pittsburgh and work - it ufsd · pittsburgh and work . from autobiography of andrew carnegie,...

Read the passage. Then answer the questions that follow.

In 1848, at the age of13, Andrew Carnegie and his family moved to Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Through various work, Carnegie was able to make investments and eventually own his own business, Carnegie Steel Company. He became one of the richest men in America. Later in life, he donated most ofhis wealth towards art, public libraries, music, and education, most notably Carnegie Hall and Carnegie-Melon University.

Pittsburgh and Work from Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie,

published by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920.

1 I had just completed my thirteenth year, and I fairly panted to get to work that I might help the family to a start in the new land. The prospect of want had become to me a frightful nightmare. My thoughts at this period centered in the determination that we should make and save enough of money to produce three hundred dollars a year-twenty-five dollars monthly, which I figured was the sum required to keep us without being dependent upon others. Every necessary thing was very cheap in those days.

2 The brother of my Uncle Hogan would often ask what my parents meant to do with me, and one day there occurred the most tragic ofall scenes I have ever witnessed. Never can I forget it. He said, with the kindest intentions in the world, to my mother, that I was a likely boy and apt to learn; and he believed that if a basket were fitted out for me with knickknacks to sell, I could peddle them around the wharves and make quite a considerable sum. I never knew what an enraged woman meant till then. My mother was sitting sewing at the moment, but she sprang to her feet with outstretched hands and shook them in his face.

3 "What! my son a peddler and go among rough men upon the wharves! I would rather throw him into the Allegheny River. Leave me!" she cried, pointing to the door, and Mr. Hogan went.

4 She stood a tragic queen. The next moment she had broken down, but only for a few moments did tears fall and sobs come. Then she took her two boys in her arms and told us not to mind her foolishness. There were many things in the world for us to do and we could be useful men, honored and respected, if we always did what was right. ... It was not because the occupation suggested was peaceful labor, for we were taught that idleness was disgraceful; but because the suggested occupation was somewhat vagrant in character and not entirely respectable in her eyes. Better death. Yes, mother would have taken her two boys, one under each arm, and perished with them rather than they should mingle with low company in their extreme youth.

S As I look back upon the early struggles this can be said: there was not a prouder family in the land. A keen sense of honor, independence, self-respect, pervaded the household ....

6 Anything low, mean, deceitful, shifty, coarse, underhand, or gossipy was foreign to that heroic soul. Tom and I could not help growing up respectable characters, having such a mother and such a father, for the father, too, was one of nature's noblemen, beloved by all, a saint.

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7 Soon after this incident my father found it necessary to give up hand-100m weaving and to enter the cotton factory of Mr. Blackstock, an old Scotsman in Allegheny City, where we lived. In this factory he also obtained for me a position as bobbin boy, and my first work was done there at one dollar and twenty cents per week. It was a hard life. In the winter father and I had to rise and breakfast in the darkness, reach the factory before it was daylight, and, with a short interval for lunch, work till after dark. The hours hung heavily upon me and in the work itself I took no pleasure; but the cloud had a silver lining, as it gave me the feeling that I was doing something for my world-our family. I have made millions since, but none of those millions gave me such happiness as my first week's earnings ....

8 Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow-Scotch manufacturer of bobbins in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first the work was even more irksome than the factory. I had to run a small steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night, sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too high and that the boiler might burst.

9 But all this it was a matter of honor to conceal from my parents. They had their own troubles and bore them. I must play the man and bear mine. My hopes were high, and I looked every day for some change to take place. What it was to be I knew not, but that it would come I felt certain if I kept on. Besides, at this date I was not beyond asking myself what Wallace would have done and what a Scotsman ought to do. Of one thing I was sure, he ought never to give up.

Why does the author include the sentence "My thoughts at this period centered in the determination that we should make and save enough of money to produce three hundred dollars a year-twenty-five dollars monthly, which I figured was the sum required to keep us without being dependent upon others" in the first paragraph of the passage?

A to describe what Carnegie earned as a bobbin boy

B to prove that Carnegie's parents were proud people

C to illustrate how willing Carnegie was to care for his family

D to demonstrate how little goods cost in Carnegie's boyhood

14 ©Curriculum Associates, LLC

23 i Read this statement from the passage.

As I look back upon the early struggles this can be said: there was not a prouder family in the land.

Which sentence from the passage could best be used as evidence to support this statement?

