Plant Growth & Development

By: Johnny M. Jessup

Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

Introduction

• There are 7 plant processes that effect growth which are…. • Photosynthesis

• Respiration

• Absorption

• Transpiration

• Translocation

• Reproduction

• Osmosis

Photosynthesis

• Process by which green plants manufacture food.

• The beginning of the food chain for all living things on earth.

Photosynthesis

• Carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.

• The Formula is….

6CO2 + 6H2O + 672Kcal C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Light Glucose Sugar Oxygen

Respiration

• The process through which plant leaves, stems, and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

• Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis then they use through respiration.

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

Absorption

• The process by which plant roots take in water, air, & nutrients and conduct them to the stem.

Transpiration

• The process by which plants roots lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation.

Translocation

• The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another.

• Water and minerals move from the roots up to the leaves and food moves from the leaves down to the roots.

Translocation

Reproduction

• The plant process that increases plant numbers, usually from seeds.

Asexual Propagation

• Budding

• Grafting

• Layering

• Stem Cuttings

• ETC

Asexual Propagation

Osmosis

1. The process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls.

2. The process by which water enters the plant through cell walls.

Photoperiodism

• The response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.

Photoperiodism

• Short day plants require long nights to flower.

• Examples are poinsettia and azalea.

Photoperiodism

• Long day plants require short nights to flower.

• Examples are African violets and spinach.

Phototropism

• The tendency for plants to grow toward a light source

Moisture

• 90% of plant tissue is made of mostly water.

• Water carries nutrients throughout the plant

Plant Processes

• Photosynthesis

• Respiration

• Absorption

• Transpiration

• Translocation

• Reproduction

• Osmosis

Stages of Plant Growth

• Juvenile • When the plant first starts to grow from a

seed.

Stages of Plant Growth

• Vegetative • The second stage of growth that begins

after the plant begins photosynthesis and actively grows leaves, stems, and roots prior to flowering

Stages of Plant Growth

• Reproductive • When plant produces flowers, seeds, and

fruits.

Stages of Plant Growth

• Dormant • When plant rests or grows very little if any.

Hardiness Zones

Hardiness Zones

• North Carolina • Zones 6 to 8

• Plants are categorized by zones based on the average minimum temperature • Zone 6

• -10 to 0 degrees F

• Zone 7 • 0 to 10 degrees F

• Charlotte and Raleigh

• Zone 8 • 10 to 20 degrees F

• Havelock

Plant Cell Growth

Plant Cells

• Are the basic unit of life.

• Nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained with a plasma membrane.

Nucleus

• Location of the plant’s genetic and hereditary make-up.

Protoplasm

• The living matter of the cell.

• The gel matrix inside the cell.

Plasma Membrane

• Surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

• The rigid structure that provides support for the cell and thus the whole plant.

Other Cell Structures

• Chloroplasts

• Vacuole

• Plastids

• Mitochondrion

The Plant Cell

Plant Tissue

• A group of cells with similar origin and function.

• Classified according to their….

• Origin

• Structure

• Physiology

Origin & Function

• Meristematic

• Near the tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur.

• Vascular Cambium

• Increase growth in diameter of stems.

Structure

• Simple

• Usually one type of cell.

• Complex

• Several types of cells.

Simple Tissues

• Epidermal

• One-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents water loss.

• Sclerenchyma

• Have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures.

Complex Tissues

• Collenchyma

• Have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures.

• Parenchyma

• Fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients.

The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Vegetative

• Growth and development of buds, roots, leaves, and stems.

The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Cell elongation

• Stage when cells enlarge.

• Cell differentiation

• Stage when cells specialize.

The Asexual Cycle - Reproductive

• Reproductive or flowering

• Plant develops flower buds that will develop into….

• Flowers

• Fruits

• Seeds

Growth Hormones

• Plants produce chemical substances called hormones that inhibit or promote growth.

• Common plant hormones are…. • Inhibitors

• Cytokinins

• Gibberellins

• Auxins

Inhibitors

• Hasten fruit ripening, inhibit or restrain seed germination and stem elongation. STOP

Cytokinins

• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.

Gibberellins

• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

Auxins

• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement.

Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients on Plants

Light

• Necessary because of photosynthesis.

• Photoperiodism

• The response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.

Light

• Insufficient light causes long, slender, spindly stems.

• Excessive light causes plants to dry out faster.

Moisture

• Needed in large amounts because plants tissues are mostly water and….

• Water carries the nutrients.

• Turgid

• When a plant is swollen or filled with moisture.

• Wilted

• When a plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture.

Moisture

• Too much water causes small root systems and drowning.

• Which is the result of air spaces in soil being filled with water.

• Too little water causes wilting and stunted growth.

Temperature

• Needs vary depending on types of plants.

• Either too high or too low will have adverse effects.

vs.

Nutrients

• Essential for optimum plant conditions.

• Have little effect on seed germination.

Combined Effect of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients

• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth.

• Each has an effect on the other factors.

• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants.

Designed By:

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor

• Hobbton High School