Place, Culture and Vulnerability in the Place, Culture and Vulnerability in the Metropolis: Conflicts and Implications for Metropolis: Conflicts and Implications for

migrantsmigrants

Eduardo Marandola Jr.Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil. eduardom@ige.unicamp.br

Daniel Joseph HoganPopulation Studies Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil. hogan@nepo.unicamp.br

Theme: Vulnerability at stages in the migration process:departure, arrival, settlement and integration

Themed session: Demography and the vulnerability of populationsTHE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION

GEOGRAPHIES10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong

Population Population Vulnerability and Vulnerability and Vulnerability of Vulnerability of PlacePlace

• The conjunctive perspective (holistic approach) includes space-society relationships: there is no population vulnerability without vulnerability of place

• Because population vulnerability is configured from situations (population conditions) and position (relative localization), it is impossible to separate vulnerability from its spatiality

• Place is key to a comprehensive perspective on vulnerability, because it is in place that the materialization of multi-dimensional phenomena occurs

Mobility, Culture Mobility, Culture and Placeand Place

• Mobility is an ambiguous phenomenon because it can produce or diminish vulnerability, involving both short and longer movements– Movements may be of short

distances from home and immediate life spaces

– Movements may also be to destinations farther from home (protection place par excellence)

• Mobility-generated risks are ambivalent– Risks related to mobility

(traffic, pollution, stress) may increase

– Risks of isolation from the fragmented social fabric may be diminished, allowing maintenance of relations and strengthening social capital

An example for discussion:An example for discussion:migrants in Sumaré, São Paulo, migrants in Sumaré, São Paulo,

BrazilBrazil

Source: IBGE, 2000.

CMR

SPMR

BSMR

Sumaré, Campinas Metropolitan Sumaré, Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR), São Paulo State, BrazilRegion (CMR), São Paulo State, Brazil

Campinas Campinas Metropolitan Metropolitan Region – Region – Urban Plan, Roads Urban Plan, Roads and Railwaysand Railways

Spatial mobility of Spatial mobility of population and population and migrationmigration

• Spatial mobility can both increase and diminish vulnerability

• The same is true of immobility; it may represent organic relations (cultural and identity links) as well as the impossibility of mobility to search for better conditions

• Metropolitan spaces, as in Sumaré/Campinas, allow people to use these possibilities in varied forms: the number of options for daily mobility is continually greater.

• Choices of migrants and non-migrants are based on different elements, affecting vulnerability directly

Population dinamic Population dinamic – 1970-2000– 1970-2000

0

23.074

0

101.834

85.859

141.011

115.720

168.058

151.669

196.055

201.795

237.900

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

1970 1980 1991 1996 2000 2006*

Sumaré (and Hortolândia) population1970-2006

Sumaré

Hortolândia

Source: IBGE. * Estimativa.

Taxa de Crescimento da População - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000

0 0

6,53

16,01

3,732,533

3,5

6,49

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1970-1980 1980-1991 1991-2000

Hortolândia

Sumaré

CMR

Source: IBGE.

Percentage of the migrants for number of years of uninterrupted residence in the city in

relation to the total population - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000

16%

28%

17%

39%

2000

1991

1980

1970

Population and migrants per number of years of ininterrupted residence in the city - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000

196.055

141.011

101.834

23.07417.187

3.784

74.754

39.853

0

30.000

60.000

90.000

120.000

150.000

180.000

210.000

2000 1991 1980 1970

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000População total

Migrantes no período*

Migrants per year of Migrants per year of residence in relation residence in relation to the populationto the population

Source: IBGE.

Source: IBGE.

Time of the Time of the residence residence ininterrupted in the ininterrupted in the curretily city - curretily city - Sumaré, São Paulo, Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 2000Brazil - 2000

13%3%

29%55%

0-10 anos11 a 20 anos

21 a 30 anos31 ou mais

17%3%

13%

24%

14%

29%

0-2 anos3-5 anos6-10 anos11 a 20 anos21 a 30 anos31 ou mais

City of residence of the migrants originaded of other cities of Campinas Metropolitan Region in

July, 1st 1995 - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil

64%

9%

27%

Metropolitan Center

Micro-region

Other cities

Migrants city residence in July 1st 1995 - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil

9%3%

6%32%

8%

40%

2%

NorteNordesteCentro-OesteSudesteSulEstado de São Paulo*Região Metropolitana de Campinas

Migration origin Migration origin (in July 1st 1995)(in July 1st 1995)

Urban plan of Sumaré - Urban plan of Sumaré - fragmentation and areasfragmentation and areas

CommutingCommuting

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

20.000

22.000

MetropolitanCenter

Microregion Other citiesCMR

Other cities

Migrants and non-migrants commuting per city of origin - 2000

Migrant commuting

Non-migrant commutin

Migrants and non-migrants commuting - 2000

87%

13%

Migrant commuting

Non-migrant commuting

CommutingCommuting

Migrants commuting per years of residence in Sumaré - 2000

15%

27%

31%

1%

14%

12%

0-2 anos3-5 anos6-10 anos11-20 anos21-30 anos31 ou mais anos

Migrants commuting per city of origin - 2000

68%

6%8%

18%

Metropolitan CenterMicroregion

Other cities CMROther cities

Places and risks: Places and risks: differences differences between migrants between migrants and non-migrantsand non-migrants

• This intense spatial mobility of the population, both migration and commuting, makes integration with the local systems of security difficult, and mobility (work, study, entertainment, family interactions) becomes part of a lifestyle, producing vulnerabilities beyond those of the city

• Both migrants and the city itself are always evolving, since there are many interruptions and discontinuities

• The relation with places is different from the relations established and maintained outside of the city (greater or lesser mobility)

Especific Especific vulnerabilities the vulnerabilities the migrants in migrants in fragmentation fragmentation spacespace

• For upper and upper middle income migrants, the most significant vulnerability is existential: lifestyle choices, mobility, violence, culture and leisure

• For lower and lower middle migrants, besides existential vulnerability, social vulnerability is very important: where to work, cost of living, conditions of life, violence, poverty

• High mobility is put into motion in order to maintain relations with the place of origin or with other migrants from the same origin, as well as to satisfy the necessities of existential security

Commuting and Commuting and vulnerability of vulnerability of the citythe city

• Commuting is an ambivalent element in the promotion of the existential security/insecurity: it adds and it disaggregates in the same movement

• However, it increases the vulnerability of places, promoting new cultural and political ties which weaken involvement with places, and reduces their scope (housing is limited to the house itself, neighborhood and city diminishing in importance)

• Hyper-mobility makes cities and populations more vulnerable

Perspectives and Perspectives and conclusions – conclusions – theoretical and theoretical and conceptual waysconceptual ways

• It is necessary to comprehend and investigate mobility-vulnerability relationships, in their multiple aspects

• Differences between migrants and non-migrants influence individual and collective vulnerability as vulnerability of place, since they interact with social and cultural dimensions in the production of space

• It is necessary to incorporate commuting in vulnerability studies, including other movements besides work and study, since in the contemporary metropolis all dimensions of the life of families are involved