A "I had just completed my thirteenth year, and I fairly panted to get to work that I might help the family to a start in the new land."

B "The next moment she had broken down, but only for a few moments did tears fall and sobs come."

C "Yes, mother would have taken her two boys, one under each arm, and perished with them rather than they should mingle with low company in their extreme youth."

D "In the winter father and I had to rise and breakfast in the darkness, reach the factory before it was daylight, and, with a short interval for lunch, work till after dark."

24: Which of the following details from the passage best supports the claim that Andrew Carnegie felt a great sense of responsibility, even as a child?

A "It was ... because the suggested occupation was somewhat vagrant in character and not entirely respectable in her eyes."

B "Tom and I could not help growing up respectable characters, having such a mother and such a father. , , ,"

C "Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow-Scotch manufacturer of bobbins in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go , , . ,II

D "I found myself night after night, sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing, . , at another time that the steam was too high and that the boiler might burst,"

Which statement best reflects a central idea of the passage?

A In Carnegie's boyhood, a family could purchase necessary items without spending a lot of money.

B Although he did not enjoy the work, Carnegie took pride and pleasure from earning wages at the cotton factory,

C When Carnegie was a child, his father switched from working at hand-loom weaving to working at a cotton factory.

D Uncle Hogan's brother believed that the young Carnegie could earn plenty of money by selling knickknacks.

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©Curriculum Associates, LLC

26 I How does Carnegie illustrate that his father was one of "nature's noblemen" in the passage?

A by revealing his father's influence with Mr. Blackstock and Mr. John Hay

B by describing the hard life he and his father lived as factory workers

C by revealing that his father went on to have great financial success

D by describing his father's reaction to the idea of peddling

1271 Which sentence from the passage best conveys Carnegie's point of view about this ,____..1

part of his life?

A "The prospect of want had become to me a frightful nightmare."

B "1 never knew what an enraged woman meant till then."

C "They had their own troubles and bore them."

D "My hopes were high, and I looked every day for some change to take place."



The History of Aspirin: An Old Remedy Reexamined

by Karen Brinkman

1 Thousands of years ago, a wise man lived in Greece. His name was Hippocrates, and he was widely considered a knowledgeable man of medicine. One day, as he sat under a large shade tree to teach and write, a man approached him, seeking medical advice for a member of his family. The man described the symptoms that his family member experienced: fever, aches, and pain. Hippocrates gave the man some medicine: a powder made from the bark and leaves of a willow tree.

2 Living in the 21st century, this medicine might sound strange to us. Bark and leaves? What possible good could those do anyone? In many ways, it's true that medicine has changed a great deal since the time of Hippocrates. But in other ways, it hasn't changed at all. After all, the medicine that Hippocrates prescribed for his patient is something with which you are likely familiar: aspirin.

3 During the time of Hippocrates and even before, people knew that chewing the leaves of the willow tree relieved pain. Evidence shows that Native Americans living in North America, as well as people on the continent of Africa, knew of the willow's medicinal benefits. In the 1820s, scientists in Europe tried to determine what exactly was in willow leaves that relieved pain. They discovered a chemical that they called salicin. They combined it with an acid to create a powder that they called aspirin.

4 When aspirin was first created, people thought of it as a panacea. However, people soon found that aspirin did not cure everything. For example, some thought it might help eliminate unwanted freckles. Others thought it would cure measles. Still others thought it might cure rabies. It did none of these things, but it did effectively relieve pain.

S At first, people were thrilled. If they had an ache, pain, or fever, they could go to the doctor and receive relief in the form of a prescription for aspirin. However, most people soon discovered that the acid in aspirin caused an upset stomach. In 1897, a German chemist named Felix Hoffman remedied this problem. He changed the formula slightly so that aspirin would combat pain yet be gentle on the stomach.

6 While not a universal cure-all, aspirin has been found to have other health benefits. In the 1940s, a doctor in California discovered something amazing about aspirin. As he looked over his patients' charts, he realized that none of the patients who took aspirin regularly for pain had ever had a heart attack. Other patients in his practice, who did not regularly take aspirin, had had heart attacks. He wondered if it was just a coincidence or if aspirin somehow helped his patients to avoid heart attacks. Medical studies over the years have concluded that aspirin does help prevent certain types of heart disease. Aspirin has been found to break up dangerous blood clots and to thin blood in the body. Many patients are now prescribed a low-dose aspirin as a daily supplement to prevent heart attacks.

