PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF INTEGRATED

SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS Civil and Military Applications

THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION THEORY Consulting Editor Robert Gallager

Other books in the series:

WIRELESS INFRARED COMMUNICATIONS, John R. Barry ISBN: 0-7923-9476-3

COMMUNICATIONS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY: 1\vo sides of One Tapestry, Richard E. Blahut, Daniel J. Costello, Jr., Ueli Maurer and Thomas Mittelholzer

ISBN: 0-7923-9469-0 WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS, Jack M. Holtzman and David J. Goodman

ISBN: 0-7923-9464-X INTRODUCTION TO CONVOLUTIONAL CODES WITH APPLICATIONS, Ajay Dholakia

ISBN: 0-7923-9467-4 CODED-MODULATION TECHNIQUES FOR FADING CHANNELS, S. Hamidreza Jamali, and Tho Le-Ngoc

ISBN: 0-7923-9421-6 ELLIPTIC CURVE PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS, Alfred Menezes

ISBN: 0-7923-9368-6 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS: Mobile and Fixed Services, Michael Miller, Branka Vucetic and Les Berry

ISBN: 0-7923-9333-3 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS: Future Directions, Jack M. Holtzman and David J. Goodman

ISBN: 0-7923-9316-3 DISCRETE-TIME MODELS FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INCLUDING ATM, HelWig Bruneel and Byung G. Kim

ISBN: 0-7923-9292-2 APPLICATIONS OF FINITE FIELDS, Alfred J. Menezes, Ian F. Blake, XuHong Gao, Ronald C. Mullin, Scott A. Vanstone, Tomik Yaghoobian

ISBN: 0-7923-9282-5 WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS, Martin J. Feuerstein, Theodore S. Rappaport

ISBN: 0-7923-9280-9 SEQUENCE DETECTION FOR HIGH-DENSITY STORAGE CHANNEL, Jaekyun Moon, L. Richard Carley

ISBN: 0-7923-9264-7 DIGITAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES: Military and Civil Applications, A. Nejat Ince

ISBN: 0-7923-9254-X IMAGE AND TEXT COMPRESSION, James A. Storer

ISBN: 0-7923-9243-4 VECTOR QUANTIZATION AND SIGNAL COMPRESSION, Allen Gersho, Robert M. Gray

ISBN: 0-7923-9181-0 THIRD GENERATION WIRELESS INFORMATION NETWORKS, Sanjiv Nanda, David J. Goodman

ISBN: 0-7923-9128-3 SOURCE AND CHANNEL CODING: An Algorithmic Approach, John B. Anderson, Seshadri Mohan

ISBN: 0-7923-9210-8 ADVANCES IN SPEECH CODING, Bishnu Atal, Vladimir Cuperman, Allen Gersho

ISBN: 0-7923-9091-1 SWITCHING AND TRAFFIC THEORY FOR INTEGRATED BROADBAND NETWORKS, Joseph Y. Hui

ISBN: 0-7923-9061-X

PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF INTEGRATED

SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS Civil and Military Applications

by

A. Nejat Ince Istanbul Technical University Foundation

Centre for Defence Studies

Dag Wilhelmsen ALCATEL Telecom Norway

Biilent Sankur Bogazif;i University

Istanbul-Turkey

..... ' ' SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ince, A. Nejat. Planning and architectural design of integrated services digital

networks : civil and military applications 1 by A. Nejat ince, Dag Wilhelmsen, BUlent Sankur.

p. cm. -- (The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science ; SECS 308)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5939-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-2233-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2233-1 1. Integrated services digital networks--Planning. 2. Computer

network architectures. 1. Wilhelmsen, Dag. II. Sankur, BUlent. III. Title. IV. Series. TK5103.75.155 1995 621.382--dc20 94-48207

CIP

Copyright © 1995 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Pub1ishers in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1995

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transrnitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC .

Printed on acid1ree paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Tennino1ogy 1 1.3 Content of the Book 2 1.4 Current NATO Communications System

and Planning 3 1.5 References 5

CHAPTER 2 USER REQUIREMENTS AND SERVICES FOR ISDN 7 2.1 Current NATO Communications Systems

and Planning 7 2.2 Implications of the C3 Architecture for

NATO SATCOM 8 2.3 Requirements Affecting Network Design 10 2.4 References 28 Appendix 2A: Definitions 29 Appendix 2B: POST-CFE NATO CIS

Architecture 31

CHAPTER 3 ISDN CONCEPTS AND STANDARDS 33 3.1 Trends in Telecommunications and ISDN 33 3.2 Principles of ISDN 34 3.3 ISDN Standardization 37 3.4 Tenninal Adaptation 50 3.5 ISDN Interworking 51 3.6 Numbering and Addressing 54 3.7 Broadband ISDN (B~ISDN) 55 3.8 G-Series Recommendations for Digital

Transmission 60 3.9 T-Series Recommendation for Telematic

Services 3.10 References

60 61

VI

CHAPTER 4 NETWORK DESIGN AND DIMENSIONING 63 4.1 Design Methodology 63 4.2 Network Design 67 4.3 Network Dimensioning 80 4.4 Costing 87

