place the following disciplines in order from "most scientific" to "least...
TRANSCRIPT
Place the following disciplines in order from "most scientific" to "least scientific" and
explain/justify why you have ordered them in this way.
ArtBiology
ChemistryMathMusic
PhilosophyPhysics
Psychology
1.1.1Psychological Science Is BornHow has psychology’s focus changed over time?
Philosophers were the 1st psychologists. Debate big question about life…nature vs. nurture
Psychology as a science born in 1879 1. Wundt – 1st psych lab (1879)
Attempted to measure awareness of sensory experiences through reaction time
2. William James – 1st psych textbook
3. Behaviorism: View that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
4. Freudian Psychology: Emphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences
5. Humanistic psychology: Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
6. cognitive revolution: with the advent of new types of technology; it is now scientifically possibly to study the mind
7. Cognitive neuroscientists: Scientific exploration of brain activity underlying mental activity
Psychological Science Is Born
Today Psychology: Science of
behavior and mental processes
Behavior: Anything a human or nonhuman animal does
Mental processes: Internal states inferred from behavior
Science: Key word!Psychology students, such as
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg (who majored in
psychologyand computer science while at
Harvard), end up in varied careers.
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#8
9.) Explain how psychology evolved from the study of mental life to the
modern definition of psychology today.
Psychology starts off as…
Science of mental life Then focuses on… (1920s-1950s)
Objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Finally,Psychology studies mental
processes AND Behavior
Andrea Yates Background Notes
Gather as much information as you can on Andrea’s background
What was she like, what were her life experiences, what was she involved in?
Hindsight BiasThe tendency to say an outcome
was obvious AFTER the fact; to believe we could have predicted it
“I-Knew-It-All-Along” phenomenon
Our assumptions are often wrongNeed research to find what’s true
Why Do Research In Psychology?
To separate hunches & gut intuition about
human behavior with actual fact.
Theory an explanation using guiding principles; organizes
observations predicts behavior
Hypothesis Testable prediction; implied by a theory
Operational Definition Define research variables w/ precise procedures or
measuresReplication
Repeating research study
How Do Psychologists’ Ask Questions?#13
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Descriptive Methods of Psych Research
Case StudyOne person studied in depthSuggest further study (+)Cannot discern general truths (-)
#17
SurveyLooks at many cases at
onceWord effects (-)
should cigarette ads be allowed on TV vs censored
aid to the needy vs welfare
Random sampling (+)A sample that represents a
population b/c each member has an equal chance of inclusion
#18
DescriptionNaturalistic Observation
Naturalistic Observation Observing & recording behavior
in naturally occurring situations w/o controlling the situations
Doesn’t control for all the factors that can contribute to behavior
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3S0xS2hdi4
#19
Correlation A measure of the extent to which two things vary together How well does A predict B (NOT CAUSE) Positive versus negative correlation
Correlation Coefficient A statistical measure that tells us how strongly they correlate (how
good of a predictor) Strength of the correlation is found by the coefficient
-1.0 to +1.0 (r) Closer to the 1 is a stronger correlation
Why Use a Coefficient? Let’s us know how strong the relationship is…how
strongly variable A predicts variable B
Says nothing about strength of
prediction
CORRELATION #20-#24
same direction opposite direction+ or -
Visually Show Correlation…
Scatterplota graphed cluster of dots, each dot represents the values
of two variables Illusory Correlation
a“fake” correlation
CorrelationCorrelation and Causation
Correlation helps predict Does not = cause and effect
CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION!!!
Practice
ExperimentationResearcher can:Manipulate the factors of interest to
determine their effectsHolding constant (“controlling”) other
factorsExperimental groupControl group
Researcher manipulates variables to determine cause and effect
1st – create a testable hypothesis & operationally define your terms
2nd – randomly sample a population for your participants
3rd – randomly assign your participants (your sample)
Experiment
#26
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP#27 #28
Double-blind procedure: Eliminating bias The participants AND the researcher doesn’t know
who is in which groupWHY DOES IT MATTER???
Researcher can determine if treatment really works and not just a placebo effect
Placebo effect Effect involves results caused by expectations
alone.
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Experimentation
Variables
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
• The variable that is measured
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PRACTICE