7 In 1996, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) conducted a survey. They asked people "What invention couldn't you live without?" When given a list of choices, "aspirin" ranked high. That just goes to show that old technology is not necessarily minor and that its value can be enduring.

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How does the author introduce the key idea that aspirin is a natural remedy?

A She explains how aspirin has changed over the years.

B She lists the problems people thought aspirin would help cure.

C She tells a story about a wise man giving someone some medicine.

D She lists the things that a man's family member suffered from.

Which paragraph provides the strongest support for the idea that medicine bears some similarity to what it was in Hippocrates's time?

A paragraph 1

B paragraph 3

C paragraph 5

D paragraph 6

30 i What is a "panacea," as the word is used in paragraph 4 of the passage?

A a cure for everything

B a cure for headaches

C a flourishing disease

D a destructive poison


Read this sentence from paragraph 6 of the passage.

While not a universal cure-all, aspirin has been found to have other health benefits.

What idea does this sentence introduce in the passage?

A Powdered medicines cause upset stomach.

B Doctors need to find a cure for measles.

C Aspirin provides relatively little pain relief.

D Aspirin provides more than just pain relief.

With which statement would the author most likely agree?

A If Hippocrates were alive today, there would be no disease.

B Natural medicines are better than modern ones.

C Aspirin has been used for a long time because it is so effective.

D People initially get excited about any new medicine.

Which evidence in the passage best supports the idea that aspirin has changed the world in which we live?

A a study done at MIT

B the work of a German chemist

C stories about Native Americans

D stories about a man in ancient Greece

Go On


The chart illustrates that aspirin has some positive effects.

Aspirin's Positive Effects

eases aches and pains

thins blood

brings fever down

Which effect best completes the chart?

A prevents rabies

B cures upset stomach

C eliminates unwanted freckles

D reduces the risk of heart attack

Which is the best summary of the passage?

A Willow leaves had long been known to relieve pain. In the 1820s, the key agent was discovered, mixed with an acid, and called aspirin. Aspirin is still a popular pain reliever, with additional health benefits as well.

B Aspirin comes from the bark and leaves of the willow tree. People have used it for thousands of years, since the time of Hippocrates. It can't cure measles or rabies, but it is good for pain and to help people survive.

C The most valuable medicine today comes from willow leaves and is called aspirin. It is the best pain reliever available. It used to upset people's stomachs, but a simple change in formula solved that problem.

D People, including Hippocrates, used to use willow leaves to relieve pain. Modern people didn't like chewing leaves, so scientists found the secret of willow and invented aspirin. At first, people were glad to have the new pain reliever.


Read the story. Then answer the questions that follow.

Work Smarter, Not Harder by Trevor Jackson

1 Kari wiped sweat from her forehead and stuck the shovel back into the haystack-sized pile of peppermint snow. It wasn't exactly snow. It was way too warm for it to be frozen water. The one time she licked off some that fell on her hand, she learned that it definitely didn't taste like peppermint. More like blended asparagus. But the mountain of powdery mush was definitely white with streaks of red swirling up through it. And Kari had to move it all off the wide green field and onto the dirt track around the field. All under the withering gaze of two suns.

2 It was her third day attempting to move the mush. Each day she worked as fast as she could, but she could never quite finish the job before falling down exhausted. She figured that was why each morning the pile was reset, waiting for her to get to work, as if she'd done nothing the day before.

3 Kari wasn't sure exactly how long she had been in Parival, if that's even where she really was. Two weeks? A month? Enough details shared by her uncle Otto matched what she had experienced since she fell down the well in the freezing, snow-filled woods behind her grandparents' house: the feeling of rising and falling at the same time when she first slipped on the well's rock wall, the way she cast two shadows because of the twin suns in the sky, the birdsongs that sounded more like a baby's midnight cries for food. Kari had thought these things were just stories, though, even if Otto always protested that they were true. Now she knew.

4 Kari hadn't been in Parival more than an hour before she'd spotted the big board. It was strung between two branches of an enormous tree, its limbs heavy with a scary-looking red fruit, like giant cherries. The board read, CHORES FOR KARL She looked around as if there might be someone to explain. The suns beat down on her neck as she stepped closer to examine the chart. Each row gave a title and a brief description followed by a box for a check mark to show Kari had finished.

