FASHION AT t ~~f R E E Z I N G P 0 I N T '"' . s e e i n s i d e

P·ICTURE POST , TRIES THE

NEW PETROi

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Pi&btn Pe.I, 17 J~, i 9SJ

fill up on

DUDLEY NOBLE a leading motorigg correspondent says

" The tank was filled with premier grade Shell The effect of the better fuel on driver-satisfaction

. . . the engine ran more sweetly . . . . far and passenger comfort was quite

greater degree of accelerative power. extraordinary." (Extract from a

Average consumption was. . . well-known Sunday newspaper -

miles better than on pool. October 12th, 1952.)

fill up and feel the difference -------·-·-----···· ·---·------

r~ 1 r 1 1._, Q L

~~i p. A RADE

' BILLY BIEACON' is no laughing matter- he's the protcaor of children in North London. He toms the schools with Islington's r09d safety officer, Walter Stnchan. 'Billy' is their original talking Bclisha ~ the only oue in Britain with anm. He bu every right to be proud of hia record; throughout 1952 not one cl\il4 in Islington (pop. 250,000) was .killed on the road.a. Strachan docs not band all the praise to 'Billy.' : 'Fint caacntial," be say1, " ia an inspired Road Safety Cmnmittcc. Islington has that. Alao, you need the eomplete co-operati<>11 of police and school teachers. And you must reach not only the pcdcatrians, but all road uscn." Strachan is the fint to agree that Z croaaings ha\•e helped ucmcodously. This is true all over the country. For, when the 1952 figures arc published, they' ll show that for the first time in 25 ycan deaths are below 5,000-in an unrationcd petrol yCllJ'. The Zebra has Cllt'ned bis stripes.

YAURIE DA WE was having land­lady trouble. At night she would oome home from London's Royal Academy of Music to houn of violin pnctiee. But there were complaints about coiae : eight times she was asked to leave. Now, she's back with ber family at Skipton. Every week she travels up to town for two days' lcasons. When she gets her degree, she will head for Paris or Rome­where ears are more sympathetic.

GERARD OURY, over here for the screen version of Graham Greene's bcat-sellina novel Hedt't of tlu Matter, is a big name in France-in films, radio and television. When he's not acting he paints : one of his pictures is now on exhibition in Paris. Oury, at 33, is fast becoming another Charles Boyer-with a voice every bit as seductive. Unfortunately, for the debutantes, he's married and has a daughter aged 10. He's got t1)ery1hing!

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JACQUWJIE AUIU~ dauahter­in-law of the French President, is the ta.teat woman in the world over 100 lcilcmetra. She set up the rcoord, some eighteen months ago, in a French-built Vampire jet. Now, she's bettered that~vering the 62-mile course between Marseilles and Avignon at an average speed of 531 m.p.h. Madame A"Uriol, the only woman teat pilot at Brotigny, is 34 years old and the mother of two sons.

SIR J• fOR8ES • ROllUlTSON, the centenary of whose birth &lla this Friday, was superb theatre for .fl> yean. Yet, unlike t<>-day's great, comparatively few were able to see him in action. Towards the end of his career, he filmed two of his famous parts-Hamlet and Tiu Pass­ing of tlu Thira Floor Back. In 1915, be made his farewell seaaon, which ended with a tour of Canada and America, That year he was knighted.

HUSH TA YRILD did what no South African criclteter bad ever done in a Test Match : he took 13 wickeu for 165 runs. The 24-year-old DudJan salesman brought South Africa their se()Olld-ever victory over Austnlia­their first for 42 years. Ir could be a good omen. Next season, when the Australians invade, will the fast and sometinles erratic Trueman be able to do for us what the precise and accurate Tayfield did for South Africa?

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Pic-. iw., 17 J-y, 1953

FRANK IEMIMAN;ttiple Wimble­don champion, bu made tennis P9Y· As an amateur he bcld a £1,000-a­year job with 1 racquet fum. When he got married a sift of £5"437 (raised by public subscription) was presented to his wife. Another asset was a Mel­bourne pcuol station. Now, the man who was largely responsible for keep­ing the Davis Cup in Australia has joined Jack Kramer's Professional Circus. That's a .Cso,ooo-a-year job.

JOHN IEACiO, and another c:x­naval officer, arc in the animal busi­ncu . They leave England this month for deepc:st Africa-to fill orders for 12 Britiah and Continental ZOOll. The huntien ("we're not Frank Bucks") need the help of pme wardens, pro­fessional trappen and natives. They pay heavy bills for shipment. But their expeditions P9Y off-;.th current , prices being: giratfe, £500; rhinoceros, £8oo ; and hippopotamm, £1, 100.

WALTa' MIDGUY was in fine voice. As the naughty Duke of Mantua (in Ri6!>1etto), he opened up with everything be bad. Suddenly, half-way through his first big aria, he coughed and spluttered-then turned away from the Covent Garden audi­ence. H e had swallowed one side of his nylon moustache. Before the aria was over, Midgley was back. " I went through to the end of the opera," he said, "but my singinl( wu affecto:d."

,.....,..,, 171-Y, 1953

Serve in the air and at sea

FLY IN TH.E ROYAL NAV.Y as an officer on National Service or

Short Service Commission HERE is a first-rate chance for the young man keen to become a naval

officer and to fly. The Navy trains you for both jobs : for e;itecutive duties in Her Majesty's ships and to fly powerful modem aircraft. Both jobs are worth­while, responsible-and exciting.

In the air, your roles might be many. Fighter escort to bomber striking forces ; or to convoys. Anti-submarine patrols. Pinpoint rocket or bomb attacks on shore targets. Torpedo attaclcs on surface craft. Aboard ship your job would be varied too; yours c.ould be •HORT IERYICE A•D •ATIONAL any of the tasks that fall to an cxccutive SERVICE COMMllllONI officer of your rank in the Royal Navy. ore '!pen .ro young men with tire right

Thi . · ·w ll .d . b Th . qualifications. S IS a VI , we -pal JO • ere IS To qualify: You should be between

extra flying pay. And ·if you are suitable 17 and 24 y _ears old, fit, a1~d wi~h a

You will have the chance to transfer to a Ge,"".a/ Certijicatt of E.duca_11011 w1tlt a . • pass in E11glu.h, Mathematics a11d one

permanent comIDJSS1on. optional sllbjecr, School Certificate or u If you want a chance to do a job worth Scottish Leavi11g Certificate.

doing and do it well-this is the career Fur full details write to Admiralty, ' C.W. Branch, Lmuf<m, S.W.1, or w1d

for you. Coupm1 below.

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-T:-Ad:iratty:-Cw.-Bra-:-h:-(DM/ 56), Qu=-~e-:;-~i=:-i London, S.W.1. Please send me details without I

I ~ obligation of National Scri>icc /Short Service I I ( v whichever applies). I I I I N- I I Addras ·------- - I I I I ·-.................... -·-·--·- -·------·---Ate--·-·· I

READERS' lETTERS

ll'B I' N O'r S 'l'A •PS ro • AllK ACBIBl'B•BN'I'?

W ITH all respect, the stamps of the new reign are not pa.rticularly flattering to our Queen and country.

Why do we stick to the Sovereign's bead alone? The stamps of the Commonwealth usually include a vignette of the head on traditi$>nal and locaJ scenes. Other countries. display their life and traditions, often with excellent results. And a new stamp issue is a money-~er for the postal services.

Let's show what we're proud of. Britons are great sportsmen; her best-known es:portS have t>een cricket and football. Let's show it on our stamps, with pictures of Hambledon, Hampden Park, Wembley, Twickenham ;'W .G . at Lord's, and Tom Brown at Rugby.

We show tjny emblems of the United Kingdom at present-but why not something more representative ? I'd suggest Caernarvon Castle, where the Prince of Wales is proclaimed; Holyrood House ; the T ower of

London; Anne Hathaway's Cottage.

We're proud of our history - and our ac hievemen ts. Why not show the birthplaces of Shakespeare, Dickens, Bums; York Minster, Bath's Crescent, King 's College e hapel ? The steam engine

II~!:!!:!!:~~~~~~~~~~ and the Comet? ..,j And why not have bigger

stamps to show more ? And why not different shapes-like the famous triangular Cape of <;;ood H ope ? • /.

What do other readers think ? After au, we pay for the Post Office.

FU..U. ( _. Football Football professionals train four

or five days a week, and say that to keep in the necessary trim they have to regard preparing for and playing their one game a week as a full-time job. Yet some of the greatest Rugb11 League teams are made up of men who work aU day and play the hardest of all games . on Saturday afternoons in a state of physical condition none can surpass. What hypocrites are our heroes of the Soccer field !

'LANCASTRIAN,' EASTBOl,JRNE.

Soft-and 8naootl• I wonder how many men know

that a pinch qf bicarbonate of soda in their shaving water makes shaving easier and prolongs the life · of the blade-I've tried it, I know.

Dl!RJUCK B1lOWN, BARNOLDSWICK, LANCS.

B ed Por Danger How many drivers-the moment

their vehicle breaks down- wan­der round to the back to peer into the petrol tank, thus completely obscuring that little red lamp which is so helpful to oncoming traffic ? The other night, in a dense fog, I kept noticing rear lamps obscured in this way.

And how about spending a few coppers more frequently on new bulbs and better fittings as they oome on the market?

. J. F. PlUTCHARD, LONDON, N.W.

E. BENNETI', LEICESTER.

IA~a on Gla11g •w I have interviewed scores of

Glaswegians from topmost public figures to the Jocks and Jeans of

· Gorbals and Cowcaddens on the subject of crime in Glasgow. Pos­sibly. 1 per cent. could truthfully say that they had i11 their entire lifetimes seen anything approach­ing violence in their native streets.

As one of our C.l.D. chiefs stated recently, Glasgow has its crime, but it is on the decrease, especially when compared with the war years. The· city bears an exag­gerated and distorted. reputation foisted upon it by books, plays and the popular Press. I wince at that last remark, fqr I am-

A NATIONAL PAPER CIUME MAN.

Forgot-um For ce Why no mention of the ' third

arm' of the Police Force (the Special Constabulary) whose mem­bers give their \ime voluntarily and without pay, or hope of reward ?

They get no limelight ; they ask for none. All they would like to get is recognition by the Regular Police, who in a number of cases, 'snub' them. Why don't the authorities call on these volunteers to assist them more ?

There is a shortage of police. The most obvious remedy is make use of what material we' have at our disposal. We won't Jet you down, we haven't so far. ' SPECIAL.'

Furgotten Purce S ee page Eleven.

T he Luehr1 Few Those who would prefer Her

Majesty to give her Christmas Day Speech on TV, are quite forgetful of the Queen's subjecis in North · Scotland and outlying districts of England, who haw~ not yet the privilege of T .V. services.

Moreover, the million$ of loyal subjectS overseas would· lose one of their cloeest links with the " Mother Country."

ANGUS A. ROBBl.8, TORPHINS, ABERDl!l!NSHIR.R.

•onhunln> Your article on marriage bureaux

sounded good. on paper, but how many women would dare to apply for a partner ? CertainJy not me. Anyway, where does one find the nation's manhood, other than by going to dance-halls or cinemas which I so dislike? I 've travelled far and wide, but have failed to meet the country Jover, out-of­doors type. I guess they are too busy with their weeds.

's.R.N., R.S.C.N. 1

(Name and address supplied.)

Gefflag •arrNd--at 15 1 did not ' advise girls to marry

at 15.' r said 'it should be socially discouraged but legally possible,' after citing a cruel case as an example. Since then, a girl of 13 has been reported as the mother of two illegitimate children.

The press owes me a deep apology for its stunt distortions of what I say.

MARIB C. STOPES, DORKINC.

· . I Gretd TetUn May I express my sincere thanks

to all members of H .M . Post Office for the cheerful and excellent ser­vice throughout the year. And in particular at Christmas.

:'vtRS • . M. E. BATB, TEIGNMOUTH , DEVON.

OrHn IJp, lk#J I would like to say to Eisen­

hower : Please do what you can to stop the hysterical witch-hunting of the American Department o( Immigration. World peace de­pends on mutual understanding and goodwill between our two countries. English people neither know nor understand you, · and never will so long as they are barred from travelling freely among you. Not as dollar-poor relations and aliens, but as friends and allies.

BARBARA OS Sl!YSSJ!L, SMAROEN.

As a British soldier I have served with the U.S. forces in the Far East, Middle East and Britain . They were and are a cheerful and easy-to-get-on-with people, with ample sense of humour and a wanning friendly spirit.

