piero scaruffi 2004 · 2015-04-04 · 18 what the middle ages knew • romanesque architecture...

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What the Middle Ages knew

Romanesque

Piero Scaruffi 2004

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What the Modern Age knew

• Regional art

– The fragmented political nature of Europe is

reflected in regional artistic styles

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• Sculpture

– Wiligelmo (1100, Italy)

– Benedetto Antalami (11xx, Italy)

– Nicola Pisano (1212, Italy)

– Arnolfo di Cambio (1231, Italy)

– Giovanni Pisano (1248, Italy)

– Jacopo della Quercia (1367, Italy)

– Donatello (1386, Italy)

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Lorenzo Ghiberti: Gates of

Paradise, Battistero, Firenze

Nanni di Banco: Quattro

Santi Incoronati, Or San

Michele, Firenze (1384)

Antelami: Ambo of

Parma’s Duomo (1178)

Pisano: Baptistery

Pulpit, Pisa (1260)

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• Sculpture Sant’Ambrogio, Milano (9th c)

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• Sculpture

Western portal,

Chartres

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• St Michael’s bronze doors, Hildesheim (1015)

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• Architecture

– Benedetto Antelami (1150, Italy)

– Arnolfo di Cambio (1245, Italy)

– Filippo Brunelleschi (1377, Italy)

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• African Christian architecture

– Lalibela: St George (12th c)

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• Romanesque architecture

– Carolingian renaissance

• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner

– Imperial chapels a` la Ravenna

» Harmony of square (Earth) and circle (Heaven) via the octagon

» Same structure used in early baptisteries

» Same structure of the Holy Sepulchre

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• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman manner

– Basilicas

» Vast, plain rectangle

» Rows of blind arcades

» Three parallel aisles

» Light wooden roof

» Large windows for lighting

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• Feeling that contemporary culture is barbarian, and perfection can only be found in the styles of the past

• Artists dream of reproducing the classical styles of Greece and Rome, not of innovating

• Buildings for relatively small groups of people

• Roman vaulted architecture as the model

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– Carolingian renaissance • Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)

• Aachen cathedral (805) modeled after St Vitale

• Germigny-des-Pres, France (806)

• Lorsch (800)

• Klosterkirche Niederzell, Reichenau (799)

• Klosterkirche Mittelzell, Reichenau (888)

• Klosterkirche Oberzell, Reichenau (900)

• Corvey, France (880)

• Quedlinburg (920)

• Gernrode (960)

• St Benigne, Dijon, France (1001)

• St Philibert, Tournus, France (1009)

• St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)

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• Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)

(from Hariulf's Chronicle)

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– Aachen Cappella Palatina (805) modeled after St Vitale

(Reconstruction by Ken Conant

Pelican History of Art)

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Lorsch gateway (800)

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St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)



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• Romanesque architecture – Byzantine churches: central dome surrounded

by semidomes and other “round” forms

– Monastery churches: modification of the Roman basilica with

• transept crossing the nave (symbol of the cross), separating the choir (monks) and the nave (public)

• altar as the focal point of the building

• subaltars for individual monks in the transepts and in the apse/ambulatory

• high windows for light

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– Pilgrimages (Compostela, Crusades)

require buildings to accomodate

thousands of pilgrims: radiating chapels

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– Imperial cathedrals (Kaiserdome)

• Speyer cathedral (1030-60)

• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)

• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)

– Germany

• Maria Laach (1093)

• Tournai cathedral, Belgium (1110)

• Limburg (1215)

• Bamberg (1237)

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• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)

• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)

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– France

• Ste Foyes at Conques (1050)

• St Sernin at Toulouse (1080)

• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)

• Pontigny (1114)

• Fontenay (1139)

• Paray-le-Monial (1100)

• Autun (1120-1135)

• Vezelay (1104)

• Orcival

• La Trinite`, Caen (1062)

• St Etienne, Caen (1068)

• Jumieges, Rouen (1052)

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– France

• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)



Cramer & Koob

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– France

• Vezelay (1104)

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• Romanesque

architecture

– France

• Fontenay (1139):

Cistercian style

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What the Middle Ages knew • Romanesque architecture

– England 1066-1200

• Winchester cathedral (1079)

• +Durham cathedral (1093)

• Chichester cathedral

• Worcester cathedral

• Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed)

• Norwich cathedral (1096)

• Rochester cathedral

• Gloucester cathedral (11th c)

• Castle Hedingham, Essex (1140)

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What the Middle Ages knew • Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed)

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– Spain • Santiago de Campostela (1078)

• Santiago de Penalba (919)

• S. Maria de Lebena (924)

• Ripoll (1032)

• Seo de Urgel (1131)

• Tarragona cathedral (1171)

• Lerida cathedral (1203)

• Jaca cathedral (1054)

• St Vicente, Avila (1109)

• Zamora cathedral (1150)

• Salamanca cathedral (1150)

– Portugal • Tomar (1162)

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– Spain

• Santiago de Campostela (1078)



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• Romanesque art in Italy – S. Miniato al Monte, Firenze

(1062)

– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)

– S. Sigismondi, Rivolta d’Adda (1089)

– S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII)

– Duomo, Modena (1099-1323)

– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)

– Campanile, Pomposa

– Battistero, Firenze (XII)

– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV)

– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)

– S. Clemente, Roma (1100)

– Antelami: +Battistero, Parma (1196), transition to gothic

– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)

– Duomo, Firenze (1296-1436)

– Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)

• Norman Italy – S. Nicola, Bari (1039-1197)

– Duomo, Cefalu (1131-XV)

– Cappella Palatina, Palermo (1132)

– Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)

– La Zisa castle, Palermo (1154)

– Duomo, Monreale (1174-1186)

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• Romanesque art in Italy – S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII)

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Romanesque

in Northern Italy

• Romanesque art in Italy

– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)

– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)

– Battistero, Firenze (XII)

– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV)

– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)

– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)

– Antelami: Battistero, Parma (1196)

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Romanesque

in Italy

• Romanesque art in Italy – Duono, Firenze (1296-1436)

– Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)

– Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)

– Duomo, Amalfi (1203)

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Romanesque in Italy

• Castel del Monte (1240)

• Monreale

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Romanesque in Italy

Palazzo Vecchio, Firenze (1299)

Laurana's Palazzo di Urbino (1465)

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Kremlin

National Geographic,

Jan 1990

Kremlin in 1330, Vasnetsov

piero scaruffi 2004 · 2015-04-04 · 18 what the middle ages knew • romanesque architecture...

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