Plant DiversityPlant DiversityI. Importance of plantsI. Importance of plantsII. Science of LifeII. Science of Life

A. Taxonomic categories A. Taxonomic categories B. Species conceptB. Species conceptC. Domains of lifeC. Domains of lifeD. Kingdoms of EukaryaD. Kingdoms of EukaryaE. VirusesE. Viruses

III. Major plant groupsIII. Major plant groupsA. Non- vascular plantsA. Non- vascular plantsB. Vascular plantsB. Vascular plants

1. Spore producing1. Spore producing2. Seed producing2. Seed producing

IV. Plant EvolutionIV. Plant Evolution

I. Importance of plants I. Importance of plants Erosion controlErosion control

Primary Primary producersproducers

I. Importance of plantsI. Importance of plants

I. Importance of plants I. Importance of plants

I. Importance of plantsI. Importance of plants

I. Importance of plantsI. Importance of plants

A. Taxonomic categoriesA. Taxonomic categories

(gener(genera)a)

KingdoKingdomm

FamilyFamilyGenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

PseudotsuPseudotsugaga

Tridentate bractsTridentate bracts

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

nucleusnucleusProtista Protista

EukaryotesEukaryotes

DNADNA

chromosomeschromosomes

menziemenziesiisii

PinePine

DomainsDomains

DivisionDivisionOrder Order

QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is a difference between prokaryotes Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?and eukaryotes?

a. eukaryotes have DNA- prokaryotes don’ta. eukaryotes have DNA- prokaryotes don’tb. eukaryotes have a nucleus- prokaryotes don’tb. eukaryotes have a nucleus- prokaryotes don’tc. prokaryotes have DNA- eukaryotes don’tc. prokaryotes have DNA- eukaryotes don’td. prokaryotes have a nucleus- eukaryotes don’td. prokaryotes have a nucleus- eukaryotes don’t

In what plant family is Douglas fir?In what plant family is Douglas fir?a.a.MonocotMonocotb.b.DicotDicotc.c.ConiferConiferd.d.PinePine

What feature distinguishes Douglas fir from all other conifers?What feature distinguishes Douglas fir from all other conifers?a.a.Needle like leavesNeedle like leavesb.b.EvergreenEvergreenc.c.Tridentate bracts Tridentate bracts d.d.Large female conesLarge female cones

B. Species conceptB. Species conceptBiological speciesBiological species

Clusia gaudichadiiClusia gaudichadii

Morphological Morphological speciesspecies

Genetic Genetic speciesspeciesProblem with plantsProblem with plants

whewheatat

ryerye

triticaletriticale

hybridhybrid

Reproductive isolationReproductive isolation

• promiscuouspromiscuous• plasticplastic

Cactus Cactus

SpurgSpurge e

QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants that Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants that creates problems for species definitions?creates problems for species definitions?

a. many plants are promiscuousa. many plants are promiscuousb. plants are plasticb. plants are plasticc. plants hybridize readilyc. plants hybridize readilyd. species can be distinguished by their geneticsd. species can be distinguished by their genetics

Which of the following is the correct spelling for the Douglas fir species?Which of the following is the correct spelling for the Douglas fir species?a.a.Pseudosuga meniizesPseudosuga meniizesb.b.Pseudotsuga menzziesPseudotsuga menzziesc.c.Pseudogusa meniezesPseudogusa meniezesd.d.Pseudotsuga menziesiiPseudotsuga menziesii

C. Domains of lifeC. Domains of lifeExtremophilExtremophiles es

ProkaryotesProkaryotes 1. Archaea(-um)1. Archaea(-um) 2. Bacteria(-um) 2. Bacteria(-um)

ubiquitousubiquitous

Inside bacteria Inside bacteria cellscells

looploopyy

(Cell (Cell membrane)membrane)