The U.S. fed us in war, helped, us with arms and shipping before entering the conftict. Fortunately for us they fought on our side and have been our chief paymaster.

It's a pity movie picture makers do not produce a film on American war-time. generosity with the title " Beggars can be choosers."

Anti-American feeling is unjust, stupid, and playing a grand game for the Communist st.ates. ·

0. NEILSEN, MANCHESTER 8.

What is alJ this nonsense about hate-letters and Americans ? Any ill-feeling that exists in this country against America is the natural result of the presence of an occupy­ing power. We may dislike some of their habits, chewin~ gum, et'-'., and they may dislike some of ours, watching cricket, etc. But none of this is hate. It's the people who use this word so recklessly who spread the ill-feeling still wider.

R. P. FFRBl"CH , Wl!STFlELD, SUSSEX.

IN NEXT WEEK ' S

HARTNELL AND THE CORONATION A feature to start this most important fashion

year. Intriguing behind-the-seenes dress facts.

A SMUGGLER'S STORY. Our camera

follows the illegal route out of Tangier.

ST. FRANCIS XAVIER. Superb pictures,

and a story of the pilgrimage ~bled from

EVELYN WAUGH.

Piei-~ Pod, 17 ,_,,, 19Sl

,, The cheek of it!

I always make

FRESH TEA''

Don 't t.ake 'offence, p lease ! We' re sure you make tea properly

. . . but is the tea really FRESH in the packet you buy ? FRESH­

NESS makes all the difference.

Brooke Bo.nd is fresh tea.

It reaches this country from India and Ceylon in chests

specially lined to keep it fresh. It is blended, packeted and

whisked direct to your grocer in the familiar lit~e red vans, . . . with all possible speed.

-Ask for BROOKE BOND - the f reshest tea you can buy. Then,

whichever blend you choose, you really will make fresh tea.

And what a delicious cup it will be !

s•IFTLr front the Tea Garden to roqr Tea. Jable - fftaf's the 8'oolr~ loRd w•r

• .

. Fll~M. TH£ ~· t \ · to the • • ' and deli'oery ~o PLUCKING . opm111g of " • \ ... your P:Oar 111 of the tea in _ .,, the chests, ~ rhe 1111/e red India and l .. the ble'.1di11g, van . . . NOT A Ceylon . . . . ~ packetmg . . . .,.. MOMENT IS LOST

Get fresh ideas about tea- buy

Brooke Bond FRESHER, BETTER-

&ecause it comes to rou quicker

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Pictlln Pait, 17 ]-.,., t9S3

RHEUMATISM ATTACKS YOUNG AS WELL AS OLD [Advertiser's Announcement]

MOTHER OF .FIVE (38) AND PENSIONER (72) BOTH SAY:

Fynnon Salt relieved their rheumatic pain

Their experience offers hope to Britain's one million sufferers ... and to YOU!

'I really must tell you . . . the fDOnderjul relief Fynnon Salt iives', writes 38 year old Mrs. Hetty Edwards, Stamford Hill, London. 'I am the mother of 5 children and cannot affdrd to . . . be off my feet. I get attacks of Fibrositis in the back and for months have suffered agony ••• the last time I got it so SefJerely I aw ordered to be flat on my back!;,,. weeks­but someone recommended Fynnon Salt. Now at the first sig,j of pain I take it. ,The results are maroe/Jous.'

Mr. W. H. Gillett, 72, gardener and oldest member of the Hcadcom, Kent, British Legion branch, shares Mrs. Edwards' enthusiasm for Fynnon. 'I am an Old Age Pensioner, several years ago I suffered with Rheumatism and for a W"lf time I could not get my arm up to shave,' Mr. Gillett writes. 'I took to taking your Fynnon Salts and am still taking . them, my Rheumatism has disappeared thanks to your Salts. I always recommend them to nry friends.•

No "'" would be/Uw that Mrs. Edwards uud to be bed-ridden with rMimtatiim to su lww easily slu ~ with lwusftDOTk­inc/lldilllf a spot of d«oralilllf/ Fiw children and a husband on shift work don't /emJe much ti1r14 for rest/

A few years ago Mr. Gi/lett's amu were w painful he andd work only a few ho"'s. a day at gardmilllf which is both his occupazjon and his hobby. NOfJJ, at 7 z, he does a fJigorous day's work and quiu r1em.1/y """6ht himself a new bieyde I

T HESE experiences of a busy young housewife and an

active older man arc only two of the many real stories which come unsolicited to the Fynnon offices every week. They tell of the amazing relief which Fynnon Salt has brought to thousands of sufferers from rheumatism.

causing impurities from the it has brought to thousands of life get their start during these system : rheumatic sufferers. critical middle years.

Fynnon fights rheumatism Fynnoo Salt is of proven benefit in the trcaunent of many cases of rheumatism. It is an efficient scientific prepantion particularly designed for the treatment of rheu­matism and similar complaints.

I. It is an effective but gentle ~t recent medi".81 invcs~- , Act on first twinges laxati•e working on the scientific non has revealed 1s the wide­principleofosmo,is. This natural spread incidence of rheumatism, process utilises body fluid, filter- andthesurprisingextenttowhich ed through the intestinal tissues, it is able to strike victims among torid.the~ystcmofwastematter. the middl~ and even the

These stories are not surprising when you consider that Fynnon Salt provides a treatment which accords with modem scientific findings on rheumatism. The findings confirm that improper elimination of impurities from

2; It acts as a diurttic, flushing 1,.._;0..;,...-. __

and clearing the kidneys and reducing the concentration of impurities in the blood - the approved treatment for certain rheumatic conditions.

Not only old people suffer

the system frequently accompan- Today medical science is mobi- I'-=-.;. ________ _.

ies and contribwcs to rheumatic .lising its resources for the fight The chart shows that the i.nd­cond i tions-such as neuritis, against rheumatism with the dence of rheuniatism is greatest ~wnbago, sciatica, fibrositis and establishment of special clinics among the over 6s's.

throughout the country. Al- But what is less well known is gout. though much remains to be the revelation that rheumatic

Specialists who have studied rheu­matism arc insistent that if early rheumatic pains are oot ignore'd but arc given prompt tr~tmeot, much of the subsequeit misery and Take a teaspoonful of Fynnon Salt crippling effect of rheumatism can mormng or Dight in a glass of water be avoided. (some people find it more palatable Don't shrug off the tint rhewnatic in tea). Continue the treatment for twinges, This is a dangerous policy. three weeks . . . you, too, will Rather, Stan taking Fynnon Salt, find marked relief. But remt1'1ber, and keep it up (adjusting the dosage if you are strWusly worried aboui to your individual need) until its your condition or if it doesn't re­uniquc combination of natural salts spond to treatment, don't fail to has had a chance to help you. consult your cloctor.

FYNNON SALT For the relief ti('

llEU•tTIS • LUMIAGO • SClo\11'1CA • FIHOSITIS • llMEUMATISM • GOUT

LARGE TIN 2/6 Two-Way Action Learned before this disease is. diseases attack so many people

The action of the natural salts fully understood, the therapeutic between the ages .of 25 and 45. ll••••••••llll••••••••••••ml l·n Fynnon provi· des a two-way j value of the natural salts in Nwnerouscaseswhoscfullcft'c:cts FORMULA. Approxi..,..,ty: Sodium Svlphoie 91 · '6%. Sodium 8~ • • 9J %. Powaium

Sulpbote • · Oj %, Llthium S..Jp-.c o ·OH %, lroo ond Sodium Chloride: T""'!" attack to clear away rheumatism- Fynnon is evinced by the relief arc not experienced until later - -- F y N N 0 N I. T D • • " E N T F 0 " D • H I D D LE s E x ---

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11-.•m PICTURE POST

DDIDED PEl'llOLS mow UP WELL Tests took a team of six three days to complete. The 'Picture Post'

team made the rules of test a.nd took all the measurements.

We try the new

Regu.lar or Premium petro/-fJJhich wi.ll be the paying

proposition for your car? Writer TREVOR PHILPOTI'

and photographer RONALD STARTUP have spent 3 days

testing the nem branded petrols in cars old and nem.

Here is thnr report.

ARY 1, 1953. Tne beg.inning, we are told, of a new petrol era. On that day, for the first time in 13 years, the great oil companies will be back m open and fierce competition. Over fifty different companies will be

marketing fuels. You and I , for the first time in 13 years, will be able to fill our tanks with fuel of 80 octane plus. What difference is it going to make? Will it be worth that extra 3d. per gallon ? To find the answer we collected samples of three of the premium grade fuels from the oil companies, and took three cars and four certificated stop watches to Goodwood race track.

Fint, about the cars. One was a 1939 Morris 8, driven usually by a woman member of the Hulton Press staff. Its condition was certainly no better, and possibly no worse, than most can of its age and type. Of the two and a half million cars on the· roads today one and a half million are pre-war and one and a quaner million are of ten horse power or less.

The second choice was a 1952 Ford Consul saloon, typical of the post-war family car. The third was a 2t· litre Riley saloon, a high performance car that might be expected to gain fullest advantage from the better petrol.

All three cars were tested for both performance and economy on pool and on all three premium-grade fuels . In the economy test each car com­pleted a ten-lap run (24 miles) at what we ooosidered a fair economical speed for the car. Performance was tested by two types of accele.ration test-from standstill through the gears, and using top gear only. For each acceleration test the average of six runs over the same stretch of track was taken. We . tested the cars exactly as found : no alterations were made to the ignition settings, nor to the carburettor jets. The fuel under test was drawn from two-gallon cans carried inside the car, through a flexible lead connected to the fuel-pump.

Our test results and the manufacturers' advice on bow to get.the best from premium petrols, are given on the next page.

TBE C.IJtl WB VIJ!D---LllOE JUm DULL, OLD JUm JIEW . Three kinds of petrol in three kinds .of cars. A Ford Consul for the family man ; a 2!-litre Riley for the man who li~s to drive for driving's sake; a · 1939 M orris 8 for those who have to &rive every day, who don't like tinkering with cars and who will have to. 'make do' f o-r years yet.

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Pld.e,...,, 171-7, 1953

8

E figures shown in the table are the average ncs for all three premium grade fuels. The figures

for pool arc the, average of three separate tests. Although supplied by different c:om.panics the three branded fuels showed remarkably similar rctults. On no car did consumption figures vary by more than 1.s miles per gallon. When uscssing the reli­ability of our results i t should be remembered that every aa:eJeration figure in the table is the average of 18 readings; that the tests on pool petrol were repeated each day; that each car bad the same driver throughout the tcsu; that during the economy test lap speed was kept constant within very fine limits by a timckccpcr travelling in each car.

What have we proved ? . First that the new fuels

. TTPE OF CJlll

llOltllll • • 1939 ~-retie: 1.9 lo l .

FOO COlllVL 1952 COD¥MWuian rado: 1.8 to l .

~;!..~~}~

.

What makes a petrol good?

ET docs the motorist expect from a good petrol ? Aocdcration and

· power Obviously; easy starting in cold weather (for which the ~l needs o havc 'somc highly volatile constituents); no vapour locks in the fuel

pipe when the sun shines (which too many of those volatile constituents will cause) ; it must cut out lmocki"I; and it must be cheap.

Of all the defects of the modern petrol cngibe lmodtitv is the most trouble­some and the least understood. After the spark has ignited the petrol-air mixture the flame should spread evenly through the combustion space. If die fuel is not matched to the engine design the increasing pressure on the unburnt part of the mixture will make it explode before burning is complete. This means that the piston, instead of getting a powerful shove, gets a vio­lent ham.mer-blow. At best knocking means noise, loss of power and wuteful gcar--changing. At worst it means local melting and destruction of pistons. Fuels which have high anti-knock properties arc said. to have high octane numbers. Octane number tells us how well a fuel resists knocking--it tells us nothing else. How often have we beard those knowledgeable drivers say : "What this old bus needs is a tankful of 100 octane stuff'~ ; in practice all the 100 octane would give the 'old bus' would be a set of burned exhaust valves. Ona: an engine has stopped knocking with its ignition correctly act it will pin no advantage whatever from using a fuel of higher octane rating.

The Octane War

A HIGH octane number docS enable · the automobile cnginccrs to dciign CDgincs with a greater ratio of compression . For an engine of given capacity the greater the comprcuion ratio the greater the power output.

Now that we can rely on higher octane fuel, alterations in .car design arc bound to come. Very few cars in this country arc produced with comprcs-­aion ratios qighcr than 7. s to 1. In America things are different. Over there, not so long since, engine design went haywire. To drag more power from their engines dcsigncn pushed compression ratios up to nine to one. In order to keep these cars running with any kind o( efficiency the oil companies bad to produce a 93 octane fuel-regardless of the wastefulness of the proocss. It took an order from President Truman himself to prevent a foolish squandering of valuable aviation spirit ..