CHAPTER 5 SWITCHING AND SIGNALLING 91 5.1 Requirements 91 5.2 Communication Services and Facilities 102 5.3 WIS Switching Concept 108 5.4 Circuit Switching System 116 5.5 Characteristics of Circuit Switches 129 5.6 Data Communication 135 5.7 Routing 141 5.8 Signalling System 142 5.9 WlS Numbering Plan 150 5.10 References 153

CHAPTER 6 TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION 159 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Network Synchronization Methods 164 6.3 Timing and Synchronization Subsystem 177 6.4 References 186

Appendix 6A: Timing Instabilities 187 Appendix 6B: Timing Inaccuracies-Slips 192 Appendix 6C: Frequency Sources

and Clocks 195 Appendix 6D: Echo Control 201

CHAPTER 7 ROUTING METHODS 203 7.1 Introduction 203 7.2 Requirements 205 7.3 Factors Affecting Requirements to WIS

Routing 207 7.4 Routing 210 7.5 Discussion 226 7.6 Implementation Issues 239 7.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 240 7.8 References 241

Appendix 7 A: NICS Routing Simulations 243 Appendix 7B: WIS Routing Simulations 247

vii

Appendix 7C: Routing Scheme Software Requirements 252

CHAPTER 8 TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING 255 8.1 Introduction 255 8.2 System Requirements 256 8.3 Signal Encoding 260 8.4 Multiplexing 264 8.5 Timing and Synchronization 272 8.6 Transmission Performance Criteria and

Requirements 273 8.7 Frequency Allocation and Planning 292 8.8 Procurement Issues 296 8.9 References 296

Annex 8A: Calculation of the Maximum HOP Lengths 297

CHAPTER 9 TERMINAL AREA SUBSYSTEM 299 9.1 Typical User and Existing Systems 300 9.2 Users and Their Requirements 310 9.3 Terminal Area Architectural Design 316 9.4 T AS Architectures 324 9.5 References 328

Appendix 9A: CCITT X.400 Message Handling Services 329

Appendix 9B: Services Provided by PABXs 334

Appendix 9C: Local Area Networks 335 Appendix 9D: TAS Security Issues 342 Appendix 9E: Building Wiring 344

CHAPTER 10 INTEROPERABILITY 349 10.1 Objectives 349 10.2 Gateway Functions and Features 350 10.3 Classes of Interoperability 351 10.4 Concepts for WIS Interoperability 352

CHAPTER 11 NETWORK SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL 361 11.1 Requirements and Objectives 361 11.2 System Concept 363 11.3 System Functions 376

viii

11.4 System Design 387

CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SECURITY 395 12.1 Threat to Communications Security 395 12.2 Objectives and Requirements 399 12.3 Policy Issues 400 12.4 Physical and Electrical Security 402 12.5 End-to-End Protection 406 12.6 Bulk Encryption 407 12.7 Software Security 409 12.8 Comsec System Organizational Issues 411 12.9 Bibliography 414

CHAPTER 13 SURVIVABILITY DESIGN 415 13.1 Definition 415 13.2 Threat Evaluation 417 13.3 Requirement Analysis 418 13.4 Methodology 419 13.5 Survivability 421 13.6 Performance Assessment 422 13.7 Survivability Enhancements 424 13.8 Survivability Cost 425

Annex: EMP Protection 429

INDEX 483

PREFACE

The main subject of this book is Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN); how to plan and design them architecturally and how to implement them so that they meet certain given user requirements ranging from a variety of service demands to transmission performance, security, reliability/availability, capability for growth, interoperability with other ISDN and non-ISDN networks and, of course, cost.

The network application that are used as the model in this book is that of a defence network serving the strategic communications requirement of a government. The main purpose is, however, to describe a system design approach that can be applied more generally given that the network required uses the general principles of ISDN with a defined user community (e.g. a major industrial corporation, a government or an international organization). The considerations concerning the commercial operation of an ISDN network (for example as experienced by a public network operator, PTT etc.) have not been the intention of this book, even if the technical concepts described are still valid in this case.

In the last two decades some 6000 papers and over 40 books have been published on ISDN and related topics covering the aspects of standards, concepts, protocols, architecture and services. We shall assume in this book that the reader is either familiar with the ISDN concept and standards or can have access to the rich literature that exists on the subject. The book concentrates, instead, on the application of ISDN concepts and standards to the planning and design of real costed networks to meet certain specified user requirements. This includes where there are multiple options, considerations and rationale on the choice of network aspects and standards. The unique feature of the book, compared with existing books on ISDN, is that it expounds an original methodology which starts from an assumed or given set of complete user requirements and proceeds to designing a complete network taking into account the technology and standards of ISDN as well as some constraints including cost which may be imposed on the network.

