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TRANSCRIPT
From Growth Controls, to
Comprehensive Planning, to Smart Growth:
Planning’s Emerging Fourth Wave
Dr. Tim Chapin
Department of Urban & Regional Planning
Florida State University
Presentation at the APA National Conference
Los Angeles, California
April 14, 2012
Journal of American Planning Association:
Special Issue on Sprawl and Smart Growth
• From Growth Controls, to Comprehensive Planning, to Smart Growth:
Planning's Emerging Fourth Wave by Timothy S. Chapin
• Can Urban Growth Management Work in an Era of Political and Economic
Change?: International Lessons From Israel by Amnon Frenkel & Daniel E.
Orenstein
• Targeting Spending for Land Conservation: An Evaluation of Maryland's Rural
Legacy Program by Rebecca Lewis & Gerrit-Jan Knaap**
• Where the Jobs Are Going: Job Sprawl in U.S. Metropolitan Regions, 2001–
2006 by Jerry Weitz & Tom Crawford*
• Smart Growth Planning for Climate Protection: Evaluating California's Senate
Bill 375 by Elisa Barbour & Elizabeth A. Deakin**
• Smart Growth's Blind Side: Sustainable Cities Need Productive Urban Industrial
Land by Nancey Green Leigh & Nathanael Z. Hoelzel*
*Presented in a session at 2:30 today
**Presented in a session at 4:00 today
Table of Contents for
JAPA Winter 2012 Issue (Volume 78, Number 1)
Defining Issues
Environmental degradation; Exurban development;
Loss of pristine lands; Development of productive
agricultural lands
The Era of Growth Controls: ~1950-1975
The Approach
Strict regulations to control where growth can and
cannot occur; Specification of the amount of new
development that can be approved within a jurisdiction
Typical Planning Tools
Growth Moratoria
Development Stop Lines (Growth Boundaries)
Rate of Growth Ordinances (ROGOs)
Residential Growth Caps
Emblematic Policy
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
The Era of Growth Controls: ~1950-1975
Portland Metro Area UGB
UGBs establish a firm “development stop-line”, beyond which
development of any meaningful density and/or intensity is not to occur.
Geographic Scale(s)
Mostly local, with some state activity
Level of Public-Private Partnerships
Almost non-existent
View Towards Growth
Growth is a problem to be addressed by strict regulations of
land uses and the location of new development. Strict
controls can yield desirable development outcomes.
The Era’s Implied Motto
Growth is a problem that requires aggressive
oversight by the public sector.
The Era of Growth Controls: ~1950-1975
Defining Issues
Environmental degradation; Efficient and timely
infrastructure provision; Reducing public sector
costs to provide urban services
The Era of Comp Planning: ~1975-2000
The Approach
Use a local comprehensive plan to establish a vision for a
community, including goals that shape local decisions,
objectives that provide measures to monitor progress, and
detailed policies that work toward these goals and
objectives
Typical Planning Tools
Comp plans Land Development Regulations
Comp plans Capital Improvements Programs
Detailed review processes linked to GOPs in Comp Plans
Emblematic Policy
Urban Service Areas (USAs)
The Era of Comp Planning: ~1975-2000
Palm Beach County, FL Urban Service Area
USAs are boundaries outside of which infrastructure supportive
of urban densities/intensities is not to be provided by the public sector.
Geographic Scale(s)
Active state and local governments, with some regional activity
Level of Public-Private Partnerships
Limited largely to infrastructure provision
View Towards Growth
Growth is a cost to be accounted for through comprehensive
planning and careful management of public resources. Better
management practices should yield more desirable
development outcomes.
The Era’s Implied Motto
Plans, regulations and budgets are the solution to the
problem of growth.
The Era of Comp Planning: ~1975-2000
Defining Issues
Environmental degradation; Infrastructure provision;
Urban economic development; Placemaking
The Era of Smart Growth : ~1999-Present
The Approach
Incentives and public investments are employed to promote
(re)development within urban cores, suburban centers, and
existing towns and villages. There is also attention to
placemaking, streetscape design, and the creation of
vibrant activity centers served by multiple travel modes.