GOOD PETROL RELIES ON THE CAT-CRACKER

POOL PREMIUM

Y.o.-. ----

Cat-enoked he! laaa high oetaae-ratia9 aad · modern pnnU'&Dl faela coat.in large propor­tioas of it. Tetraethyl Mad (T .E.L.} ia another way of raiaiag oc:taae ratbag bw.t t- nuach T .E.L. makes tlae engine na hot. Mon cat­cn.cked fael m e ... lH• T .E.L. Tlutre will be Ina T.E.L. ha pnmiun tlaaa there - ha pool.

PEllFOIUUNCE ECONOMY

Acmlenlion o.30. n 11oqg11 s-n. m .p.g. on Pool . . . 37.8 On Pool . ... . .. • .. 27 llftCS. ... ...

Ac:celer.ao.;·0-3o. 7'Ju-Qvgll flMTL m .p .g . on Premimn ... ae.o On .l'lwaiam ... .•. • .. lU - · ...

Acr:eleralion llMO. !'op f1NT onlT. -On Pool ... ... • .. 111.S ...,., Cost ,,.r 100 tnn.1 on Pool ... lla. 8d. ~.,,;·icMo. f'op ,,..r onlT.

COlf per 100 mUff on Premiwn ... On Premium . .. . .. . .. 11,8 ...,., 11 •• 8d • ..... _. -.... "'"' ... 8d • Acr:eleretion G-80. T1lroagb gMn.

m.p.g. on Pool On Pool ... . • . '.. 19.8 #Cl. ... . .. ... 38.3 Acr:el•r•ti.,,; · 0-ao. n.rough f19M'•·

m.p.g. on. Pr.mium On Premium ... ... ... 17.• ..cs. ... ... 38.ll ~relioll 3IMIO. !'op_onJ,.

On Pool 19.7 ftCI. Colt per !00 mil•• on Pool .. 111. Ud. ACC91•r•lio,; ·ao.ao:·;.op ~., o;;i;,

On Premium ... ... .. . 18.2 .MCI. Co1" per 100 mll•• on Pre.aWim ••• 111. lid. Es1aa _. • I'll .._ ... Nil

Accelwdon G-80. 7'11rr>U1Jh gears. On Pool ·... ... . .. ao.a ,..,., m.p.g. on Pool ... ... .. llU A~'i>.ao. 7'lln>uglt 'flffn.

On ""-ivtn 11.1-. m.p.g. on Pr.miom ... .. . a:u A<:cel•ntion 40-«>:·Tc,p ~ .,.;;;.

Oa l'ool ... ... . •• 14.ll ...,., 7°" ~r 100 mile• on Pool ... ao.. ~·tlMo. T'op g .. r onlT.

On,.,._;""' ... ... ... 11.4 ...,., COii p•r 100 mu .. on .Pr.mium ... lh. 7d . I-Gata - ... ... ... . •. ·11c1.

Nozv Britain can make it ·1rw does it happen that less than two yean after losing the biggest oil

refinery on earth Britain bas a petrol ~pply large enough to allow the unrationed return of high qUality motor spirit? Six years ago the loss

of Abadan would have been a disaster. Today, we can get by. The last five years have seen the development of a new industry in the

United Kingdom, an industry whose ·growth has been astonishingly fast. Before the war less than 2i million tons of crude oil were refined in Britain. This year 28 million tons of petroleum products will be pumped through British refineries. Peak ftow through Abadan was about 31! million tons a year. .

But withou t a revolution in the method of gasoline production the British motorist would still be without his high grade fuel.. The rcvolutio.n takes the shape of a 200-foot steel "pie-funnel," a shape which will soon be dominating six of our new refineries. It is Pie shape of the catalytic cracker.

The straight distillation method of refining crude oil yielded only 10 per cent. straight-run gasoline and it was stuff of poor anti-knock properties. The production of petrol meant producing also ·an enormous surplus of heavy fuel oil. In Persia, engineers, sensible of the need for conserving oil supplies, made desperate efforts to pump the fuel oil back into the wells, In Texas and California millions of tons of it ran to waste on the ground.

Thermal cracking, invented in the 'twenties, i.ncreascd the gasoline yield of crude oil from 10 to 30 per cent. But thermal cracking is expensive and the plant operates under severe conditions of temperature and prctsure.

Now we have the cat~. The heavy residue from the primary distillation is distilled under a vacuum and the distillate fed to the allCker. Within 90 seconds 3S pe.r ocnt. of it is transformed into gasoline with a very high anti-knock value. The cat-cracker will run many months with­out a shut-down; the one shown on the opposite page bas been running ·continuously for a year and a half.

Cat-crackers arc already opcrat:Uig at Stanlow and Fawley. Within the next few weeks another is coming 'on -stream' at Grangemouth, another at Llandarcy. The Isle of Grain cracker will start producing in June, another at C.Oryton will be in operation soon afterwards.

Total output of these six cradtcrs is over 5 million tons ; total cost ~ver [,zo,000,000. Britain is now the ~t refining centre outside America.

BOW THE C.1.T-CJUl.CKER. WORKS Tlut lileaTy .a. fed bato Ole cat-eracku Y&podH - meetia!J a stream

of hot catal,..t coamav clowa &om tM ngeaerator (left} aad carry it •P J-*o the l'MCltor (a.atn}. De catatpt ia ollly employed to apeecl •P the naotioa. It call be and OT~r and OTU agaha.

la ... nactor the i. .. ,,,. laydnearboaa of the. oil reed are •cracbd' hato le•• aomplioatecl molffales which pau oat of the top or tll~ naetor aa ~. aad eater the &a~tfag cohmua (dght}.

The lighter Y&poua, hac:laclba9 gasoline, come oaf at tile top of the frac:tio..tiag oohmm aad an clistil1ed la water-cooled condeasen ._

Speat catal,..t clroP• oet or the bottom of the reactor aad. ia blowa .. iato the ....,_.rator wile" the carboa which 11.u formed oa it d1Uillg tile pnc ... ia bulled off. c.t-c:rac:kers c.a ope.nat. foz maay moa tlul with­CMlt • aJudclown.

give greatly incraaed liveliness ... to every type of car. The running is so much quieter and smoother that even an untutored back-scat passenger will notice the diffcrcncc in his comfon. It means less gear chmging--in high-powered cars considerably less. The Riley, for example, was pinking so badly on pool that we could not start its top gear accclcration test below 40 miles per hour. On the new petrols it showed no sign of pinking in top gear even when the throttle was pushed hard down at 30 miles per hour.

For most new cars branded petrol will certainly prove cheaper. Whether or not ownen of old cars will find money in· their pockets depends on the comprdsion ratio of the. engine. The higher- the compression ratio the greater the saving is likely to be. The motor spirit manufacturers say the octane number of the new fuel (about So) will be ~ enough to eliminatt lmoclr from- any-·car except specially designed sports machines.

Pk-·p,,.,, 11J~. 1953

H ()'[,{) to get the best from Premium fuels lllHE ignition ol many cars, both old and new, .& hu been retarded in order to avoid knocking on pooL Usually, to get mammum· economy from premium the ignition should be advanced. Thia wu so on our Morris 8.

No instruction detaila can be given as the amo\Ult of advance will vary with the type of• engine and its condition. Before attempting to tune your car, read the manufacturers' advice: MOIUllS, WOLSELEY, M .G. uut.RILEY. No ignition advance is recommended at this stage, although some instructions may be issued later. It ii felt that drivers used to tinting their cars on a 'knock' teet might run into trouble if tbey . try to t\Ule to the new fuel by the same method. On some can, using the new fuels, they will just not get pinking even though they advance the ignition so far that the engine is 'running rough.' Thia could lead to a crop of Aamaged sumer motors and spraine4 wrists.

FORD uul AOSTIH. New models will prob­ably benefit from a small ignition advance. No other changes recommended. llUMBEll, BILLMDI, stJJIU!AM-T.u.aoT. Ignition on new models will probably prove quite satisfactory without alteration. ROVER. Compression plate8on 1947 and 1948 models should ·now be removed. Ignition markings on pre-war cars should be satisfac­tory for Premium petrol. Small ignition advance may be necessary on new cars. JAGVJUl. Models for home market were made with a 7 to 1 compression ratio. Models for export had an 8 to 1 ratio, giving an extra 10 b.h.p. Briti.lh drivers wiehing to step up their compreuion ratio can have new pistons fitted. Compreesion plates on all immediate posbwu: models. and on the 3'-litre Mark V should be removed. Ignition advance will also help power-output,

•

Pletw• P1111, 17 J~, 1953

•

•

10

To QllNlt Elizabeth has come a new and signal tribute. The Americans have chosen her as the PersONllity of the Year for 1952.

The nomination #made by Time Matazine and is especially remark­able in a year t11hen Americans elected the fXUtly J>ol'lllar and "°"!urfu/ Eismlror.oer as President. US"Ually it is a Man of the Year. Now, even ou,tsitk the Commom»ealth, it MUST be the Woman of the Year.

On the cooer is the Queen's smiling face framed in a rose. Its caption: "On a hardy stalk, a new bloom.,, Extracts.from Time's article printed lrere show the fDOrld-wide. interest taken in Britain's young Queen. · 'I was not the fact of her being Queen that made Elizabeth II the

Woinan of 1952. That year had no more respect for the governance of kings than for the government of politicians.

What, then, was Eli7.abeth's significance? It was no more-and no less-than the significance of a fresh young blossom on roots that had weathered many a season of wintry doubt. The British, as. weary and dis­couraged as the rcst·of the world in 1952, saw in their new young Queen a reminder of a great past when they had carved out empires under Elizabeth I and Victoria, and dared to hope that she might be an omen of a great future.

Her dramatic flight ~a vadltion in Kenya at George Vi's death to take her place at the head of the Royal family beside the Queen Mother and revered Queen. Mary gave the British spirit a lift, even in the midst of their bereavement.

For the enduring roots of British monarchy arc nurtured not in auto­aacy but in coo.sent, the consent of the people to revere the symbol of monarchy, the consent of the monarch to bow to the will of the people. " It may well be,'' wrote a thoughtful London editorialist at the time of Eli7.abeth's accession,. "that we here in Britain, by accident rather than des.gn, have stumbled back to the original, the true and abiding function of monarchy, which lay in the lnagical power of kings ... to represent, express and effect the aspirations of the collective suboonsciow."'

'It was not an easy jot;>, this being Queen of Britain. It meant divening but 'never offending a polyglot family of soo million subjects, many of them as outspokenly critical as a spinster aunt. It meant being regal with­out arrogance, glamorous without extravagance, gracious without famili­arity. It meant setting an example of domesticity as a wife and mother and still commanding an empire's respectful devotion.

It was not the least of Eli7.abeth's tasks to find the propel' balance between simplicity and sumptuousness, the balance that would lend majesty to her being and still not outrage those who demanded a more democratic example. In this, as in many other aspects of her new position, she was helped by her 31-year-old husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ·

Ever since their Royal marr'Nc, Britain's maiden aunts and Mrs. Gruodys had watched Philip with cqlc eyes for the traditional signs of the sailor ashore; but, beyond causing a handful of Canadian debutantcs to gush ecstatically over his good ·loob at Elizabeth's first presentation party, or setting Washington socictY aftuttcron the Royal visit to the U .S., the Queen.'s husband has given no sign of reviving his bohemian bachelor ways, mild though they were in actuality.

He still strives hard to Jure Elizabeth out of the stuffy circle of bluc­bloods considered by the most conventional the only proper hosts for Royalty. He o1fended many a Tory by persuading the Queen to accept an invitation to dine with actor Douglas Fairbanks Jnr.

But by and large Philip has learned that the restraints Royalty must put on itself have solider reasons than he had on~ supposed.'

'Like most young couples in the early years of their marriage, the Queen and her husband arc eilgagcd in a friendly struggle for domination · in thc;ir own affairs, but Philip is no Prince Alben (who once complained, "I am only the husband, never the master in my house"). At. parties, when spe wants to leave and he doesn't, BlizabCth sometimes checkmates

·-

Philip by sending an equerry With the curt message: "The Queen. is leaving."

But on other occasions, as when he insisted against her wishes on wearing a plain naval uniform instead of the trappings of a Royal duke at the rec.cnt opening of Parliament, Philip's will prevails. His relatively humble upbringing has given Elizabeth a closer touch with her people ~ her own cloistered past could have permitted.