Examples of bacteriaExamples of bacteria

Roles of Roles of bacteriabacteria

• decomposersdecomposers

• photosynthesphotosynthesisis• diseasedisease

RhizobiuRhizobiumm

N NN NNN22

CyanobacterCyanobacteria ia

PS:PS: COCO22 ++

HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22

Light energyLight energy

legumeslegumes

• fix nitrogenfix nitrogen

Autotroph/ heterotrophAutotroph/ heterotroph

The holy grail!!The holy grail!!nitrogenasenitrogenase

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: protistaprotista

Multiple kingdomsMultiple kingdoms

PhytoplanktPhytoplankton on

PS:PS: COCO22 + + HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22

Light energyLight energy

Protista exampleProtista example

SlimeSlime moldsmolds

Roles of protistaRoles of protista

Decomposers Decomposers

Autotroph/ heterotrophAutotroph/ heterotroph

Questions Questions

Which of the following can Rhizobium do?Which of the following can Rhizobium do?a. photosynthesizea. photosynthesizeb. break the triple bond of atmospheric nitrogenb. break the triple bond of atmospheric nitrogenc. decompose organic matterc. decompose organic matterd. make plants sickd. make plants sick

Which of the following organisms produces 50% of the Which of the following organisms produces 50% of the oxygen we breathe?oxygen we breathe?

a. cyanobacteriaa. cyanobacteriab. slime moldsb. slime moldsc. phytoplanktonc. phytoplanktond. rhizobiumd. rhizobium

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi

Filamentous growthFilamentous growthExtracellulaExtracellularr digestiondigestion

Hypha(e)Hypha(e)

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi

MushroomMushroomss

All of these fungi are All of these fungi are mycorrhizalmycorrhizal

ChanterelleChanterelless(not quite a (not quite a mushroom) mushroom)

Boletes Boletes Amanita Amanita familyfamily

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi

Truffles Truffles

Morels: Morels: not not mushrooms! mushrooms!

mycorrhizalmycorrhizal

Fungi are Fungi are #1 decomposers#1 decomposers

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi

Fungi are #1 Plant Fungi are #1 Plant pathogenspathogens

Armillaria root rotArmillaria root rot

Wheat Rust Wheat Rust

Dutch elmDutch elmdiseasedisease

Mildew Mildew

Rot Rot

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi

Lichens: a parasitic Lichens: a parasitic relationshiprelationship

• crustosecrustose • foliosefoliose

• fruticosefruticose

•Roles of fungiRoles of fungi •Heterotrophs Heterotrophs

Questions Questions

Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?a. they have filamentous growtha. they have filamentous growthb. they are the number one pathogen of plantsb. they are the number one pathogen of plantsc. some form mycorrhizac. some form mycorrhizad. they digest their food outside of their bodiesd. they digest their food outside of their bodiese. all of these are characteristics of fungie. all of these are characteristics of fungi

Truffles are Truffles are a.a.MycorrhizalMycorrhizalb.b.Plant pathogensPlant pathogensc.c.DecomposersDecomposersd.d.Really good chocolates that grow undergroundReally good chocolates that grow underground

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: animalsanimals

Roles of Roles of animalsanimalsPollinators Pollinators Heterotrophs Heterotrophs

No cell walls!No cell walls!

Seed dispersersSeed dispersersDecomposers Decomposers HerbivorHerbivores es

QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is NOT a role of animals?Which of the following is NOT a role of animals?

a. pollinationa. pollinationb. herbivoryb. herbivoryc. seed dispersalc. seed dispersald. decompositiond. decompositione. photosynthesise. photosynthesis

The lichen relationship isThe lichen relationship isa.a.MycorrhizalMycorrhizalb.b.MutualisticMutualisticc.c.ParasiticParasiticd.d.Pathogenic Pathogenic

•Chlorophyll a and b/ caroteneChlorophyll a and b/ carotene

•Starch Starch storagestorage

Roles of Roles of plantsplants

•PS:PS: COCO22 + + HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22

•Cellulose cell Cellulose cell wallswalls

Light energyLight energy•Autotrophs Autotrophs

D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: plantsplants

Plant characteristicsPlant characteristics::

Questions Questions Which of the following are outputs of photosynthesis?Which of the following are outputs of photosynthesis?

