+

Citation Challenges

+Plagiarism

Taking words

Taking ideasRepresenting them as your own by not indicating your source

+Using quotes

Remember that one of the goals of assigning a written paper or project is to assess your writing.

Quote when the words matter

Disciplinary differences: Fewer quotes in science and experimental social

science More use of quotes in the humanities and

qualitative social sciences, especially of primary sources

+Paraphrasing

Not just changing one or two words, but putting an authors statement into your own words.

Use of signal phrases can make this easier: “According to the researcher John Smith…” “A recent study by Wen and Jones (1989)

suggests that…”

+Common Knowledge May Be…

A fact that you already knew before you started the research paper

A fact that MOST people agree on A fact that is easily looked up in any

number of sources

Unfortunately, in practice it gets a lot more complicated.

+Common Knowledge?

1. Bugs Bunny is one of America’s best loved and most recognizable cartoon characters.

2. The U.S. Postal Service gave Bugs Bunny his own postal stamp in 1997.

3. When the U.S. Postal Service teamed with Warner Bros. to put Bugs Bunny on a postage stamp, the decision proved to be surprisingly controversial.

+Common Knowledge?

1. A black hole is an area in space that is so dense not even light can escape it.

2. The distance from the sun to the center of the Milky Way is approximately 26,000 light years.

3. The Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is just a superposition of four Kaluza-Klein previous black holes.

+What kinds of things need to be cited?

Text, Ideas

Images

Data (whether or not you format it the same way)

Anything that isn’t your original work.

+CitationsWhy do scholars cite the things they cite?

+Citing your Sources

• Print Style Guides

• Online citation guides• http://libguides.geneseo.edu/citation

• Free citation managers• Mendeley: http://www.mendeley.com • Zotero: http://www.zotero.org/

+Conceptual vs. Operational

A reference can refer to a concept, theory, or idea in an original paper The evolutionary lineage described by Smith (2009)

suggests that...

A reference can also refer to a technique, method or piece of equipment used in another study Using the experimental apparatus developed by Jones

(1985) we analyzed...

Moravcsik, M. J., & Murugesan, P. (1975). Some Results on the Function and Quality of Citations. Social studies of science, 5(1), 86-92. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://sss.sagepub.com/content/5/1/86.full.pdf

+Organic or Perfunctory

An organic reference is one that is required for understanding what is going on in the current paper

Miller (2003) outlined the basic concepts that we build on here.

A perfunctory reference is one that simply acknowledges the existence of other work

Other researchers have examined this issue as well (Xi, 2003; Baker, 1999).

+ Evolutionary or Juxtapositional

The original paper is cited because the current paper builds on the ideas in it Building on the revolutionary work of Miller (2004) and

Smith (2002) we studied...

The original paper is cited because the current paper offers an alternative to the original paper Our study suggests an alternative explanation than that

offered by Harper (1993).

+Confirmative or Negational

The current paper can confirm the work of the original paper Our findings confirm the original results achieved by

Smith (1999)…

The current paper can dispute the findings of the original paper Contrary to the results obtained by Wolfe-Simon (2011)

we found no evidence that arsenic was incorporated into the bacteria’s DNA.

+Getting Help with Library Research and Citation Questions IM a Librarian

Library Homepage

Reference librarian on duty 10am until close most days Ask for help at the service desk

Make an appointment Library homepage -> Research Help -> Research

consultations

+I have too many citations!

Cole, S. S. (2007). Researcher Behavior that Leads to Success in Obtaining Grant Funding: A Model for Success. Research Management, 15(2), 16-32.