Elizabeth's obvious happiness in Prince Philip and their children has added new softness to her character and new beauty to her face, just as becoming Queen has added a new dimension to her practical intelligence. " It never occurred to me that she could be a deep thinker," confessed one of Elizabeth's elder advisers recently, "but every now and then, just lately, I catch her refiecting in a way she n~vcr used to ... groping for a glimpse, a blurred glimpse of the workings of destiny."'

'Like many another working couple in their realm, Elizabeth and Philip begin their day by listening to the 8 o'clock BBC newscast. Half-an-hour later, they discuss it over a breakfast of tea, toast and kippers, and soon they are lost in a cloud of newspapers. Elizabeth pores through three papers each morning, not overlooking the sports pages, and like most women, she shudders slightly when she secs her own picture. News­picturcs have seldom done her justice.

At around 9. 15 Nurse Helen Lightbody ('Nana') ushers in the children, accompanied by the Queen's two corgies, Susan and Sugar, for half-ao­hour of play. Charles, Duke of Cornwall, four, is cager and always curious. Wid~yed Princess Anne, two, always tumbles ftat when she curtseys. By 10 a.m. Elizabeth's working day has begun at a ChippCndale desk: letters to be read and written, documents to be signed, social schedules to be agreed upon. "She gets to the point with frightening speed and accuracy," says one of her aides.'

'At 11.30, she bolds the first of her day's audiences. A foreign ampas­sador is presenting ltls credentials. If it is the rcprcsenlative of a (riendly power, Eliiabeth chats graciously in English, or in serviceable French. If it is Andrei Gromyko, the interview is brief and formal. It may be a recently appointed bishop cager to discuss the problems of his· new sec, and Elizabeth as head of the Church must be interested and informed. It may be a visiting governor gener:al from one of the Commonwealth nations, come for luncheon with his lady.

Gourmet or no, the guest must face the fact that Elizabeth the Queen likes short meals and plain, wholesome British fare. After lunch (maxi­mum: an hour and a quarter) come the public appcaraoces-e ship to be launched, a hospital to be visited, an cxhibitjon to be opened, a corner­stone to be laid-always accompanied with a gracious, impromptu and neat little speech.

At 5 o'clock, the Queen is back once more in the palace to play with her children for another hour and-on Tuesdays-to await the weekly visit from the Prime Minister. Churchill wed to drop in on her father at 5.30, but Elizabeth makes him wait until an hour later to give her more time in the nursery.

No one but the Queen and Churchill himself knows what is said at these meetings (which often last an hour or more), for not even Philip may be present, but a glimpse of the forcefulness of the young Queen's questions may' be had in the words of another senior Cabinet Member, who recently remarked: " Younger ministers than I will soon learn that this is.no woman to be trifled with."

Elizabeth for the most part spends her time attempting to learn what she can from her wise first minister, and asking, " How will this affect the average housewife?" '

'The Queen can still be stiffly Victorian when occasion demands it. A veteran aide recently criticised her favourite crooner: " Ma'am, -that Biog Whatnot, blest ifl can sec what you see in him." "Sir," replied Elizabeth loftily, "you are not supposed to see all we sec." But she can also unbend delightfully. "Often she has caught my eye when a slightly pompous person is executing a ceremonial gambit," confesses an old .friend of Elizabeth's, " and we both have to look away hastily to keep from laughing."'

'The Queen.fulfilled another age-old obligation to her people by spend­ing Christmas at Sandriogham, her grandfather's and her father's favourite house, surrounded by members of her family. It was the season whcn­Bri.tons arc most consciow of home and family, words that loom large and rich with meaning in their lives. It was the season, also, when the British monarch traditionally spcak.s to his subjects as a parent on matters close to all their hearts.

By radio from Sandringham, Elizabeth told her subjects in a warm, clear voice: " Many grave problems and difficulties ~nfront us all, but with a new faith in the old and splendid beliefs given us by our fore­fathers, and the strength to venture beyond the safeties of the past, I know we. shall be wonhy ... "

In cynical 1952, Britons and Americans alike were often too plagued by doubt to venture beyood the safeties of their past. In Elizabeth II, by God's grace Que.en, Defender of the Faith, each might see a reminder of what was old and splendid, and also a fresh, imperative summons to make the present worthy of remcmbranee. '

If You W ant to Know the Way, Jack's the Boy You Want S pecials help out with all wutine police jobs. Here Jack· Hulbert does point duty at the Bond Street-Conduit Street cro!sing, one of the West End's trickiest. A regular sergeant from Savile R ow station usually drops by now and again to see that no unholy traffic jam sneaks. up on the special.

A S l AR C 0 PP E.R . . 0 N l H :E BE Al

P~ bJ GODFREY THURSTON ROl'K/Ns

-In his nse through the ranks of the Specjal. Police, Chief

Inspector Jack Hulbert has done everything that the regular

Metropolitan ·po/ice do. But the part he liked best (and here

re-enacts) was simply strolling the beat and meeting the people From First Night to Fint Aid

As Chief Inspector, he watches the finals in the Specials' anmuil inter-divisional competition.

11

In Soho, a Check for Stolen Cars Const.able Hulbert generally goes unrecognised...:._although women

frequently look twice, then say "Na, it simply can't be"

At Leicester Sqtiare~ a L ook Suffices The barrow boys all know him. Some even call him "Jack.". But they a'lso

· know he takes his job seriously-and they move on .pret:ty quick.

O·N E· DAY 'A w·E EK, · THE TE E-M·l·N G· ST RE E'T S Ii l 0 ND 0 N ·A.RE HIS ST AGE ' . . . .

At Piccadilly Circus, the Crime Wave Comes Under Discussion Jack Hulbert became interested in police work during the war, when he did special duty every day. Now Chief Inspector, he has an offia at the Yard, and d.irects. the activities of the women specials. Yet he still finds time to pr.oduce a new, Coronation year show for his wife, Cicely Courtneidge.

\

The Romance of the River Attracts tbe Specials ,, The river section is always up to stf'ength, wintef' and suml'l'lef'. The specials run thefr own high-speed launch. They shaf'e in all the riveT police excitements,

ff'om chasing smugglef's to Tescuing would-be suicides-and sometimes fishing fOT tx>dies. But more often than not, it's cold, routine work.

thought of Jack Hulbert dressing up in police­man's uniform suggests irresistibly the musical­oomedy stage on which he has made hi( name.

But for him it is no joke at all, as a study of his career as a special policeman reveals.

During the last war he was out in the streets as a special every trOUhled night of the week. Since the war the fascination of police work has kept him at it, so that he is now Chief Inspector Hulbert.

His story is the same as the other -t,ooo-odd specials in the Metropolitan Police-and the other police forces in Britain. It is a matter of doing what they can, when they can. It usually means a few houn' duty a week. ·

There is no oompulsion in the special polioe. A man over 30 with all his senses can join at any police station. Once be has his uniform, and puts on the blue and white striped duty armlet, he has all the powers and responsibilities of a regular policeman.

Specials do everything the regular police do, from river police work to squad car patrols. "On the beat we don't particularly look for toug_h situations," says Jat:k Hulbert reminiscently, " but if there's a brawl and no rcg\ilars about-well, it's up to us."

They are trained in first aid, criminal and licens­ing laws, traffic ooRtrol, oourt procedure, and, most important, civil defence. They get out-of-pocket expenses, compensation if injured--cmd they see their fellow men in all their tragi-oomic aspects.

"Don't forget the women specials," observes , Chief Inspector Hulbert. "We've an establishment of 1oo--and a waiting list." These women, from housewives to hairdressers, have the men's training, plus extra courses in handling women and children.

One note of warning : if it seems that . special police work provides the ideal opponunity for acquiring information which may be useful for felonious purposcs-'casing the joint,' in other word>-it must be pointed out that applicants with a record 'are politely put off. And even those with a clean sheet are 'looked into,' so to speak.

ROBERT RAYMOND

Maintaining Official Dignity is Sometimes a Problem How is a spectal to convey that necessary impression of Olympian detachment when a friend stops

to chat? In this case, the friend is BaTbara Pe,-ry, star of' Zip poes a Million.'

13

Hey Nonny Ney, It's a Fine Hunting Day Meeting in D.aventry, the Joint Master of the Pytchley (Capt. George Lowther, right) with his huntsman (Stanley Barker) leaves the market square for the first draw. The followers hold back .

. =.:-.

A-Hun ti niJ J

-still ·we go Plwtoo;aphea by JOHN CHJLLJNGWOJl,TH

by MACDONALD HASTINGS

lEANING on the rusty frame of an old bicycle, a

man in a cloth cap and muddy hobnailed. boots peers over a field gate into the mists of a damp

and yellow Janyary moutlng. He ranges his eyes over a patchwork of rolling grass and ploughland stitched together with thom hedges and embroid­ered with clumps of wpodland. Watching and listening, he stands Jhere for several minutes in an attitude of frozen attention. Then, with a grin of trilliJlph, he points to a group of scarlet spots ·

, moving along the skyline. Swinging into the saddle, he pedals breathlessly up the road.

Behind him, a. line of cars, parked in the lane, stirs with a whirr of self-starters and the hoots of those behind encouraging the d~ivers in front to get a move on. . •

A covey of children explodes through a gap in the hedge, shouting to each other and stumbling in the soft ridges of newly-ploughed land.

A farm worker, slicing hay out of a rick, puts down his knife and, clambering up the thatch, appears in black outline on·the top of it, signalling excitedly withJ1is arms to the occupants of the cars, the children, and the people on foot running, with smoking breath, along the hedgerow.

Streami.rig over the landscape in front of them, sweeping out of the winter's mist, is a pageant of scarlet and black, liver and white, chestnut and silver. Hounds are ~ng. And, to· the beart­leaping call of the h\intj:o. f; bom, the English are responding as the Engl(".j always do. Stand~ in their stirrups, leaning over their

. horses' ears,· jostling for position1 cursing and

"Am I Missing Something?" A loose hound, called ?Y. the w~ipper-in, slips

through the fence to JOm up wtth the pack.

Sterns Up, Noses D~n, and Giving Tongue: The Pytchley Hounds Pick UK The scent is breast-high. Over the rolling fields of some of the -best hunting country in England, <me They'll make a five-mile point before they check again. The horses will have to press hard to keep the

l

"Wish I Was Coming Out With You" The meet is a social occasion. Everybody looks their ~st. But wait till the mud starts flying.

swearing (as tradition allows), risking their necks on their judgment of country and the sure-footed­ness of a courageous horse, the hunt followers are pressing on with that combination of discipline and recklessness which bas made the English fox­hunter the best cross-country rider in the world.

It' s an experience which nobody without tasting it can truly appreciate; the exhilaration of riding on the brush of a running fox, with the music of hounds belling in front of you; a bunter with his blood up between your knees; gouts of mud spattering your face and boots and breeches, and the wind and~ rain lashing the colour into your cheeks.

Your legs tremble with the exertion of gripping the saddle. The sweat triddes in bot beads from

the Line of Their Fox the most f arrwus packs set~les down to wark. in 1Mw. Some may not last the pace.

"Farming Can Wait Today" No mistaking the look of a man, and his horse, who belong to the land he's riding on.

underneath your hat. Your horse pulls like a train. You've no notion where the fox is going to take

you. You haven't a clue what's waiting for you on the other side of the next jump. And you don't care. You simply don't care.

You must keep the rules; answer to the stern discipline, under the eagle eye of the Master, which is the etiquette of the chase. You mustn' t over-run hounds or head the fox. You mustn't make a noise at the covert-side.

But, when the fox breaks cover, the blast of the hom is a challcogc. The hedges, the d..itchca, the fences, the bogs and the treacherous barbed wire shape a world to be tamed and out-manoeuvred with hands and seat and flying hooves.

PW-. Po«, t7 .r-;,,, 1953

"I'm Glad I Didn't Stay at Home" Mrs. Lowther, wife of the M .F.H., shows just how well a pretty woman can deem-ate a ho'Yse.

"'Untin'," said the immortal Mr. Jorrocks, " is the sport of kings-the image of war without its guilt, and only five and twenty per cent. of its danger."

It's the element of danger, the thrilling teSt of personal courage which a good bunting day provides which bas endeared it, above all sports, to lord and lady, squire and farmer, parson and doctor and, increasingly in these days, to the man who perforce comes hunting on the Friday evening train from an office in London.

To the foot followers who know their country and the ways of bound-wodt, the chase is exciting enough. To ride to hounds, to ride hard and damn the consequences, is as thrilling as falling in love.

