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pierre bourdieu - market of symbolic goods

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Poetics 14 (1985) 13-44 North-Holland 13 THE MARKET OF SYMBOLIC GOODS PIERRE BOURDIEU * This article attempts to set forth some general properties of the cultural field and to explain the symbolic struggles waged within it. Far from being a simple aggregate of isolated agents, the cultural field consists of a set of systems of interrelat ed agents and instituti ons functionally defined by their role in the division of labour (of production, reproduction and diffusion of cultural goods). Besides being a commodity that has a commercial value, any cultural object is also a symbolic good, havi ng a specifically cultural value. Depending on whether symbolic or economic considera- tions come first, the field of cultural production - as market of symbolic goods - can be schematically divided into two sectors: The field of restricted production (FRP) and the field of large-scale cultural producti on (FLP). In FRP properly economic profit is secondary to enhancement of the product’s symbolic value and to (long-term) accumulation and gestation of symbolic capital by producers and consumers alike. Producers who seek to take a position within FRP s hould keep clear of the suspicion that they submit to external demands, as is the case in FLP. The output of FLP is hardly rated at all on the scale of symbolic values; its products are rather short-lived, managed as they are like ordinary economic goods. They are destined for consumers who, in contrast with those of FRP, are nonproducers and noncompetitors. The FRP is fairly closed on itself and enjoys a high degree of autonomy; this is evident from the power it has to develop its own criteria for the production and evaluation of its products. But even the producer within FRP has to define himself in relation to the public meaning of his work. This meaning orginates in the process of circulation and consumption through which the work achieves cultural recognition. This process is dominated by agents and institutio ns of consecration, such as criticism and the educational system. Members of these instituti ons are authorized (or rather compete for the authority) to endow works with certain properties and thus to rank them on a scale of legitimacy. Along different lines, they also ensure the reproduction not only of consecrating agents and of producers of a determinate type of cultural goods, but also of consumers capable of adopting the posture socially designated as specifically aesthetic, by providing them with the instruments required for the appropriation of these legitimize d symbolic goods. The latter owe their cultural rarity in no small degree to the very scar city of these * This text was first published in French: ‘Le Marche des Biens Symboliques’, L’Ann& Socio- fogique 22, 49-126 (1971). In many respects it might have been surpassed by subsequent publications (especially La Distinction, Paris: Ed. de Minuit, (rev. ed., 1982). Yet it remain s fundamental to the understanding of Bourdieu’s work as it is the first to set forth th e theory of the literary field and of its division into two complementary but antagonistic markets which provided the basis of research on the sociology of art and literature by Pierre Bourdieu and his students. Translated from French by Rupert Swyer. Author’s address: P. Bourdieu, Centre de Sociologic Europeenne , Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 54, Bd. Raspail, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.

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