Plant and Fungi Evolution

Figure 26.1 Some major episodes in the history of life

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.3

Chara species, a pond organism

Coleochaete orbicularis, adisk-shaped charophytethat also lives in ponds (LM)

40 m

5 mm

Figure 29.4

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Embryophytes

ANCESTRALALGA

ViridiplantaeStreptophyta

PlantaeIncludes Volvox

Figure 29.5a

Gamete fromanother plant

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Gametophyte(n)

Mitosis Mitosis

Spore Gamete

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Zygote

MitosisSporophyte(2n)

Alternation of generations

2n

nn n

n

Figure 29.5c

SporesSporangium

Longitudinal section ofSphagnum sporangium (LM)

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)

Table 29.1

Figure 29.7

Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya)

Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya)

2

1

3

2

1ANCESTRALGREENALGA

500 450 400 350 300 50 0Millions of years ago (mya)

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts)Pterophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Land plantsVascular plants

Nonvascular

plants(bryophytes)

Seedlessvascularplants

Seed plants

3

Figure 29.15 Bryophytes

Figure 29.8-3

Protonemata(n)

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

“Bud”

“Bud”

Malegametophyte(n)

AntheridiaSperm

Egg

ArchegoniaGametophoreSpores

Sporedispersal

Peristome

Sporangium

Femalegametophyte(n) Rhizoid

FERTILIZATION(within archegonium)Zygote

(2n)

Archegonium

Embryo

SetaCapsule(sporangium)Foot

Youngsporophyte(2n)

MEIOSISMature sporophytes

2 m

m

Capsule withperistome (LM) Female

gametophytes

Figure 29.9b

An Anthoceroshornwort species

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Figure 29.7

Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya)

Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya)

2

1

3

2

1ANCESTRALGREENALGA

500 450 400 350 300 50 0Millions of years ago (mya)

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts)Pterophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Land plantsVascular plants

Nonvascular

plants(bryophytes)

Seedlessvascularplants

Seed plants

3

Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes: club "moss" (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

Figure 29.11 Xylem and phloem in the stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.11 The stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)

Figure 29.5e

Apical meristemof shoot

Developingleaves

Shoot 100 m100 mRoot

Apicalmeristemof root

Apical meristems of plantroots and shoots

Figure 29.13-3

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

MEIOSISSporedispersal

Spore(n)

Younggametophyte

Rhizoid

Undersideof maturegametophyte(n)

Antheridium

Sperm

ArchegoniumEgg

FERTILIZATIONZygote(2n)

Gametophyte

Newsporophyte

Maturesporophyte(2n)

Fiddlehead (young leaf)

Sporangium

Sorus

Sporangium

Figure 30.1

Figure 29.7

Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya)

Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya)

2

1

3

2

1ANCESTRALGREENALGA

500 450 400 350 300 50 0Millions of years ago (mya)

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts)Pterophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Land plantsVascular plants

Nonvascular

plants(bryophytes)

Seedlessvascularplants

Seed plants

3

Figure 30.5e

Douglas fir

Common juniper

European larch

Sequoia

Wollemi pine Bristlecone pine

Figure 30.6-4

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Maturesporophyte(2n)

OvulateconePollencone

Microsporocytes(2n)

MicrosporangiaMicrosporangium (2n)

Seedling

Archegonium

Survivingmegaspore (n)

MEIOSIS

Megasporangium (2n)PollengrainPollen

grains (n)MEIOSIS

Femalegametophyte

Megasporocyte (2n)

Integument

Spermnucleus (n) Egg nucleus (n)

Pollentube

Seed coat (2n)

FERTILIZATION

Foodreserves (n)

Seeds

Embryo(new sporophyte)(2n)

Ovule

Figure 30.13a

Water lily

Star anise

Amborella trichopoda

Basal Angiosperms

Figure 30.13d

California poppy Dog rose

Pyrenean oak

Snow pea Zucchini

Eudicots

Figure 30.13eMonocot

CharacteristicsEudicot

Characteristics

Embryos

One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Leafvenation

Veins usuallyparallel

Veins usuallynetlike

Stems

Vascular tissuescattered

Vascular tissueusually arranged

in ring

Roots

Root systemusually fibrous(no main root)

Taproot (main root)usually present

Pollen

Pollen grain withone opening

Pollen grain withthree openings

Flowers

Floral organsusually in

multiples of three

Floral organsusually in multiples

of four or five

Figure 30.7

Stamen Anther

Filament

StigmaCarpel

Style

Ovary

Petal

Sepal

Ovule

Figure 30.8Tomato Ruby grapefruit

Hazelnut

Nectarine

Milkweed

Figure 30.9Wings

Seeds within berries

Barbs

Figure 30.10-4

AntherMature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)

Germinatingseed

Megasporangium (2n)

Ovary

Embryo (2n)Endosperm (3n)

Seed coat (2n)Seed

Antipodal cellsCentral cellSynergids

Femalegametophyte(embryo sac)

Egg (n)

Eggnucleus (n)

Survivingmegaspore(n)

Pollentube

Sperm(n)

Style

SpermPollentube

Stigma

Pollengrains

Tube cellGenerative cell

Microspore (n)

Malegametophyte(in pollengrain) (n)

Ovule (2n)

MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS

Discharged sperm nuclei (n)

FERTILIZATIONZygote (2n)

MicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)

Nucleus ofdevelopingendosperm(3n)

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Figure 30.2

PLANT GROUP

Mosses and othernonvascular plants

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Sporophyte(2n)

Gametophyte(n)

Dominant

Reduced, dependent ongametophyte for nutrition Dominant

Reduced, independent(photosynthetic andfree-living)

Ferns and other seedlessvascular plants

Dominant

Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surroundingsporophyte tissue for nutrition

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

AngiospermGymnosperm

Microscopicfemalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowers

Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) insideovulate cone

Microscopicmalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowers

Microscopic malegametophytes (n)inside pollencone

Sporophyte (2n)Sporophyte (2n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Gametophyte(n)

Example

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Reproductive structure

Hyphae

Spore-producingstructures

Mycelium

60 m

Figure 31.3

(a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

NucleiCell wall

PoreSeptum Nuclei

Cell wall

Figure 31.4

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

(b) Haustoria

Fungal hypha Plantcellwall

Plant cell

Plant cellplasmamembraneHaustorium

Nematode Hyphae 25 m

Figure 31.6

1.5 m

Figure 31.20

Figure 31.27

Zone ofinhibitedgrowth

Staphylococcus Penicillium

Figure 31.23

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

A foliose(leaflike) lichen

Crustose(encrusting) lichens

Figure 31.24

Ascocarp of fungus

50

m

Fungalhyphae Algal

layer

Soredia

Fungal hyphaeAlgal cell

Figure 31.25

(a) Corn smut on corn

(c) Ergots on rye

(b) Tar spotfunguson mapleleaves