" Follow Me, Fellows- I Know a Short Cut Through the Wood" Hounds are running. Foot followers are chasing round,' the lanes in cars and on push bikes. And school­children are goingfull pelt. The farm animals, quietly grazing, can't make out what's come over everybody.

A Check, But They View the Fox Agai~ in the Kale 1

They'w been h1;4nting all morning, and the field has thinned. The huntsman is making a cast. Suddenly, the whipper-in yiews tlie fox. m waves his cap, and away they go,

The quarry is the fox. Bl.lt the sport is to follow bis line although every gap in every hedge is closed and every gate is shut against you.

Jt!d be a sorry world, as Adam Lindsay Gordon, the Australian poet, wrote :

' 1If we an went galloping mad; Yet if once we efface the joys of the chase From the land, and· out.root· the Stud, Goodbye to the Anglo-Saxon race I Fare\Vell to the Norman blood l"

Yet societies whose queer purpose is to prevent people going,.hunting have tried, not without suc­cess, to create an impression that the love of the chase has seeped out of us.

Sarly in 1949, a Private Member's Bill to abolish hunting actually reached its second reading in the House of Commons. But, althoUBh our patience with our politicians is monumental, there are limits even to the endurance of the English. When the Bill came up a second time, not less than one million two hundred thousand people had signed a petition in protest. It was thrown out by ncarlytwo'to one.

But that wasn't all. Subsequently, as a sop to the anti-sport people, the Government agreed to set up an impartial committee to report on "Cruelty to Wild Animals." The .report was presented to Parli:anent by the Home Secretary in 1951. The only people who came out of it with a bloody nose were the anti-sport . societies.

~~P.ii..;,.. 'ilo:~ .. -illi

t6

Two. Young Entries Who Are Bei_ng Brought Up Properly This one has already learnt how to open a hunting gate and shut it behind her. And that one, on the right, with her sandwich box on the saddle, has already got a good.start.

. . . For Others~ it's a Bit of a Scramble It isn' t always quite so easy to take one's fences

as other people make it appear.

. And One to Hide Away Oh dear, she's nearly off. And that wretched photographer is clicking his C4mera behind her.

~,..,, 17J-y, 19S3

"There He Goes, the Old Varmint, Heading for the Spinney" The foot follower$ have marked the fox as he steals out of the kale and makes for new cover. They know where he's headi"I. He'll beat hounds, theylsay, And they're right.

"The conclusiooa WC have reached," said ~ committee after cumining all the ·evidence, "are that while there are undoubtedly many people who, for one reason or another, are opposed to field sport there is not so much opposition to them as is claimed; and that much of the opposition that does exist is based on misconceptions and 1aclt of knowledge of the facts. , Moreover, a great deal of the support for the abolitionist organisations to which we have referred has been 'Obtained by propaganda in the Press working on the scntimcnt.s of people who know little of the facts and. are prepared to accept the reported incidents at their face value."

So much for the cranks. If you'd like to read

more, and the more people who read it the better, the Report of the C.Ommittcc on Cruelty to Wild Animals is available from H.M. Stationery Office, price 3s. 6d.

A-hunting still we go. The toffs in scarlet uniform, in top hats and hunting caps, mounted on hones stuffed with rippling muscle inside coats of silk. The farmers, in rat-catchers and old bowlers, . riding hairy old nap which ycu could put in a hay­wain. Beautifully turned out women, with slim waists and tiny hands, lightly mm.aging the hottest hones in.the shires. The children going like smoke on their little Shetland ponies. And the foot-fol­lowers, the critics who watch every point in the greatest sport on earth.

End of the Short Winter's Day, and the Long Ride Home Tired horses droop their heads and tired riders relax. The fox saved his brush, but hundreds of people, mounted and on f oot, have had a wonderful chase.

17

The Season's after-ski clothes are warm, full, and mountain­scenery coloured. In many, German waterproof . in poplin-weave is · fabri<;

gay

·news

"

POPLIN SKIRT has grey, grey-blue, piiak and glacier-green panels;blrick pul,lover.

GAY OVERALLS of white felt and porcelain lllii... blue cloth. Thick knitted sleeves'and hood. r

PiQMn Pod, 17 J_,, 1953

I

OVER SJu TllOUSEltS and sr.oeqter: beige and green and pink and white cMcked shirt.

BRIGHT WOVEN all-weathlr cloak, as w.orn by Tyrolean peasants .. Ski suit has knitte4 hood.

t9

,..,. ,,.,, 17 J-y, 1953

20

PICTURE POST begins a new series

MAN O·N THE M

1. THE JOURNEY

Destination Reached : Man Lands on the Moon The hirtoric moment that may, during the next 25 years, become reality : a lunar rocket about to land (tair first ) on the moon's desolate surface.

I

A THOUWID MIW AIOVE WTH, WORKERS IN SPACE SUITS

Ir: is bow we shall go to the mool}. The pioneer apedition, 50 scientists :md tedmicians, will take off from the space station's orbit in three clumsy­look:iog, but highly efficient nxht ships. They won't be streamlined :

all ttavd will be in space, where there is no air to impede motion. Two will be loaded with propellant for the five-day, 239,000-mile trip and the return journey. The third, which will not return, will carry only enough propellant for a one-way trip; the extra room will be filled with supplies and equipment for the scientists' six-wedt stay.

On the outward voyage, the rocket ships will reach a top speed of 19,500 miles per hour about 33 minutes after departure. Theo the motors will be stopped, and the ships will fall the rest of the way to the moon .

. Such a trip takes a great deal of planning. For a beginning, we must decide what Bight p,ath to follow, how to construct the ships and ·where to land. But the project could be completed within the next 25 years. There are no problems involved to which we don't have the answc.rs-or the ability to find them-now.

First, where shall we land? We may have a wide choice, once we have had a close look at the moon. We'll get that look on a preliminary survey flight. A small rocket ship taking off from the space station will take us to within 50 miles of the moon to get pictures of its meteor-pitted surface-including the 'back' pan, never visible from the earth.

We'll study the ph()(ographs for a suitable site. Several considerations limit our selection. Because the moon's surface has 14,6oo,ooo square miles-about one-thirteenth that of the earth-we won' t be able to aplorc more than a small,_....-... area in detail, perhaps part of a section' 500 miles in diameter. Our scientists want to see as many kinds of lunar features as possible, so we'll pick a spot of particular interest to them. We want radio contact with the earth, too; that means we' ll have to stick to the moon's 'face,' for radio waves won' t reach across space to any point the eye won' t reach.

We can't land at the moon's equator because its noonday temperatures reach an unbearable 220 degrees Fahrenheit, more than bot enough to boil water. Wean't land-where the surface-is too ruaedr bccau&e. we need a flat place to set down. Yet the site can' t be too flat, eithCl'-gt'8i.n-sized meteors constantly bombard the moon at speeds of several miles a second; we'll have to set up camp in a crevice where we have protection from these bullets.

There's one section of the moon that meets all our requirements, and unless something better nuris up on closer inspection, that's where we'll Land . .Jt's an

~

WINGED TRANSPORTS UNLOAD SUPPLIES NEAR THE WHEEL-SHAPED SPAa STATION (TOP LEFT).

THE SPACE RATION Man may arrive on the moon within the next 25 years. Already

he has space-plercln1 rockets, which, when their desi1n is Improved, could carry him to a space station, 1,075 miles above the earth. In 15 years, sach a station may exist. It would be built of materials carried into airtess space by rocket$. A thou­sand miles up rockets become satellites of the earth, unaffected by sravity. Without power they will cruise right round the stobe in two hours at a speed of 15,840 m.p.h. Their carp will do the same. The station will be used as the flnal jumping off platform by explorers on their way to conquer the moon.

area called Sinus Roris, or Dewy Bay, on the noi:tfiem branch of a plain known as Ouanus Proullarum, or Stormy Ocean (so called by early astronomers who thought the moon's plains were great seas), about 650 miles from the lunar north pole, where the daytime temperature averages a reasonably pleasant 40 degrees and the terrain is fiat enough to land on, yet irregular enough to hide in. With a satisfactory site located, we stan our detailed p~g.

To save fuel and time, we want to tiltc the shortest practical course. The moon moves around the earth in an elliptical path once every 27t days. The spaoe station, our point of departure, circles the earth once .every two hours. Every two weeks~ their paths are ~uch that a rocket ship from the space station

_..,___, will intercept the moon in just five days. The best o;mditions for the return trip will occur two wcdts later, and again two weeks after that. With their stay limited to multiples of two weeks, our scientists have set themselves a siz-weck limit for_ the first ezploration of the moon-long enough to accomplish some .oonstructive ~. but not long en~ to require a prohibitive supply of liquid oxygen) water and i-9od.

Sm months before our scheduled take-off, -we begin piling up construction

materials, supplies and equipment at the space station. This operation is a massive, impressive one, involving huge, shuttling cargo rocket ships, scores of hard-working handlers, and tremendous amounts of equipment .. Twice a day, pairs of sleek rocket uansports from the earth sweep into the satellite's orbit and swarms of workers unload the 36 tons of cargo each carries. With the arrival of the first shipment of material, work on the first of the three moon­going space craft gets wider way, picking up intensity as more and more equipment arrives. Supplies arc left floating in space, where they become circulating satellites.

As the weeks pass and the unloading of cargo ships continues, the oonstruc­tion area covers several littered square miles. Tons of equipment lie about­aluniinium girders, collapsed nylon-and-plastic fuel tanks, rocket motor units, turbopumps, bundles of thin aluminium plates, a great many nylon bags 'coQtaining smaller parts. It's a bewildering scene, but not to the moon-ship builders. All construction parts arc colour-coded-with blue-tipped cross braces fitting into blue sockets, red joining members keyed to·others of the same colour, and so forth. Work proceeds swiftly.

In fact, the workers accomplish wonders, considering the obstacles confront­ing a mm forced to struggle with unwieldy objects in space. The men move clumsily, hampered by bulky pressurised suits equipped with such necessities of space-life as air conditioning, oxygen tanks, walkie-talkie radios and tiny rocket motors for propulsion. The work is laborious, for although objects are weightless they still have inertia. A man who shoves a one-ton girder ~cs it· move, but he makes himself m')ve, too. As his inertia is less than the girder's, he shoots backward much farther than he pushes the girder forward .

The small personal rocket motors help the workers move some of the con­struction parts ; the big stuff is hitched to space taxis, tiny pressurised rocket vehicles used for short trips outside the space station. ·

As the framework of the new rocket. ships takes form, big, folded nylon-and­plastic bundles arc brought over. They're the personnel cabins; pumped full of air, they become spherical, and plastic astrodomes are fitted to the top and sides of each. Other sacks arc pumped nµl of propellant, and balloon into the shapes of globes and cylindas. Soon the three moon-going spaoe ships begin to · emerge in their final form.. The two round-trip ahips resemble an arrangement of hour-glasses inside a metal.framework; the one-way cargo carrier has much the same'"framewo:tk, but has a central structure which loob like a great silo.

. 11

n

Each ship is 16o feet long (only 39 feet shorter than Nclaon•s C.Olwnn) and about no feet wide. Each has at its base .a battery of 30 rocket motors, , and each is topped by the sphere which houses the crew mc:mberi, scientists and technicianS on five floors. Under the sphere are two long arms set on 1t

circular track which enablica them to route almost a · full 36o degrees. These light booms, which fold against the vehicles during take-off and landing to avoid damage, carry two vital pieca of equipment : a radio antenna dish for short-wave communication and a solar mirror for generating power.

!Jnder the radio and mirror booms of the pas­senger ships hang 18 propellant tanks carrying nearly 8oo,ooo gallons of ammonia-lilte hydrazine (our. fuel) and osygen-rich nitric acid (the com­bustion agent).

The cargo ship carries only enough fuel for a one-way trip, so it has fewer tanks : four discardabk spheres like those on the pusenger craft, and four cylindrical containers with 162,000 gallons of pro­pellant for the moon landing.

SEBI Oii TV . The bustle of our departure-hurrying space

tuis, the nervo1l8 last-minute checks by engineers, the loading of late cargo and finally the take-off itself-will be watched by millions. Television cameru qn the space station will transtnit the scene to receivers all 0ver the world. And people on the earth•s dark side will be able to turn from their screc:m to catch a 6eeting glimpse of light-high in the heavens-the combined flash of 90 rocket maton, looking from the earth like the sudden birth of a new, short-lived star.

Our departure is slow'. The big roclcet ships rise ponderously, one · after the other, green ftameS streaming from their batteries of rockets, and tbc:n they pidt up speed. Actually, we don't need to gain muds speed. ·The velocity required to get us to our destination is 19,soo miles an hour,. but we've bad a running start; while 'resting' in the spece station' s orbit, we were really streaking through space at lS,840 miles an hour. We need . an additional 3,66o miles an hour.