The book describes computer-aided design tools employed for dimensioning the network for various traffic loads and for assessing its traffic calTying performance for assessing different precedence categories and network configurations, transmission conditions and routing algorithms which may be static-detenl1inistic or dynamic­adaptive. Aspects such as surveillance and control, security, survivability and EMP protection are also addressed in this book.

The content of the book is based on the results of studies which were calTied out in the period 1987-1989, for the architectural design and master plan of a national strategic communications network called TAFICS (Turkish Anned Forces Integrated Communications System) which benefitted from earlier works done for an international network called NATO integrated Communications Network (NICS), and for a national

x

infrastructure network called NOlWegian Defence Digital Network (NDDN). The strategic networks carry military and government traffic and are often designed and implemented, as it were, from scratch. They allow therefore the application of appropriate and logical design implementation procedures, without undue compromises which may otherwise be imposed on them by existing plant and organisation. These networks are required to provide a wider choice of services (supplementary services such as precedence and pre­emption, security and dedicated networks) and more stringent features (such as redundant grid network structure, multi-homing, adaptive routing, hardening etc.) than those demanded from commercial public networks.

Some of these "military aspects" are gradually becoming requirements also for civil public and private networks. Consequently it can be said that the only significant difference between the defence strategic and commercial public networks is the higher traffic carrying capacity of the latter and the requirement for operation under stringent and chaotic conditions for the former.

Many public network operators around the world are implementing the Integrated Services Digital Networks for the reason that internationally agreed CCITT standards exist today.

Rather than adopting some other standards such as the military tactical EUROCOM standards which are based on CVSD modulation and that were available in the seventies, it was decided in the mid-eighties that it would be better (massive international standardisation effort in CCITT) and more economic (economies of scale of the civil market) to follow the CCITT IDN-ISDN standards and recommendations for the design of military-government strategic networks adopting also the International Standards Organisation's (ISO) Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSIIRM).

The ISDN that will be treated in this book has the full features of strategic military systems. These networks which are being planned and implemented today, will therefore involve aspects and technologies which are wider in scope and more onerous to obtain than those required by the civil systems. This approach will allow us to discuss almost all conceivable features, architectures, techniques and technologies as well as network evolution aspects and system design methodology in relation to a real system rather than in the abstract.

The type ofISDN that is in question here is the so-called narrow band ISDN (NB-ISDN) which is intended to provide circuit-switched and packet-switched connections at the rate of 64 kbit/s which is the fundamental building block of ISDN. Even though the word ISDN was coined in 1971 at the CCITT study group XI (Switching and Signalling), focused and well organised study efforts started at CCITT in the study period 1981-1984 which produced the so-called Red Book ISDN Recommendation of 1984. They presented the basic framework of the ISDN concept, network architecture, user-network interface protocols, and common channel signalling protocols, and most important, showed what an ISDN was, and its tremendous potential and feasibility, albeit on paper only. In the following Study Period of 1985-1988, the ISDN studies at CCITT were further advanced over a wider area, including for example, supplementary services and telematic services, and the so-called Blue Book Recommendations of 1988 were produced. The defmition ofISDN was reaffIrmed in the 1988 document as:

"An ISDN is a network, in general evolving from a telephony IDN, that provides end-to-end digital connectivity to support a wide range of services, including voice and non-voice services, to which users have access by a limited set of standard multi-purpose user-network interfaces".

xi

It was during the above mentioned Study Periods that NATO member countries and many PTT Administrations, without waiting for the promulgation of the 1988 Recommendations by CCITT, decided to adopt the NB-ISDN standards wherever they exist, for the planning, design and implementation of their future networks making use also of the results of the standardisation of other international standards bodies such as ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) and ISO (International Standardisation Organisation) on matters such as OSI protocols.

Several countries are now moving from the planning stage to prototypes and actual implementations. The present book deals fully with how a system of this kind which is to be implemented is planned, designed and specified. It is believed that NB-ISDN's, once implemented, will have adequate capability to take us well into the next century before a system capable of switching signals with rates greater than 2 Mbitls becomes commercially and operationally a necessity.

Since 1988, much of the planning and design effort by CCITT has become directed toward a network concept that will be, it is claimed, far more revolutionary than ISDN itself. This new concept is referred to as broad-band ISDN (B-ISDN) which is defined as a "service requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than 2 Mbit/s". This subject will receive only a passing reference in this book.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Most of the material used in this book has come or derived from studies carried out under Prof. Ince's direction in NATO for the NATO Integrated Communications System (NICS) and in Turkey for the Turkish Armed Forces Integrated Communications System (TAFICS) and benefitted from the work done in Norway for the Norwegian Defence Digital Network (NDDN).

The authors are most grateful to many engineers and scientists who worked in the projects above and therefore contributed indirectly to the book. It would be invidious to single out names but we would like to mention those who played important roles in the design of WIS and to whom we owe thanks and appreciation: Prof. Dr. Nadir Yucel, Mr. Cahit BUykun and Mr. Okay <;alaroglu. Our thanks and gratitude go also to the staff of KIuwer Academic Publishers as well as to Mr. Z. Ener and Ms. K. Gul for the help given in the production of this book.