a. carbohydrates and watera. carbohydrates and waterb. carbohydrates and oxygenb. carbohydrates and oxygenc. carbon dioxide and water c. carbon dioxide and water d. carbon dioxide and oxygend. carbon dioxide and oxygene. carbon dioxide and carbohydratese. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates

Which of the following is the Which of the following is the leastleast definingdefining characteristic of plants? characteristic of plants?a.a.Cellulose cell wallsCellulose cell wallsb.b.Presence of chlorophyll a and bPresence of chlorophyll a and bc.c.Storage of carbohydrates as starchStorage of carbohydrates as starchd.d.Autotrophic Autotrophic

E. VirusesE. Viruses

Tobacco mosaicTobacco mosaic

HIVHIV

Flu Flu

InfectInfect moremore cellscells

proteinprotein coatcoat

viral DNA viral DNA or RNAor RNA

E. Viruses: infectionE. Viruses: infection

Living or non-living?Living or non-living?

Questions Questions

Why are viruses considered to be non-living?Why are viruses considered to be non-living?a. they don’t evolvea. they don’t evolveb. they don’t have a nucleusb. they don’t have a nucleusc. they don’t have DNAc. they don’t have DNAd. they don’t metabolized. they don’t metabolize

True or false? You can treat a viral infection with antibiotics.True or false? You can treat a viral infection with antibiotics.a. Truea. True b. Falseb. False

Why will we likely never be rid of viruses?Why will we likely never be rid of viruses?a.a.They are not alive, so we can’t kill themThey are not alive, so we can’t kill themb.b.They don’t have DNAThey don’t have DNAc.c.They are constantly evolving into new formsThey are constantly evolving into new formsd.d.They don’t respond to antibioticsThey don’t respond to antibiotics

III. Major plant III. Major plant groupsgroups

Vascular versus non-vascularVascular versus non-vascularTransport tubesTransport tubes• phloem for food phloem for food (sugar solution)(sugar solution)• xylem for water and xylem for water and mineralsminerals

Transport is cell to Transport is cell to cellcell

Can grow largeCan grow large Can’t grow largeCan’t grow large

Can grow away from Can grow away from direct water sourcedirect water source

Must be close to Must be close to water source or able water source or able to withstand to withstand desiccationdesiccation

Tracheids are a type of xylem cell Tracheids are a type of xylem cell found mainly in conifersfound mainly in conifers

III. Major plant groupsIII. Major plant groupsA. Non- vascular plants: spore producersA. Non- vascular plants: spore producers

Green algaeGreen algae Mosses Mosses

LiverwortsLiverworts

B. Vascular plants: spore B. Vascular plants: spore producersproducers

HorsetaiHorsetail l

PsilotuPsilotumm

Seed versus sporeSeed versus sporeSeed coat for Seed coat for protectionprotection

NoneNone

Embryo insideEmbryo inside Undifferentiated cellsUndifferentiated cells

Food for embryo Food for embryo (endosperm)(endosperm)

NoneNone

Food for seedling Food for seedling (in cotyledons)(in cotyledons)

None None

B. Vascular plants: spore B. Vascular plants: spore producersproducers

FernsFerns

FernsFerns

Sori Sori

Fronds Fronds

B. Vascular plants: B. Vascular plants: seed seed producersproducers

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Cycad Cycad

EphedraEphedra

Ginkgo Ginkgo bilobabilobaliving fossil: back in fossilliving fossil: back in fossilrecord 270 myarecord 270 mya

ConiferConiferss

Western white Western white pinepine

Noble firNoble fir

Western Western redcedarredcedar

Monkey Monkey puzzlepuzzle

Gymnosperms: ConifersGymnosperms: Conifers

Conifers are the dominant Conifers are the dominant plants in Pacific Northwest plants in Pacific Northwest forestsforests