Thirty-three minutes from take-off we have it. Now we cut off our moron; momaitum and the moon's gravity ,.ru do the rat.

The moon itself is visible to us as we coast through space, but it•s so far off to one side that it's hard to believe we won't mi$s it. In the five Clays of our journey, though, it will travel a great distance, and so will we; at the end of that time we shall reach the farthest -point, or apogee, of our elliptical course, and the moon should be right in front of us.

The earth is visible, too-en enormous ball, most of it bullring black against the deeper black of space; but with a Wide crescent of daylight where the sun strikes it. Within the crcsccnt the continents enjoying summer stand out as vast green terrain maps surrounded by the brilliant blue of the oceans. Patches of white cloud obscure some of the detail; other white blobs are snow and ice on mountain ranges and polar areas.

Against the blackness of the earth's night side is a gleaming spot-the space station, rdiccting the light of the sun. ·

Two hours and 54 minutes after departure, we arc 17,750 miles from the earth's surface. Our speed has dropped sharply, to io,soo miles an hour. Five hours and eight minutes en route, the earth is 32,9so miles away, and our speed is 8,ooo miles an hour; after 20 hours, wc•re 132,000 miles from the earth, travelling at 4,300 miles an hour.

On this first !iay, \vc discard the empty dcpanure tanks . . Engineen in protective suits step outside the cabin, stand for a moment in space, then make their way down the girders to the big spheres. They pump any remaining ·propellant into reserve tanks, disconnect the useless containers, and give them a gentle shove. For a while . the tanks drift along beside us;. soon they float oUt of sight. Eventually they will crash on the moon.

There is no hazard for the engineers in . tbiS operation. As a precaution, they were secur~d tri the. ship by safety lines, but they could probably have done as '!fell without them. There is no air in space to blow than away. Because nothing has weight, eatina. is a special problem--til solid food is pre-cut, all liquids arc squeezed into the mouth from feeding bottles; that is the only way to eat without .getting food" all over the cabin.

From the start of the trip, the ship•s crew has been maintaining a round-the-clock schedule, standing eight-hour watches. Captains. navigators and nidio-

men · spend most of their time checking and re­checking our flight track, ready to start up . the roclcets for a change in course if an error turns up. Technicians back up this operation with reports from the complex and delicate 'electronic brains'­computcrs, gyroscopes, switchboards and other instrumcpts--on the control deck.

But the busiest crew members are the mainten­ance engineers and their assistants, tireless men who have been bustling back and forth between ships since shortly after the voyage started.

We .a.re still slowing down. At the start of the fourth day, our speed has dropped to 800 miles an hour, only slightly more than the speed of a con­ventional jet fighte.r. Ahead, the harsh surface features of the moon are clearly outlined. Behind, the blue-green ball of the earth appears to be barely a yard in diameter.

Our fleet of unpowcrcd rocket ships is now passing the neutral point between the gravitational fields of the earth and the moon. Our momentum bas dropped off to almost nothing-yet we're about to pick up speed. For now we begin falling toward the moon, about 23,6o<;> miles away. With no atmo­sphere to slow us, we'll smash into the moon at 6,ooo miles an hour unless we do something about it.

Slowly our .craft begins -ro cartwheel; we are going toward the moon tail-end first, a position which will enable us to brake o.ur fall with our rocket motors when the right time comes.

T ension increases aboard the three ships. The landing is tricky-so tricky that it will be done entirely by automatic pilot, to diminish the possi­bility ·of human error. Our scientists compute our }."Rte of descent, the spot at which we expect to striltc, the speed and direction of the moon (it's travelling ·at 2,28o miles an hour at right angles to our path). These and other essential statistics arc fed into a tape. The tape, based on the same principle as the player-piano roll and the automatic business-machine card, will control the automatic pilot . (Actually, a num~r of tapes intended to pro­vide for all cventualities·will be fixed up long before the ftight, but last-minute checks arc necessary to sec which tape to \lSC-illld to sec whether a manual oorrcction of our course is required before the autopilot takes over.) ·

SPIDER LEGS Now we lower part of our landing gear-four

· spiderlike legs, hinged to the square rocket assembly, which have been folded against the framework.

As we near the end of our trip, the gravity of the moon, which is still to one side of us, begins to pull us off our elliptical course, and we tum the ship to conform to this change of direction. At an altitude of sso miles, the rocket motors begin firing ; we feel the shock of their· blasts inside the personnel sphere and suddenly our weight returns. Objects which have not been secured beforehand tumble to the floor. The force of the rocket motors is such that we have one-third our normal earth weight.

The final ten minutes are espcclally tense. The tape-guided automatic pilots are now in full control. We fall more and more slowly, floaWig over the landing area like descending helicopters. As we approach, the fifth leg of our landing gcar-e big telescopic shock absorber which has been housed in the centre of the rocket assembiy-is lowered through the fiery blast of the moton. The long green rocket flames begin to splash against the baked lunar surface. Swirling clouds of brown-grey dust arc thrown out sideways; they settle immediatcly;-­instead of hanging in air, as they would on the earth.

The broad round shoe of the telescopic landing leg digs into the soft volcanic ground. If it strikes too bard, an clcctron.ic mechanism inside it immrdi­atdy calls on the rocket moton for more power to cushion the blow. For a few seconds, we balance on the single leg.. Then the four oUtrigger legs slide out, and are locked into position. The whirring of machinery dies away. There is absolute silence. We have reached the moon .

NEXT WEEKI Exploring the Moon

I

1 I

"IT WAS, T9 aE SURE, but a small thlnr that I asked-merely lea'le to blossom and expand (o~ yet one more even/nf, to let myself 10 and hear die tumultuous aPf>lause that always seems to me somehow-to brinf our my bat qualities.

.~r. you ore riflrt, I know, and I am Wroitf. Henceforth I will be a very dlft'erent Toad. My friends, you shall never ha'le occasion to blush for me arain. 8ut 0 deor, 0 deor, this ls a hard war/di"

NEW TOAD-IN-THE~HALL P~ .. JOHN CHILLJNGWOBTR

For the first time, Leslie Henson plays Toad in

'Toad of Toad Hall', which moves from Brighton

to Cardiff _on January I 7. Captions are from

Kenneth Grahame's ' The Wind in the Willows', on

which A. A. Milne based his play. ·

CAAAVANNE/t "I've disCO'lered the real thinr, the only pnuine occupation for a lifecime. I propose to de¥ote the remainder of mine to it, and can only rerret

the wasted year;s that lie behind me."

CAA-ADD/CT. "Taod has at fast seen the error of his ways. He is truly sorry for his misfuided conduct in the past, and he has undertake11 to five up motor-cars

entirely and for ever."

CONVICT. "Suppasinf you were to soy twelve months for the theft, which is mild; and three years for the furious drMnf, which is lenient ; and fifteen years for the dteelc, which was pretty bad sort" of cheek . .. . "

Picture Posl, 17 J...-y, 1953

The Rosenberg Spy Case is one of the most bizarre in the whole history of espi.ona.ge. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (on lejt) engin£ered the biggest coup a spy cou~d achieve - the key $ecret that gave Russia the know-how of the atom bomb. · Nearly two years ago, they were sentenced to death as traitors. REBECCA WEST, famous 'Writer of "The Meaning1of Treason,'' here e~mines the acts and motives o} the Rosenbergs. What emerges? That principles played little part

.......__

in their sordid schemings, and greed for reward not much more. They were.twisted ·as well as treacherous, at oddiwz~h thei,r fellow-beings and themselves. They hated the community. In time, the community caught up with them.

THE HEARTS OF . TRAITORS By REBECCA WEST

f OR months there has been conducted, in Britain as in the

rest of the world, a 'liolent campaign to save l\'lr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenberg' from the senten,ce of .death passed on them when they were · convicted of conspiracy to give

Russia information relating to the national defence of the Unit~d States. This infomiation'included, among other items, · essential secrets of the atom bomb, obtained by Mrs. Rosen­berg's brother, Davjd Greenglass, who was tried at the same time on the same charge.

There is one aspect of this campaign which must disturb every civilised person anywhere in the world, inside the United States and out of it. The death sentence was passed on them on March 29, 1951. Now, capital punishment may be right or wrong, but to confine a criminal for 21 months in the condemned cell is not merely to inflict capital punishment, it is to resort to torture as well. Even those to whom the United States is a second home must wish that the American people would mend their ways and either abandon the death penalty or speed up the administration of justice.

But other aspects of this campaign were less admirable. The National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case did not simply ask that the lives of the unhappy cm.~ple should be spared. It attacked the justice of the verdict. It claimed

··--- that they were innocent and were not given a fair trial. Some of the literature sent out by the Committee was

singularly unattractive; being patently more interested in clearing the good name of the Communist Party than in saving the Rosenbergs; but it hit on on~ very clever device. It reprinted the verbatim report ·of the trial and distributed it

far and wide. The aim was to induce simple people to think there must be something in the case for the innocence of the Rosenbergs, or their defenders would not dare to distribute the report. But the transcript runs to eight volW:nes, containing well over half-a-million words, and very few people indeed would find time to read it. Still. fewer would be able to find their way through the maze of legal Polly-put-the-kettle-on­Sukey-take-it-off fuss and bother, which is (ar worse in United States procedure than in our own. · ·

So only a few readers would ever discover that this report, far from proving the innocence of the Rosenbergs, proves that they were guilty. It also shows that they had a completely fair trial, conducted by a Jewish judge called Kaufman who took every precautign to see that justice was done.

. Let us now commit the tactless act of seeing what the report actually tells us about the Rosenbergs. It is a horrible story. The Rosenbergs were convicted largely on the evidence of Mrs. Rosenberg's brother, David, and his wife Ruth. But 1 it is also an extremely pitiful story. The Rosenbergs were indeed victims, though not of the· American jud~cial system.

Both were native New Yorkers. Julius Rosenberg, who was born 34 years ago, was the son of a well-to-do working tailor, and. was trim and active and ambitious. He attended the College of the City of New York and took a degree in electrical engineering at the age of 21. Shortly afterwards he married a girl three years older than himself, named Ethel Greenglass. She was a little woman, just five feet in height and seven stone in weight, who was crackling with energy. She reared two sons, now aged nine ~d .five. Continued on pqe 21

Pk,,_ Pa.t, 17J-y, 1953

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·THE. HEARTS ·oF TRAITORS continued

Throughout the case· the Rosenbergs gave an impression of immense driving force without much power of reflection. Their .early years must have been comfortable. Rosenberg entered the Civil Service, and for the next fi-ve years he worked in Various industrial . plants for the Anny Signal Corps at reasonable salaries, while Mrs. Rosenberg earned money as a stenographer and as a singer; and they occupied a flat in a very pleasant New York municipal housing estate at a low subsidised rent.

Rosenberg was, however, removed from the Government service in.1945, being adjudged a poor security risk by reason of membership in the Com­munist Party. This was no martyrdom. He was immediately found; employment by a firm. in which he had been working as a civil servant, but at an increased salary ·of five thousand dollars a year. This .. means that at . the age of 27 he was the American equivalent of 'a thousand a year man' over here.

Less than a. year later his -employers were forced to

BROTHER DAVID. FOT liis part in. the . plot, Greenglass got-15 years.

cut down their staff, and Rosenberg was one of those . who went. There ~ developed a situation which

had a profound bearing on the subsequent mis­fortunes of the Rosenbergs. He went into business in association with his brothers-in-law, Bernard and David Greenglass. Of Bernard we know little, but David has been revealed to us in the witness-stand.

He was the baby ·of the family, seven years younger 1:han Ethel and four years younger than Bernard;

· and in many families the youngest child has to abandon all attempt~ to assert its adult qualities. He had idled at· school, which led people to under­rate his not inconsiderable mental powers. The sum of his experiences had left him very different from his neat, clear-cut, dominating sister; he was

_...,-;---'\ tltick-set, ca~ual, apparently ineffective. The Pitt Machine Products Corporation, as the

family business was called, was the American equivalent of a small factory in Homsey or Wands­worth with six or seven thousand pounds behind it. Half this capital was su'pplied by a sleeping partner iound by Julibs Rosenberg. The other half was

supplied by the Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses, _the Rosenbergs putting up one-thir~ and the Gr~en­glasses finding the rest, largely by way of a 'loan raised by older relatives in a· handsome effort. to help the young people on their way. It was arranged that Bernard and David, ' who were both skilled

. machinists, should work in the machine shop and manage it, and that Julius Rosenberg should be the sales manager. All three were to draw equal pay.