5 So far each task had proved to be more complicated than it seemed at first. She had to make choices about how she was going to complete each task. A job of collecting and sorting eggs as big as an ostrich's forced her to use some math skills she didn't know would ever come in handy. Another job involved her singing a row of musical notes, but she had to sing them from right to left instead of left to right.

6 Exhausted, Kari stopped shoveling the mush and dropped the shovel on the ground. She stamped her foot and gave a loud groan. She thought again about the tasks she had already completed. Each job was a combination of physical activity and some creative thinking. She had been shoveling for days, but had she applied any original thought to the task?

7 That was it! Kari suddenly remembered a magiC trick she had performed at her little brother's birthday party. It had been a sunny day just like this one. Although of course there was only one sun in that sky. Kari's family and friends had all gathered in the backyard around the small patio table. Plates, cups, and plastic forks and spoons rested on top of a white tablecloth. Kari had grabbed the edges, counted to three, and yanked. Everything on top of the tablecloth stayed in one place, but the tablecloth was liberated. Kari's family applauded.

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8 The grassy field had felt slippery under her feet while she had worked the last three days. Maybe it wasn't the peppermint snow that had to move, but the field underneath! Kari kicked the shovel aside and ran to the edge of the field. Sure enough, the edge of the field could be lifted. But the tablecloth had been much smaller and lighter than this grassy field. She would just have to try.

9 Kari gave the grass in her hands a shake and watched the pile of peppermint snow. The grass ripple she had shaken grew taller and taller as it moved toward the pile in the center. By the time the wave reached the center, it looked like a giant whale. The whale-shaped hump slid right underneath the pile, carrying it high up into the air. Kari saw her chance and pulled hard on the grass. The entire field carne flying at her like it weighed no more than that tablecloth had last summer. She ducked as it flew over her head. Then she watched as the pile of snow carne falling down to rest on the dirt that had been underneath the grass field. When it touched dirt, the pile vanished.

10 Kari dusted herself off and headed back to the big chores board. She would get horne one way or another.

In the first paragraph of the story, what does it mean that Kari has to work "under the withering gaze of two suns"?

A The two suns disapprove of Kari's efforts.

B Kari feels judged by unseen persons in Parival.

C Kari is very angry at whomever brought her to Parival.

D The light from the suns is extremely hot and bright.

Read this sentence from paragraph 6 of the story.

She stamped her foot and gave a loud groan.

What does this sentence tell the reader about Kari?

A that she quits when things get hard

B that she hurt her foot while shoveling

C that she is discouraged by the task

D that she has come up with a good idea

©Curricuium Associates, LLC 22

38 I Read these sentences from paragraph 7 of the story.

Kari had grabbed the edges, counted to three, and yanked. Everything on top of the tablecloth stayed in one place, but the tablecloth was liberated. Kari's family applauded.

Which other words in the sentences tell the most about the meaning of "liberated" as it relates to the tablecloth?

A grabbed, edges

B three, tablecloth

C was, applauded

D yanked, stayed

39! Which sentence from the story best explains why Kari has to use her intelligence to finish the chores?

A "It was her third day attempting to move the mush."

B "So far each task had proved to be more complicated than it seemed at first."

C "Exhausted, Kari stopped shoveling the mush and dropped the shovel on the ground."

D "Kari suddenly remembered a magic trick she had performed at her little brother's birthday party."

40 I How has Kari changed from the beginning of the story to the end?

A Kari realizes that she has to take a different approach to her chores in order to succeed.

B Kari understands that working hard isn't getting her anYWhere, so she decides to search for another way home.

C Kari quits the task and passes the time by thinking about her family and friends back home.

D Kari figures out that she has not been working hard enough, so she shovels faster.

GoOn Assessment 1: Bookl


41 Which sentence from the story helps to illustrate the lack of information the narrator shares with the reader?

A "Each day she worked as fast as she could, but she could never quite finish the job before falling down exhausted."

B "Kari wasn't sure exactly how long she had been in Parival, if that's even where she really was."

C "Each row gave a title and a brief description followed by a box for a check mark to show Kari had finished."

D "Then she watched as the pile of snow came falling down to rest on the dirt that had been underneath the grass field."

Which of the following is the best summary of the story?

A Kari falls down a well and finds herself in a strange world. She has to figure out ways to complete strange chores so she can get home.