ConifersConifers

Sequoia Sequoia

RedwooRedwood d

Bristlecone pineBristlecone pine

Record holdersRecord holders

B. Vascular plants: B. Vascular plants: angiospermsangiosperms

Monocots Monocots

B. Vascular plants: B. Vascular plants: angiospermsangiosperms

DicotDicotss

Pacific RhododendronPacific Rhododendron

B. Vascular plants:B. Vascular plants: angiospermsangiosperms

Questions Questions

Which of the following is NOT correct?Which of the following is NOT correct?a. spores are much smaller than seedsa. spores are much smaller than seedsb. spores contain embryosb. spores contain embryosc. seeds have a protective resistant coatc. seeds have a protective resistant coatd. spores are produced in large amountsd. spores are produced in large amounts

A fern is A fern is a. a vascular planta. a vascular plantb. a spore producerb. a spore producerc. an autotrophc. an autotrophd. all of the above except cd. all of the above except ce. all of the above except de. all of the above except d

IV. Plant EvolutionIV. Plant Evolution

Natural selection- Natural selection- the main the main theorytheory of evolution of evolution

Theory- a well documented, Theory- a well documented, explanatoryexplanatory principle principle

Evolution explains why organisms are similar (common ancestry) and why Evolution explains why organisms are similar (common ancestry) and why they are different (adaptation).they are different (adaptation).

Myths of evolution

Evolution:Evolution: the Organizing Principle of Biology the Organizing Principle of Biology

IV. Plant evolutionIV. Plant evolution

Land plants and all green algae have:Land plants and all green algae have:• Cellulose, chlorophyll a and b, carotene, starchCellulose, chlorophyll a and b, carotene, starch

Land plants and some green algae have:Land plants and some green algae have:• Same type of cell divisionSame type of cell division• Internal reproductionInternal reproduction

Green algae/ land plant connectionGreen algae/ land plant connection

IV. Plant evolutionIV. Plant evolutionFour major Four major eventsevents• Invasion of land and air (450 Invasion of land and air (450 mya)mya)• Evolution of vascular tissue (400 mya)Evolution of vascular tissue (400 mya)

• Evolution of seeds (350 mya)Evolution of seeds (350 mya)• Evolution of flowering plants (150 mya)Evolution of flowering plants (150 mya)

Waxy Waxy cuticlecuticle

Stomata Stomata xylemxylem

Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza

• Wind versus animal pollinationWind versus animal pollination

Questions Questions What major advantage do angiosperms have over all What major advantage do angiosperms have over all other plants?other plants?

a. xylem and phloema. xylem and phloemb. mycorrhizab. mycorrhizac. animal pollinationc. animal pollinationd. waxy cuticled. waxy cuticle

Which is the correct sequence of events in plant evolution?Which is the correct sequence of events in plant evolution?1.1.Evolution of vascular tissueEvolution of vascular tissue2.2.Evolution of flowering plantsEvolution of flowering plants3.3.Invasion of land and airInvasion of land and air4.4.Evolution of seedsEvolution of seeds

a. 1-2-4-3a. 1-2-4-3b. 3-1-2-4b. 3-1-2-4c. 3-2-1-4c. 3-2-1-4d. 3-1-4-2d. 3-1-4-2

Ordovician beginnings (450 Ordovician beginnings (450 mya)mya)

CooksoniaCooksonia

Ancient forestsAncient forestsCarboniferous forest (350 mya)Carboniferous forest (350 mya)

Devonian forestDevonian forest(400 mya)(400 mya)

Lycopodium treeLycopodium tree

LycopodiumLycopodium

Permian 250 myaPermian 250 mya

Permian extinctionPermian extinction

Conifers became dominant Conifers became dominant plants in Permian and plants in Permian and remained so until Cretaceousremained so until Cretaceous

Jurassic 200 myaJurassic 200 mya

Cretaceous 150 mya to Cretaceous 150 mya to presentpresent

Angiosperms Angiosperms first appear in first appear in fossil record 150 fossil record 150 mya and became mya and became thethedominant plants dominant plants by mid-by mid-Cretaceous.Cretaceous.A major radiationA major radiationoccurred 80 mya occurred 80 mya with evolution of with evolution of bees.bees.

The endThe end