Typical Planning Tools
Tax incentives supportive of SG outcomes
Infrastructure investments to support urban redevelopment
Acquisition and conservation of undeveloped lands
Placemaking initiatives
Emblematic Policy
Priority Funding Areas (PFAs)
The Era of Smart Growth : ~1999-Present
Montgomery County, MD
PFAs represent those areas within which the state focuses its
financial resources. Development is still permitted outside
of these boundaries, but with no state support for infrastructure
investments.
Geographic Scale(s)
Still largely state and local government-led, with a nascent
regionalism (that is still finding its way)
Level of Public-Private Partnerships
Strongly encouraged to support placemaking and urban
economic development
View Towards Growth
Growth is an opportunity for achieving desirable development
outcomes. Targeted investments and tailored incentives can
catalyze urban investment.
The Era’s Implied Motto
Growth is an opportunity for strengthening urban
communities and helping to fix some of the mistakes of
the past.
The Era of Smart Growth: ~1999-Present
A New Era for Growth Management
Policy in the United States?
• While the profession currently remains situated in the Era of Smart Growth, I believe that ongoing changes within the social, political, and economic environments will contribute to the emergence of a new era.
The Great Recession and the Jobs Imperative
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Energy Systems and Supplies
The Silver Tsunami (The Baby Boom Generation)
• These issues will push planners to expand their efforts to new policy arenas and will require practitioners to aggressively tear down the institutional and intellectual silos that have limited the effectiveness of growth management efforts in previous eras.
Defining Issues
Environmental Degradation; Infrastructure; Placemaking;
Climate Change; Energy Systems; Aging and Health
The Approach
A combination of incentives and regulations that promote
development outcomes appropriate to urban, suburban, and rural
locations.
Typical Planning Tools
Visioning and Scenario Planning initiatives
Regional Compacts and Partnerships
Even more comprehensive Comprehensive Plans
Expedited Review for Desirable Projects
Emblematic Policy
To Be Determined, but Sector Plans in Florida are a model that
brings principles of sustainable development to places looking to
move beyond a business-as-usual approach
An Era of “Sustainable Growth”
Sector Planning in Florida
• Sector Plans (SPs) are intended to yield a more sustainable
development plan for large landscapes than would otherwise be
achieved through incremental planning decisions made through
the typical development review processes.
• SPs can only be undertaken for areas of at least 15,000 acres in
size, which limits this process to truly large-scale, regionally
significant projects.
• SPs are intended to provide a long-term land use vision and
capital improvements plan for a large area, as well as “detailed
specific area plans” for districts within this larger geography .
• At its core, the SP process is about “big picture” planning, with an
emphasis upon issues of urban form, environmental protection,
and the efficient provision of public facilities and urban services.
Airport
Conservation
Areas
Residential
Areas
Commercial
Areas
Project Specs
• ~71,000 acre property
• ~39,000 acres in conservation
• New airport (now open)
• Up to 27,000 housing units at
buildout
• Up to 37 million sq ft of non-
residential at buildout
Geographic Scale(s)
Regions in ascendancy, with attention also being paid to
districts, neighborhoods and streets
Level of Public-Private Partnerships
Substantial, and essential to successfully design and implement
visions and plans
View Towards Growth
Growth is an opportunity to support the economy, remake our
urban centers, suburban strips and rural villages, and promote
more sustainable development patterns.
The Era’s Implied Motto
Growth is inevitable and essential, but must be
balanced against the long-term desire for sustainable
places and systems.
An Era of “Sustainable Growth”
Conclusion • I believe that we are on the cusp of the next big change… and I
am optimistic about our ability to capitalize upon this opportunity.
• My optimism rests in several factors:
The private sector is an active and willing agent in many planning initiatives, coming to understand the linkages between quality of life and economic prosperity.
Regional planning has become a widely pursued and valued activity (although we still need good models and a better governance systems to implement these regional plans).
The Baby Boom generation will force some changes in our landscapes that in many ways support more sustainable development outcomes (Demographics as Destiny).
Planning is more visible than it has ever been, and issues like climate change and energy systems will only increase its visibility in the public and political spheres.
Planners and growth management advocates have shown an ability and willingness to learn and adapt.