B Kari remembers a trick that was performed at her brother's birthday party. Then she is able to figure out how to get some powdery mush onto a dirt track.

C Kari has been working for three days to get peppermint-colored snow off a field. Her job is to get the snow off the field and onto a dirt track.

D Kari is not sure how long she has been in another world or even how she got there. She is determined to find her uncle Otto.

STOP 24


Assessment 1: I:IO(.k~ 'R~ilQjng


Biomass Basics by United States Energy Information Association

"Biomass"from http://www.eia.gov/kids, U.S. Energy Information Administration.

1 Biomass is organic material made from plants and animals (microorganisms). Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. The chemical energy in plants gets passed on to animals and people that eat them.

2 Biomass is a renewable energy source because we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste will always exist. Some examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, and some garbage.

3 When burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat. Ifyou have a fireplace, the wood you burn in it is a biomass fuel. Wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes.

Converting Biomass to Other Forms of Energy

4 Burning biomass is not the only way to release its energy. Biomass can be converted to other useable forms of energy, such as methane gas or transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel.

5 Methane gas is the main ingredient of natural gas. Smelly stuff, like rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, release methane gas-also called "landfill gas" or "biogas."

6 Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.

How Much Biomass Is Used for Fuel?

7 Biomass fuels provided about 4% of the energy used in the United States in 2011. Of this, about 45% was from wood and wood-derived biomass, 44% from biofuels (mainly ethanol), and about 11% from municipal waste. Researchers are trying to develop ways to burn more biomass and less fossil fuels. Using biomass for energy may cut back on waste and greenhouse gas emissions.

WOOD &: WOOD WASTE

Burning Wood Is Nothing New

8 The most common form ofbiomass is wood. For thousands of years people have burned wood for heating and cooking. Wood was the main source of energy in the United States and the rest of the world until the mid-1800s. Wood continues to be a major source of energy in much of the developing world.

9 In the United States, wood and wood waste (bark, sawdust, wood chips, wood scrap, and paper mill residues) provide about 2% of the energy we use today.

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http://www.eia.gov/kids

Using Wood and Wood Waste

10 About 80% of the wood and wood waste fuel used in the United States is consumed by industry, electric power producers, and commercial businesses. The rest, mainly wood, is used in homes for heating and cooking.

11 Many manufacturing plants in the wood and paper products industry use wood waste to produce their own steam and electricity. This saves these companies money because they don't have to dispose of their waste products and they don't have to buy as much electricity.

WASTE-To-ENERGY

Energy from Garbage

12 Garbage, often called municipal solid waste (MSW), is the source of about 6% of the total biomass energy consumed in the United States. MSW contains biomass (or biogenic) materials like paper, cardboard, food scraps, grass clippings, leaves, wood, and leather products, and other non-biomass combustible materials, mainly plastics and other synthetic materials made from petroleum.

13 Americans produce more and more waste each year. In 1960, the average American threw away 2.7 pounds of trash a day. Today, each American throws away about 4.4 pounds of trash every day. Of that, about 1.5 pounds are recycled or composted. What do we do with the rest? One option is to burn it. (Burning is sometimes called combustion.) About 85% of our household trash is material that will burn, and most of that is biogenic, or material that is made from biomass (plant or animal products). About 62% of MSW (by weight) is biogenic.

Waste-to-Energy Plants Make Steam and Electricity

14 Today, we can burn MSW in special waste-to-energy plants and use its heat energy to make steam to heat buildings or to generate electricity. There are about 76 waste-to-energy plants in the United States that generate electricity or produce steam. In 2011, these plants generated 14 million kilowatt hours of electricity, about the same amount used by 1.3 million U.S. households. The biogenic material in MSW contributed about 51% of the energy of the MSW that was burned in waste-to-energy facilities. Many large landfills also generate electricity with the methane gas that is produced as biomass decomposes in the landfills.

Waste-to-Energy Plants Also Dispose ofWaste

15 Providing electricity is not the major advantage of waste-to-energy plants. It actually costs more to generate electricity at a waste-to-energy plant than it does at a coal, nuclear, or hydropower plant.

16 The major advantage of burning waste is that it reduces the amount of material that we bury in landfills. Waste-to-energy plants burned about 30 million tons ofMSW in 2011. Burning MSW reduces the volume ofwaste by about 87%.


43 I Read the following sentence from paragraph 2.

Biomass is a renewable energy source because we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste will always exist.

