plant anatomy quiz 12b. two important characteristics of plant cells cell walls plastids
TRANSCRIPT
Plant Anatomy
Quiz 12B
Two important characteristics of plant cells
• cell walls
• plastids
Cell Walls
• outer boundary, provide support, made mostly of cellulose
• Most plants are supported by two related systems: cell walls & turgor pressure.
Turgor Pressure
water pressure inside a plant cell’s central vacuole;
causes the stiffness of the plant cells
Plastids
storage center in plant cells
•Stores pigments, starch or oil.
•Examples are chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is used
in photosynthesis to capture light energy
Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll: green
Xanthophyll: yellowish colors
Carotene: yellowish-orange colors
Anthocyanin: red, blue, and purple
tissue
a group of similar cells working together to perform
a particular function
Our bodies have four basic kinds of tissues
• epithelial (skin)
• muscle
• connective
• nerve
A typical plant has 3 distinct kinds of tissue
• Structural tissue
• Meristematic tissue
• Vascular tissue
Structural Tissue
Most of the body, or structure, of the plant is structural tissue.
Produce food, store food, cover, support, and protect plant
Examples: epidermis, parenchyma, mesophyll, collenchyma, cork, sclerenchyma
Meristematic Tissue
Found in growing areas (buds, tips of roots and stems)
Purpose: the growth and repair of plants and plant parts (where mitosis is occurring)
Examples: apical & lateral meristems; vascular cambium, cork cambium, pericycle
Vascular Tissue
The plant’s sap-conducting tissues
Two types: xylem & phloem
Xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals (one kind of sap) upward (long, thick-walled cells)
Phloem: transports food manufactured in the leaves (the other kind of sap) downward
Vascular Tissue
Xylem: long, thick-walled hollow cells (like staws)
Phloem: slightly thinner than xylem and not completely hollow tubes
Vascular Tissue
In leaves and in non-woody plants, the xylem and phloem are usually arranged in vascular bundles (veins). Vascular bundles are often supported by thick-walled cells called fibers.
Fibrovasular bundles: xylem and phloem surrounded by supporting tissues
Vascular Tissue
XylemPhloem
Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
SunflowerStem
Vascular Tissue
Epidermis
The outer most tissue of most leaves, young roots, and young stems is the epidermis. Top and Bottom layer - epidermis (one cell thick) lack chlorophyll and serves as protection. Often epidermal cells secrete a waxy substances that form a cuticle (a noncellular protective covering of leaves) give a leaf a shiny appearance
Cross Section of a Leaf
Cross Section of a Leaf
Cross Section of a Leaf
Cross Section of a Leaf
wooda collection of layers of xylem that have built up over several years
The oldest layer of xylem is at the center of the
woody plant part newest layer is the
outermost layer
Kinds of Wood
• Heartwood - dead xylem cells that are often darker
• Sapwood - xylem that conduct water and minerals
Kinds of Wood
• Springwood - xylem cells that develop early in the growing season
• Summerwood - small, thick-walled xylem cells that develop later in the growing season
Kinds of Wood
• Hardwood - comes primarily from angiosperms (oaks, maples, walnut, cherries)
• Softwood - comes primarily from gymnosperms (firs, pine, cedars, spruce)
Heartwood & Sapwood
bark
the outer covering of woody plant parts(makes new xylem and phloem cells)
cork (the outer layer of bark) tough, thick-walled cells forming the outer layer of bark in woody plant stems; made of dead, thick-cell walls
cork
forms a tough, water proof coating that keeps harmful organisms out and moisture
heartwood
sapwood(xylem)
phloem
cork
vascular cambium
Annual growth ring
cork cambium
a layer of living cells just
under the dead cork
(produces new cork cells)