plant diversity and characteristics lab
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Diversity and
Characteristics
Chapters 20-22
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Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.
Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.A cuticle is a waxy, waterproof layer that allows plants to retain
moisture.Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle that can open and close to allow airand water to move in and out of leaf (transpiration).
Guard cells surround each stomata. Stomata open and close whenguard cells change shape. When stomata are open, water evaporatesand gas exchanges. Stomata close at night and when plant loses toomuch water.
Kingdom PlantaePhotosynthetic eukaryotes
Autotrophs
Contains chlorophyll and chloroplast
Use starch and glucose as foodCell walls with cellulose
Multicellular
stomata
guard cells stomata
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Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
The blade is usually broad and flat.
collects sunlight for photosynthesis
connects to the stem by a petiole Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity,
and seasonal changes
Phototropism is the tendency of a plant togrow toward light.
blade
petiole
Leaves have many adaptations.For extreme temperatures, example: pine needles
For getting food, example: Venus flytrap
For aquatic environments, example: water lily
For water loss, example: cactus spines
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Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
support the plant
absorb, transport, and store nutrients
root hairs help absorption
There are 2 main types of roots.Fibrous root systems have fine
branches.
Taproot systems have one mainroot. Examples: Radish and Carrot
Fibrous root Taproot
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Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for glucose storage
form new plants
Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.
What is a vascular system? A vascular systemtransports water, minerals and sugars from the
roots to the leaves and vice versa.
2 networks of hollow tubes makeup the vascular
system:
1. Xylem transports water and minerals from
roots to the leaves
2. Phloem transports photosynthetic products
from leaves to roots
Cactus
Potato tubers
Strawberry stolons
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Mosses and their relatives are seedless
nonvascular plants.
Nonvascular plants growclose to the ground toabsorb water and nutrients.
Seedless plants rely on free-
standing water forreproduction.
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Club mosses and ferns are seedless
vascular plants. A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow
higher off the ground.
Both need free-standing water for reproduction.
not true mosses
oldest living group of
vascular plants
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Seed plants include Gymnosperms (cone-bearing
plants) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).
Seed plants have several advantages over their seedlessancestors.
can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination
pollination occurswhen pollen meetsfemale plantparts
seeds nourish and
protect plant embryo seeds allow plants to
disperse to newplaces
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Pollen grains allow for reproduction without free-standing water.
A seed is a storage device for a plant embryo.
seed coats protect embryos from drying wind and sunlight
-animals feed on pollen or nectar
-pollen is spread from plant to
plant in process.
-pollen can be carried by wind or
animals to female structures
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Plant life cycles alternate between
producing spores and gametes.
A two-phase life cycle is called alternation of generations.
haploid phase
diploid phase
alternates betweenthe two
fertilization
meiosis
SPOROPHYTE
PHASE
GAMETOPHYTE
PHASE
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Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.
most gymnosperms are cone-bearing
and evergreen. the cone is reproductive structure of
most gymnosperms.
pollen is produced
in male cones.
eggs are produced in female cones.
seeds develop on scales of female
cones.
includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and
juniper
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Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.
A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.
A fruit is a ripened mature ovary of a flower. It surrounds and protects seeds.
Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal because sweet aromas attract animals. Seedsget dispersed in feces.
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sepal
Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are
modified leaves.
Sepals are outermostlayer that protectsdeveloping flower
Petals can help to attractanimal pollinators withcolor
petal
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A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
1. Anther- top of stamen, releases pollen
2. Filament- stalk attaching anther to stem
stamen
filament anther
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arpel style
stigma
ovary
The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.
stigma is sticky top of pistil for pollen to be deposited
style is tube leading from stigma to ovary
ovary contains ovule, where eggs are found
Ovule will become seeds if fertilized
The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.
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Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable.
Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.
Seeds dispersed by animalscan have nutritious fruits or
fruits that cling.
Seeds dispersed by wind can have wing- or parachute-
like fruits.
Seeds dispersed by water can have fruits that float.
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Seeds begin to grow when environmental
conditions are favorable.
Seed dormancy is a state in which the embryohas stopped growing. Dormancy may end when
conditions are favorable.
While dormant, embryo canwithstand extreme conditions.
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Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a seedling.
Once photosynthesis begins, the plant is called a seedling.
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Plants can produce genetic clones of themselves through asexual reproduction. Plants
can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots.
Regeneration is one type of asexualreproduction.
plants grow a new individual from fragmentof parent
occurs when piece of a stem, leaf, or rootfalls off parent plant
Vegetative
reproduction is
another type of
asexualreproduction.
Stems, leaves, or
roots attached to
parent plant
produce newindividual.
Humans can produce plants with
desirable traits using vegetative
propagation. Cutting of leaves or
stems may grow new roots.
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Botanists classify flowering plants into
two groups based on seed type.
1. Monocots have a single cotyledon (seed leaf).
leaf veins usually parallel
flower parts usually in multiples of 3
bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem
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2. Dicots have two cotyledons (seed leaves).
leaf veins usually netlike flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem
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Flowering plants are also categorized by
stem type and lifespan.
Stem type can be woody or herbaceous.
Wood is a fibrousmaterial made up of
dead cells. Wood has high
concentrations oflignin and cellulose.
Stems are rigid.
Herbaceous plants do not
produce wood.
Iris
Oak
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Annuals mature anddie in one year.
There are 3 types of plant life spans
Perennials live more
than two years.
Biennials take two
years to compete
life cycle.
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Plants and other organisms can share amutualistic relationship.
a mutualism is an interaction in which two speciesbenefit
plant roots and certain fungi and bacteria flowering plants and their animal pollinators
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Plants have adaptations that prevent animals from
eating them.
defensive chemicals
spines and thorns
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Humans rely on plants in many ways.
Agriculture provides stable food supplies for people in
permanent settlements. Botany is the study of plants.
People started planting for harvest about 10,000 years ago.
wild species tamed through artificial
selection
farming requires people to stay in one
place
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Plant products are important economic resources.
Plant products have been traded for thousands of years.
spices commonly used as currency in Middle Ages
Plant products contribute to economy on a global scale today.
grains, coffee, sugar, cotton, forest products
billions of dollars of plant products traded each year
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Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their
effects on the body. Many drugs are derived from plants.
Salicin from willow trees is used in aspirin.
Alkaloids are potent plant chemicals that containnitrogen.
Alkaloids such as taxol have anti-cancer properties. Some medical research focuses on properties of
plant compounds.
studies plants used medicinally in traditionalcultures
develop synthetic drugs based on plant compounds