Why does the author include this sentence in the passage?

A to suggest the idea that biomass has many different uses

B to show how biomass could be a better resource than others

C to argue that biomass is an inexpensive source of energy

D to describe how common biomass is used as an energy source

i 44 i Which of the following sentences from the passage best supports the author's belief that waste is a growing concern?

A "Biomass fuels provided about 4% of the energy used in the United States in 2011."

B "In the United States, wood and wood waste (bark, sawdust, wood chips, wood scrap, and paper mill residues) provide about 2% of the energy we use today."

C "Garbage, often called municipal solid waste (MSW), is the source of about 6% of the total biomass energy consumed in the United States."

D "Today, each American throws away about 4.4 pounds of trash every day."

45 Which of the following sentences from the passage suggests that there may be drawbacks of using biomass?

A "About 80% of the wood and wood waste fuel used in the United States is consumed by industry, electric power producers, and commercial businesses."

B "The biogenic material in MSW contributed about 51 % of the energy of the MSW that was burned in waste-to-energy facilities."

C "Many large landfills also generate electricity with the methane gas that is produced as biomass decomposes in the landfills."

D "It actually costs more to generate electricity at a waste-to-energy plant than it does at a coal, nuclear, or hydropower plant."

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46: How does the author establish the idea that biomass is not a significant energy source in most homes?

A by explaining the difficulty in obtaining and burning wood

B by describing why the use of wood has declined over time

C by revealing how much more wood is used by industry

D by arguing in favor of increasing the use of wood

1-47 J Which statement best reflects the central idea of the passage?

A Biomass can be burned, or it can be turned into fuel.

B Biomass can be used to create energy and with reduced waste.

C Wood has always been the most common form of biomass.

D Waste-to-energy plants use biomass and other municipal solid waste.

What evidence does the author provide to support the claim that biomass can help companies save money?

A Biomass can be converted to other useable forms of energy, such as methane gas or transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel.

B About 80% of the wood and wood waste fuel used in the United States is consumed by industry, electric power producers, and commercial businesses.

C Many manufacturing plants in the wood and paper products industry use wood waste to produce their own steam and electricity.

D There are about 76 waste-to-energy plants in the United States that generate electricity or produce steam.


49 Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

A Biomass is organic material that we can burn to create energy. Using different forms of biomass is a practical way to reduce waste, while also gaining electricity.

B Using different forms of biomass has many advantages for creating energy but comes at a high cost to the environment. Other forms of energy may be just as important.

C Burning biomass, an organic material, can help our environment. Many manufacturers collect their own biomass waste and burn it to create electricity.

D Using different forms of biomass to create energy helps companies. Ideally, biomass will become the main energy source used in the United States.

STOP Assessment 1:


Assessment 1: DQQ.K

Read the passages. Then answer the questions that follow.

A Mountain Calling by Amy Leinbach Marquis, National Parks

1 John Muir never liked the word "hike." Even in the 19th century, American society's connection to nature had grown increasingly shallow, people's time outdoors rigid and hasty. Muir, on the other hand, preferred to saunter. "Sauntering meant taking your time, valuing what you see," says Tad Shay, lead interpretive ranger at John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez, California. "It meant stopping to enjoy the view of a lake, not running past it."

2 Born in 1838 in the seaside town of Dunbar, Scotland, Muir began his love affair with nature at a young age....

3 In 1849, Muir's father sacrificed the family's wealth in Dunbar for a harsh farming life in America, claiming an 80-acre plot ofland in central Wisconsin. It was in this pastoral wilderness-its open skies, frozen meadows, and thousands of migrating birds-that Muir found his own religion ....

4 Muir was nearly 30 the first time he ventured into California's Sierra Nevada Mountains. He was overwhelmed by the landscape, scrambling down steep cliff faces to get a closer look at the waterfalls, whooping and howling at the vistas, jumping tirelessly from flower to flower. "We are now in the mountains and they are in us, kindling enthusiasm, making every nerve quiver, filling every pore and cell of us," he wrote.

5 Muir quickly found work as a sheepherder to keep this precious place near. Guiding his flock through the foothills and into higher elevations, he began his lifelong courtship with the Sierra Nevada. He spent much of his thirties alone in the mountains, carrying a tattered blue journal that he filled with sketches, scientific observations, and soulful writing.