The business was a failure, as such factories in Homsey and Wandsworth have often been. There was bickering : Rosenberg ascribed the failure to his brother-in-laws' slipshod management · of the machine shop; they blamed his inexperieacc as a salesman. Finally, in 1949, the till was empty and Bernardi and David had to seek eniployment else­where, having lost their 8avings and being burdened

. with an obligation to· repay the money lent them by the Greenglass relatives. · · ...

This was specially hard on David, for the 'loan had been negotiated while he was still in the Army without his consent, which was ju.st the sort of thing that would happen to this baby brother. It was also hard on his wife} Ruth.

GAVE AWAY TBE BOSE1IBER08

She had married her husl:>and seven years before, when she was 18, and m the early part 'of their life together she had undergone some painful experiences, including a miscarriage. Now she had to go out to work as well as her husband, though she had a boy of two and soon afterwards again became pregnant.

There can be no doubt that David and Ruth Greenglass felt a deep resentment against . the Rosenbergs. The question is how large a part that resentment played in determining the course of events which followed the arrest of David Green­glass in the early summer of 1950 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

He was then charged with having handed over secret information about the ·atom bomb to Soviet agents five years before, at a time when he was in the Army and was working as a machinist. in•the Atomic Bomb Project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. He admitted his- guilt, and his wife. admitted that she had been his accomplice. Both alleged that they had acted under instructions given by the Rosenbergs.

Ruth Greenglass declared that in 1944, when her husband was working at Los Alamos and she was still in New York, the Rosenbergs told her that they had passed from the open Communist Party to its underground section, and were supplying the Soviet Government with infonnation collected by spies.

They then gave her 150 dollars to go down to New Mexico, see her husband, and get him to give her all the information he could get about the lay­out of the Project, the personnel, and the work that was being done there. They told her to make it clear to him that the information was to be handed over to a Soviet agent . •

She made the trip, and came back with a great deal of information which DaviCl had made her learn by heart. She was th~n, it must be realised, 20 years old, while her husband was 22; and the young man

, Continued owrleaf

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THE. HEARTS OF TRAITORS Continued

had been under Communist discipline since he was t 6, when he had joined the Young Communist League.

In January, 1945, David came back to New York.on leave, and told Julius more about the atomic bomb. It was then arranged by the Rosenbergs that Ruth wa8 to return to New Mexico with her husband, her expenses being met by money provided, by the Soviet authorities, and that they were to await a visit from an agent who would call on ihern there. Julius tore across one side of a. Jell-0 food carton and gave Ruth om portion Of it, telling her thjit the agent would present the other portion as a token that he was the expected man.

This apt arrived in die Green­glasses' apartment · at Al.buquerque, New Mexico, in June, 1945. A man carrying the other part of the Jell-0 caJWn said, "I c;;omc from Juliu&," and collected information prepared for him by David. He also gave David 500 dollais.

IOTF.B 01' TBE BOD

Though ·the Communist P.arty pre­tends to be idealist, most Communist spies are paid, and well paid, for their treachery. David Greenglass · quite shamelessly narrated that he made representations to the Soviet agent who called on him which resulted in ·the man saying, "Welt, I wittsee what I · can 'do about getting some more money for you."

That September, David and Ruth returned to New York on leave, and on the 'day of thell: arrival David took a sheaf of notes about the .atomic bomb to the Rosenbergs' apartment. TMre Ethel_ typed them, while DaYid spelled out the.technical terms for her and deciphered the words she could not read. They might have been an English family filling in their pools coupon; and it is possible that they took. tl)eir occupation just as much for granted, and felt 118" little tension.

But let. nobody think that this happy domestic scene was not of the gravest import, that because Da,id Greenglass was a mercenary, lout he was not able to pass on to the Soviet Union information of the most vital kind. · He had been working in a machine~ shop which made-..,paratua to suit the requirements of the various scientists as they p!lSsed from stage to stage in the manufacture of the bomb..

An atom bomb has to be· .touched­off by the detonation of a high explo­sive 'lens'-that is, a · combination of high explosives which focuses detona­tion waves as a glass' lens focuses light waves. David Greenglass was machin­ing lens moulds, so he was able ·to

· inform Julius Rosenbei:g, from his o'wn experience and with the help of gossip gleaned from scientists and technicians, of the type of lenses which were being-used in the nrst two versiop.s of the atomic bomb.

In the opinion of experts this pi«:e of knowledge, which was of the utmost _practical importance, may have ~een unknown to Klaus Fuchs, the Ha.-well spy, and.probably reachec;I the Soviet

j

_J.

!

-

r r I

l

Union only through Green-glass. This is the story which the Green­

glaSses told the F.B.I. and repeated in · court and there is no doubt that it was ·largely responsible for the conviction of the Rosenberg$. It is suggested by those believing the Rosenbergs to be innocent that the Greenglasses, finding themselves in danger of prosecution for a crime punisruable by death, tried to mitigate their offence by pretending that they had committed it under instructiona from other persons.

It is suggested that, to. revenge them­selves for the sufferings inflicted on them by the ruin of the family busi­ness, they chose the Rosenbergs as the persons involved. The conditions in which the Greertglasses were arrested make this proposition unjlcceptable.

They were arrested becaUlle, in

COURIER FOR FUCHS. Harry Gold gave every/Jody away with gusto • .

May, 1950, the F.B.I. discovered the identity of the eourier who had met Fuchs (convicted at the Old Bailey earlier that year and ·sentenced to 14 yea.rS), and taken bis information to Agatol Yakovlev, the Soviet Vice­Consul in New York.

The courier was HarrY ,Oold, a Russian-born American, with a good science degree; who worked as a research chemist in the heart depart­ment of the Philadelphia General Hospital, ari odd, plump, little creature with .the face of a debiJliched cherub. Once he was detected, Gold confessed everything about his career as an espionage agent, involving a large number of i>eople in addition to Fuchs. · The reason for this candour was that, though.he haq been a Soviet spy for 1 S years, be was not a Communist and had, indeed, an acid dislike of Communists. He had become in­volved in espionage originally because he had fonned a strong personal aflec-' ti,on for a resident of Jeney City, an eccentric character who had relieved the conventionality of life in that town by such cantrips as wearing a black snake as a cravat, an<i who was a Communist.

This man enlisted Hll.rry Gold for _:_aervice in industrial espionage, a form

of illicit activity, quite destitute of idealism, which Russia has pursued­for many years> in the United States with great energy. The U.S.S.R. has always been eager· to acquire know­ledgeof American industrial processes, · but has disliked having to spend good -foreign currency oil purchasing Ameri-

•

can ~tent rights. · It has therefore organised a syst.em by which scientists · and technicians working in highly developed American industries . are induced by bribes or appeals to their Commuiiist syinpathies, and often both, to hand over blueprints and descriptions of the · 8ecret processes used in their factories.

Gold worked with enthusiasm in this field. Wheri the war b'roke ou't he -switched to military secrets.

His motives seem to have heen chiefly a love of cloak-and-dagger work for its own sake, and there was also a mercenary element in his inter­est. As soon as he ·was arrested he transferred his gt1$to to the business of giving away everybody with whom he had ever worked, and therefore de­nounced David Greenglass very shortly after his arrest.

Now, as soon as the Greenglasses were questioned by the F.B.I. aboµt their atomic espionage., they must have realised that they had ·been ·betrayed by the man who had brought th~m the broken portion of the Jell-0 carton. They knew by now the gravity of what they had done. They were six. .years older ; and in the meantime they had often read in the newspapers. of the Canadian Atom Spy Ring, and the. imprisonment of Dr. Alan Nunn May and Dr. Fuchs.

LIES WERE . USEI.FJiS

Of course, they decided to save their lives if they could, and lhe only wa;v open to them was by telling the trutli: by turning Queen's evidence, as we say here, by going over to the side of the prosecution and giving it an accunte account of all the circum­stances relating to their crime.

But they must have known that what they told the F.B.I. would have to be the real truth, because the agent who had betrayed them was evidently telling the F .. B.I. the real truth. If the persons who had arranged for the agent to visit them. at Albuquerque were Mr. and Mrs. John Smith, it would be useless for the G~~s to try to satisfy an old grudge by pre­tendmg that it had been Mr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenberg, for the agent would have told the ·F.B.I. that it was Mr. and Mrs. John Smith,

The Greenglasses could afford to tell no lies, big or small. That is why their story must be believ~; and why it must l>e believed, too, that the Rosenbergs were guilty.

There may be people silly enough to imagine that the whole story of the conspiracy was invented by the F.B.I., that for some r-eason that organisation so fervently wished to destroy an obscure engineer and his stenographer wife that they staged a bogus trial with an army of perjured witnesses. In point of fact, the 9reenglasses' story about the Rosenbergs was believed by the jury not because of anything said by the witnesses or lawyers for , the prosecution. It was believed because of the evidence given by Mrs. Rosenberg in her own defence

When Mrs. Rosenberg went into : Continwd on page1,1'.

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THE HEARTS OF TRAITORS Continued

the witiless-stand she denied all the allegations against herself and her .husband in the Greengtassesi story. She denied that she had ever talked to her brother about his wo.rk at Los Alamos, · that she had ever ~n any Sketches he had made down there, that she had ever met..Anatol Yakov- ' lev, and that she knew whether her husband ' was oi:. had been affiliated with' the Soviet Union.

But. this was not the first' time that. she had been -asked these questions. In England, a pe.rSon charged with a serious offence appears first before a magistrate's coUrt, which decides whether the evidence put forwaid by -the prosecutionjustifies 8ending him for trial ·to a higher court. In the United States, the same winnowing process takes place before a · Grand Jury. Mrs. Rosenberg had appearec;l before a Grand Jury eight _months before the lrial, in August, 1950; and there she had been asked exactly the same question.

. REPUSED TO. AllSWER

On that occasion she did a very strange ~g. ln the United States, as in this country, a witness has the right to refuse to answer a quest ion if the answer shows that he is guilty of a crime. It is not a rig},lt t~at.a sensible witness exercises if he ¢an help, for while the court is SuPPosfd to d~w n o conclusion from his WI~ lof th.is privi­lege it certainly does notw\lrm the tem­perature to a nice glow o('confidence. Mrs. Rosenberg, however\. used the right in a thorough-going way. '

These questions and answe'rs were given before the Grand Jury.

CoUNSEL : Have you talked with your brother David about his activi­ties at L~ Alamos ?

MRS. RoSENBl!RG : I decline to answer on the ground that this might tend to incriminate me.

• CouNSBL :. Have you ever seen any sketches that be made while he was working at Los Alamos ?

MRS. ROSENBERG_ : I decline to answer on the ground that this might tend to incriminate me.

COUNSEL : Do · you know Anatol Yakovlev ?

Mas.. RosENBERC : l decline to answer on the ground that this might tend to incriminate ine.

COUNSEL : Do you ltnow whether yout husband is or was in any way affiliated v.ith the Soviet Union?

MBs. ROSENBERG : I decline to answer on the ground that th.is might tend to incriminate me.

FATAL.EVIDENCE

Now, nohoQy could cominent on her use of this privilege· at the time. But at the subsequent trial, when she was not invoking that privile~, ·the prosecution was with.in its ·rights in 11Sking her .why she had refused to answer these· questions ear-lier for fear of incriminating herself, when the

·answers she was now giving pro­claimed her complete innocence.

There were many other. holes in the defence. There ~as a great deal of

evidence from a wretched hunt~ creature who had got tied up with the Communist Party in liis youth and had never got · ()ut of its clutches, which showed Rosenberg linked with a ro•defendant · named Morton Sobell in .a shabby business .of coaiing into espionage minor officials in the' Navy Department. Rosenberg put up a v~ry poor imswer ro th.is; and Morton Sobell did not go to the witness-stand tO deny the charge. · ·

Nor did his lawyers offer any satis­factory explanation of why, .on the arrest .of David Greenglass, .he had

· catapulted himself into Mexico by air and had there wandered about under 6.ve assumed names (two of th.em being Sand and Salt).

Nor did any of the defence lawyers address · a single question in cross­ellamination of Harry Gold when he gave evidence> He stated' that at Aibuquerque he greeted the Green• glasses with the words, .. r come from Julius.'' It.might have \>een ~pected­'that the lawyer repte&ehting Julius Rosenberg' would ask him questions designed to elicit that he meant some other Julius. The lawyer did not.

