PhotographicAtlasofBotanyandGuidetoPlantIden-fica-on,JamesL.Castner

•  BotanicalLa-n,WilliamHStearn–  notforthefaintofheart,mostlyrelatestowri-ngBotanicalLa-n

•  TreesinCanada(akaTreesofNorthernUSAandCanada),JohnFarrar•  Muenster'sKeystoWoodyPlants,EdwardACope•  TreesofVancouver,GeraldB.Straley