6 Although he preferred living on society's fringe, he also longed for human companionship. Muir began publishing his writing in 19th-century travel publications that East Coast tourists read on trains bound for the West. Soon, famous scientists and writers joined him in the Sierra Nevada. Ralph Waldo Emerson affected Muir deeply. So did President Teddy Roosevelt, whom Muir invited on a camping trip in the sequoia forest with one stipulation: No politics allowed. Roosevelt went on to establish Yosemite as a national park. ...

7 "We like to say that Muir got the ball rolling for the National Park System," Shay says. Four more significant designations would follow, thanks to Muir's influence: Grand Canyon, Mount Rainier, Petrified Forest, and Sequoia. America would come to know Muir as "The Father of Our National Parks."

8 In his 76 years, Muir published more than 300 articles and 12 books. He moved a president to create the U.S. Forest Service and co-founded the Sierra Club, which helped establish several new national parks years after his death, and now boasts 1.3 million members.

9 It's quite a legacy for a man who was so adamant l about taking his time.

10 "Our lives are so rapid these days," Shay says. "Perhaps the best way to honor Muir is simply to slow down and appreciate nature for its beauty."

1 adamant: firmly fixed


Albert Palmer was a companion ofJohn Muir on several memorable "saunterings" through the Sierras. His memoir is a treasure of the early conservation movement in America.

from The Mountain Trail and Its Message Excerpts from The Mountain Trail and Its Message by Albert W. Palmer,

published by The Pilgrim Press, 1911.

1 There is a fourth lesson of the trail. It is one which John Muir taught me [during an early Sierra Club outing].

2 There are always some people in the mountains who are known as "hikers." They rush over the trail at high speed and take great delight in being the first to reach camp and in covering the greatest number of miles in the least possible time. [They] measure the trail in terms of speed and distance.

3 One day as 1 was resting in the shade Mr. Muir overtook me on the trail and began to chat in that friendly way in which he delights to talk with everyone he meets. I said to him: "Mr. Muir, someone told me you did not approve of the word 'hike: Is that so?" His blue eyes flashed, and with his Scotch accent he replied: "I don't like either the word or the thing. People ought to saunter in the mountains-not hike!

4 "Do you know the origin of that word 'saunter?' It's a beautiful word. Away back in the Middle Ages people used to go on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and when people in the villages through which they passed asked where they were going, they would reply, 'A la sainte terre,' 'To the Holy Land: And so they became known as sainte-terre-ers or saunterers. Now these mountains are our Holy Land, and we ought to saunter through them reverently, not 'hike' through them."

5 John Muir lived up to his doctrinel. He was usually the last man to reach camp. He never hurried.

He stopped to get acquainted with individual trees along the way. He would hail people passing by and make them get down on hands and knees if necessary to see the beauty of some little bed of almost microscopic flowers. Usually he appeared at camp with some new flowers in his hat and a little piece of fir bough in his buttonhole.

6 Now, whether the derivation2 of saunter Muir gave me is scientific or fanciful, is there not in it another parable?3 There are people who "hike" through life. They measure life in terms of money and amusement; they rush along the trail of life feverishly seeking to make a dollar or gratify an appetite. How much better to "saunter" along this trail oflife, to measure it in terms of beauty and love and friendship! How much finer to take time to know and understand the men and women along the way, to stop a while and let the beauty of the sunset possess the soul, to listen to what the trees are saying and the songs of the birds, and to gather the fragrant little flowers that bloom all along the trail of life for those who have eyes to see!

7 You can't do these things ifyou rush through life in a big red automobile at high speed; you can't know these things if you "hike" along the trail in a speed competition. These are the peculiar rewards of the man who has learned the secret of the saunterer!

1 doctrine: belief 2 derivation: origin 3 parable: a simple story to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson about life

GoOn Assessment 1: Book 2 31 ©Curricuium Associates, LLC

Isoi What does the author of"A Mountain Calling" suggest about John Muir's attitude about nature? Use two details from the passage to support your response.

Write your answer in complete sentences.

Albert W. Palmer states in paragraph 5 of The Mountain Trail and Its Message that II John Muir lived up to his doctrine." In what ways did Muir do this? Use two details from the passage to support your response.


©Curricuium Associates, LLC 32

In The Mountain Trail and Its Message, how does Albert W. Palmer reveal his point of view regarding those who "hike" through life? Use two details from the passage to support your response.


GoOn


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