But nothing in the . case w.as so deadly as th.is inconsistency between

--the testimony Ethel ·Rosenberg gave in the two different courts. lt was not a mistake a good brain would have ~de; ·and it emerges very clearly; that neither of the R!>SCrtbergs was very

- clever. T hey were j.ust clc;ver enough to be useful to the 'Communist Party in its criminal conspiracies, ancl not

· clever enough to save them.selves when the community found them out; and certainly the Communist · Pai ty did little enough to help them. So they were sentenced to death, while the ·campaign c:Onducted in the name of their defence showed its quality by its complaints that Ruth Greeng\ass was permitted to go free.

TERRIFIED OF YElfGEARCE

This unhappy woman, whom Mrs. Rosenberg's oounsel delicately des­cribed as coming to court "all dolled up, smart, cute, arrogant, eager-beaver, like a phonograph record, .. is now 28. The trial revealed. what her life has been . since she committed her crime, at the age of twenty. _

Every year what she read -in the newspapers made her more and more terrified of the vengeance that might fall on her and her husband. What went on behind the scenes in ·the family business must have increased her fear. Rosenberg wished Davi4, when he left the Army at the end of the war, to take a tjvilian job at Los Alamos and continue in his espionage.

In the spring of 1950 Ruth, who was far a,dvanced in .pregnancy, rereived in an accident some severe bUm.s which had not· healed when she gave blrth to her second child. She had just .. returned from hospital when Julius Rosenberg showed her a copy of the New York Herald~Tribrme reporting the arrest of Han-Y Gold. He explained that th.is was the agent who had visited them at Albuquerque, and told them that they must clear out.

Continu«l on page 3·3

l'tawe Poll, 17 J~. 1953

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THE HEARTS OF TRAITORS continued

Ruth said : "We can't go anywhere. We have a ten-day-old infant.'"

Rosenberg replied : "Your baby won't die. Babies are born on the ocean and in trains every day. My doctor says that if . you take enough canned milk and boil the water the baby will be all right."

RosenbetR then nve ·them two thousand dollars and directed them to make preparations to go with 'their children to Mexico City where,.if they perlormed some silly conspiratorial mum!x>-jumbo in front of the statue of Columbus in the big square there, they would be sent on to Sweden,' where, If they .performed some more mumbo-jumbo in front of the· statue of_ the great botanist Linnaeus, they would be sent on to Czecho-Slovakia.

The Greenglasses gave in to him to the extent of getting their passport photographs taken. Then they felt they could not go on. They spent the dollars on ~aying off debts. Ruth was .now ill again, for her bums had become septic. Presently Rosenberg brought

LOYAL SYMPATHY The vicar said : "Pulloxhill parish

council is part of Her Majesty's Government and Her Majesty's Government cannot be silenced." Men. bared their heads .and sang the National Anthem aftet this declara­tion. -Daily Telqraph.

MANY A TRUE WORD ••• Despite the great fog of London,

the Daily Worker bazaar at the St. Pancras Town Hall macie more money than ever.

Thousands of our readers struggled through the dense fog because they: dare not let the bazaar down.

7 ~orial, Daily Worker.

MERRY NEW YEAR

PLEASE " and, children, would you

oblige by not sending -small corpses in boxes to us at Nature Parliament every week. 1t takes them a certain time to arrive, and . . . " -B.B.C.

SHORT AFTER CHRISTMAS 1 But it isn't only the food.·and the ~r. even the guests, for that ~t ensure a. good party. , It is those unezpected touches.

-Evening N«Ds.

l NO LOCAL INTEREST

The first half was uneventful, o°'y. that the visitors scored their six goals. -Mold, ~ and Buckley Leader.

them a further sum of four thousand dollars, and· repeated his instructiofll! about the journey.

The Greenglasses simply gave the money to a relative to keep in a safe place ; and when Roeenberg came back in a few day8 they found the strength

· to miist the man who had been the an:hit:ect of their ruin durinl{ many years, and told him that they were going to stay where they were and face the inevitable judgment.

Eleven days later, the F .B.I . arrested David Gre~nglUs. He is now serving a 15-year sentence and will bear, for ever, long after his life is ended, the shame of having escaped the electriC chair by putting his sister in peril of it. Yet it is bard to ,see what else he could have done, if he wanted to save his wife from further misery.

·The Greenglasses and the Rosen':. bergs were in ~one respect united. They bore testimony to the enchanted world which is open to anybody who takes the trouble to join the Com­munist Party.

' EYE FULL Police I~r Lockett inter­

posed : "On Saturday nights there

iv arc times when there is a lot to be desired at dances here."

-Wolwrhampton Express and Star.

VOLUNTEERS, BY: THE RIGHT •• I Attendance at the Church Service

will be on a voluntiry basis, but·the cinema must be filled to capacity. -t,in R.A.F. station's Routine Orders.

WHAT'S .IN THAT TEA? Barkcrhouse Road-I. M. Church.

Faith Tea and Crazy Night. Tea on tabies at 4.3<1 . • Crazy Night 6.30.

·-Nelson Leader.

HAPPY NOW, MlSS 1

We think that perhaps this is ·just the treatment your· fear needed, Miss J. B. In fa~, we wouldn't mind bet­ting that after living opposite the .gasworks for a few weeks you'll com­pletely forget your t~r and develop quite an affection for the gasometer (they p~y never c:xPlode any­way). . ~ to reader, Womms.

Pleasie j>aste contributions (includlnf porafrop#Js Mf'f"e and of~ items ·sub­mitted) on posttards and address them to Homo Sol>iens. Tboae u-' are paid for. Tlte Editar recrecs there he ccrnnot oclm-·

. le4ie all others, but thanks all sdltders · (Contribuiions in envelopes ore read .lost)

p;a,,,. PM, 17 7-7. 1953

"RENEW-POINT"

:•o-uNTAIN PEN

· -· nft\nt the r\g)\t r~ • ...

~· ·Choose u w·rtte for the way yo -

I I

\ I I I I I I

'/:J_/A./, 13\4 ·Ae--z,

w~ 9788. Cb~ \55\ ·J~ . .

To select

or reneW• here's oll ·1ou do

'Ml /- .. ~AA 6#/~ 9460 "(~'L , ·'.'>-

9\18

27 NUMBERED POINTS TO CHOOSE FROM in sol.id Duracromc, the new and better nib _metal I Choose a point suited to vou, sctcw it into your favourite colour bolder and you have a truly ~rsonal j,en. All poin" msUintly renewable in case of damage. At all leading stationen, (15/jd. and 19/7d., il)cluding Purchase Tax).

l Made by the famous "Relief" nib people . I . . L---- - -- ~------~------ ~-------------------·

* One Of the thousands of unsolicited tes timoniuls to the effec tiveness o f Lantigcn ·e·. I ha1·e 1ake11 a full m~rse ofycmr Lumige11 'B', a11d it will he about 4 or 5 . weeks since I C'eased taking.it, but it lrai 11ow re1'itiered my Catarrh. which .was severe, quite 11eKliKi/Jle 110 .. ·.

B.G.C. Far1,sfie/d, NoJ ts.

LANTJGEN '8 ' is a dissolved OraJ Vaccine spcciaily prepared .by skilled,. bacteri­ologists under medical direction. Taken like ordinary medicine, it. stimulates vital rissuecells to prodf.!ci:antidotes t~combat an<! neutralise germ poisons.

LANT.IGEN 'B' treatment ·costs only a !Cw pence a day arid it can be purchased at I guinea a ~ttle plus .4/Sd. P.T. Free leaflet from .ctiefnists or address below.

L A N T I G E N ( . E N G L A N 0 ) L I M I T E 0 • 8 ·A G S. H 0 T , S U ·R .R E y '

33

lllNA S'PtlNllP' ·Nill .YIAI

I _______ :__ ________ CUT ALONG HERE·--------------

1 COUPON NO. 4

I

IILWA I I I I I I

I 19.

(

20. 21.

lL\DIRSHIP

* * * * *

THE RULES

1. Do not post your coupon this week: •. Keep it unt il the competition .ends in one week's. time.

l . Each entry must be accompanied by a set of numbered coupons (this week's is No. 4), cut from eac:b wee.k' s Picture Post throughout the comJietition.

3. Only one coupon from each week's Picture Post can be sent in by any one competitor.

4. No responsibility can be accepted for entries lost, damaged, mislaid, or -delayed, before or after delivery. ·

5. No correspond11nce can be entered into. Employees of Hultqn Press, Ltd., members of their families, their Advertising Agents and affiliated Companies are not eligible.

6. Entries will be judged by the Advertisement Manager of Picture Post, and his decision n:iust be accepted as final and conclusive.

ONLY one more week to go until the final coupon of Picture Post's

popular New Year Hamper Competition. Have you identified all the

advertisements so far? Here are six more for you to test your skill on!

Just write in the space provided the name ,of the Advertiser or· Product

represented by each picture.

Next week you will get full details of how to complete your· entry.

So get ready for the final test. There may be a bumper hamper in

it for you!

Winners of the competition will· receive

VALUABLE HAMPERS

34

LEADERGRAM No. 411·

A Hold back ... B The electrical devlce

i1 108 132 IZ eo 89 which may_,.

provide tlie roast C A big supporter of corporal punish-_.

ment l . IS 104 6 D A girl that is about void of intelli-_. gence

65 130 118

E. Cut the old devil I ... 99 7S 119

F Hell's Hall (Anag.) .... s s 88 ' II

&-:" dltch from which you can always_. g~t berries 128 45 81

H A noise about little Joseph . may be_. near the solution 9 z

I Shelters the brave! ... J Reward to think abOut ... K "Placed on tftis -· - of a

state" (Pope) . middle_.

L Thus an ox m:iy become-yellow ... M Extremely bri1hi little ·gentleman_.

fin.ishes It off 2

N French artist ... 123 llS

0 One has to admit everything here ... 46

p A figure with all its an1les right-_. angles 82 95

Q "Here is - - - - ; sleep give t hee all his rest" (Shakespeare) "'+ 97 14 il7 29

R Exclamation of disgust ... 101 18 112 3

SA graduate 'thrown.out is ashamed ... 121 25 @!> 40

T Molotoff's attitude in a race, for ' example ... 31 91. 2 n 100

U It is heard frequently In East London-+ . I -

7 105 ~~ S8 Ill

52. 8 53

6Z p 63 8 73 E

74 F 75 p 83 T

a-. N 85 c 94. I

95 p 96

EXPLANAnON

W RITE the answers to the clues in the panel next to them (not in the p01..zle itself). T hen write the individual letters of each

word, according to theif numbers in the puzzle itself. Reading downwards, the faitial letters of the words in the com­

pleted panel make up the name of an author and the title of one of his (or her) works. And the completed puzzle diagram- reading from left to right-will give you a quotation from the same work, the words being separated by black squares.

ANSWER TO PUZZLE NUHB~R 410 RUTH P.ARK

THE WITCH'S THORN

Quotation: " Now and then a bird clunked ventriloquially amongst the trees, and there came the voice of the creek as its waters slipped downwards with a crowding whis~r."

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CO.NDITIONS OF SALE AND SUPPLY. This paiodical is told aubjecc to the following conditiona, IWJ)Cly, that it shall not, without the written coruient of the jlubli1tw. first given, be lent , re-eold , hired out or otbenriae diopoeesl of by way of Trade except at the full ntail !'rice of 4d. (or 1/- oveneea); and that it shall DOt be lent, re-told, hired out or otberwiae diapoeed of in a mutilated condition or in anir unauthorised

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Editor: SIR JOHN HAMMERTON " Practical Knowledge For All" is comple"te in six handsome volumes, lavishly and superbly illustl'ated. Strongly a nd attl'actively bound,

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7,,S~{r 'Sl:J PERB -~t:iOT0G RAPw~~ 130 Plates in FULL COLOUR ·• 1

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JOO Maps and Plans

T HIS important work is a contemporary history of the Second Great War written by a distinguished gl'oup of expert contributors who poSSC!$S

extensive and specialised knowled1e of the full range of subjects Involved, including recent h istory, modern politics-especially "power politics" ­and military, naval and ael'ial affairs.

lt.1ives criticaJ and descriptive accounts of eve"Y campaign, day-by-day l'ecol'ds of every event of importance on land, sea, or in the ai~', a nd a com­prehensive review of the social and political conditions obtaining in all countries concer ned throughout the War years. No fewer than th,.ee hundred and thirteen documents, comprising the most important speeches of War Leaders, official pronouncements, agreements and pacts, add immensely to the historical value of these volumes.

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HANDSOME GIFT BOOKCASE This beautiful bookcase, of polished oak finish, s~cially designed for " The Second Great War," is presented FREE to every purchaser of the work . The nine volumes, bound in rich red clolh, decorated with

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