phytopharmacological overview on ‘kushthaghna
TRANSCRIPT
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PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ON ‘KUSHTHAGHNA
MAHAKASHAYA’
Dr. Satyapal Singh 1*
, Prof. N.P. Rai 2
1Research Scholar, department of Kayachikitsa, faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2Professor & Head, department of Kayachikitsa, faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Aim & objective: The main objective of this review article is to
discuss the therapeutic uses of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya and to
discuss the different pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses
of isolated constituent drugs of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya. Basis of
evidence: The authentic subject material has been reviewed from
Ayurveda and modern medical literature. Different research and
review article were searched in different journals. The subject material
has also been searched on internet. Central Message: Kushthaghna
Mahakashaya is described by Acharya Charak for the management of
Kushtha roga (skin diseases). Kushthaghna Mahakashaya contain 10
drugs. This review is mainly focussed on different aspects of
Kushthaghna Mahakashyaya. It is well recognised in Ayurveda that
most of the skin diseases run a chronic course and are difficult to treat.
Most of the skin diseases have strong relation with psychological stress
and stress is responsible for onset and exacerbation of different skin disorders. Most of the
drugs in the Kushthaghna Mahakashyaya reported to have Rasayan properties. Therefore,
these drugs also help in reducing the negative effect of stress and thus help in coping with
chronic skin disorders. Conclusion: Here, an attempt has been made to address chemistry,
pharmacology and different therapeutic uses of Kushthagna Mahakashaya and its constituent
drugs.
KEYWORDS: Kushtha, Kushthaghna, Mahakashaya, Ayurveda, Skin disorders.
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Article Received on
29 October 2014,
Revised on 21 Nov 2014,
Accepted on 03 Dec 2014
*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. Satyapal Singh
Research Scholar,
department of
Kayachikitsa, faculty of
Ayurveda, Institute of
Medical Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh,
India.
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INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of
civilization which includes many ludicrous therapies. According to World Health
Organization, about 80% of world population rely chiefly on plant based traditional medicine
for their primary healthcare need. [1]
Herbal medicine contains natural substances that can
promote health and reduce illness. Now a days Researchers focused on plant research and a
large body of evidence has been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants
used in various traditional systems of medicine.
Ayurvedic system of medicine is the oldest system of traditional medicine which has
recognized the healing properties of plants to a great depth. Ayurvedic medicine has around a
thousand herbs that are commonly used in this traditional system of medicine, but overall
there may be more than 2,500 that are used across India in all forms of herbal medicine.
Traditional medicine is a major part of the cultural heritage of a society and it has developed
in accordance with the lifestyle and cultural practices of the society. The use of plants and
plant products in medicines is getting popularized because the herbal medicines are cheap
and have natural origin with higher safety margins and lesser or no side effects.
In Ayurvedic system of medicine, lots of medicinal plants, traditionally used since thousands
of years, have been described together as a group of herbal preparations under the category of
Rasayana known for their interesting antioxidant activities.
Most of the drugs in Kushthaghna Mahakashaya are reported to have Rasayan properties.
Various studies on Rasayana drugs suggest their following action.
Immunomodulator
Adaptogenic
Antioxidant
Nootropic
Antistress
In this way Rasayan drugs are helpful to control chronic skin diseases as well as for
promotion of overall health. [2]
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KUSHTHAGHNA MAHAKASHAYA
Table. 1. Showing brief description of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya.
Name Botanical
name
Common
name Family Part used
Khadir Acacia
catechu Willd. Cutch tree Mimosaceae Bark , heartwood
Haritaki Terminalia
chebula Retz.
Chebulic
myrobalan Combretaceae Fruit
Amalaki
Emblica
officinalis
Gaertn.
Emblic
myrobalan Euphorbiaceae Fruit
Haridra Curcuma
longa Linn. Turmeric Zingiberacae Kand
Bhallataka
Semecarpus
anacardium
Linn.
Marking nut Anacardiaceae Fruit
Saptaparna
Alstonia
scholaris R.
Br.
Dita Apocynaceae Bark
Aragbadha Cassia fistula
Linn.
Purging
cassia Caesalpinaceae
Fruitmarrow,rootbark,leaves
& flower
Karveer Nerium
indicum Mill.
Indian
oleander Apocynaceae Root & rootbark
Vidanga Embelia ribes
Burm. f. Myrsinaceae Fruit
Jati
(Jati patra)
Jasminum
officinale
Linn.
Spanish
jasmine or
Common
jasmine
Oleaceae Leaves, root & flower
KHADIR
Khadir (Acacia catechu) belongs to family Febaceae which is also called pea family or
legume family due to presence of single chambered legume in all species of this family. The
main origin of this plant belongs to India, Thailand, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It contains
polyphenolic components, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and seeds of this
plant are good source of protein. Catechin present in this plant plays a vital
role as anti-oxidant.
The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing
various diseases in their day to day practice.
Khadir is one of the important drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is
included under Kushthaghna Mahakashaya & Kashayaskandha by Acharya Charaka and in
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Salsaradi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Khadir is used in Ayurveda especially in the
management of Kushtha. It is also used traditionally For the management of Medoroga,
Prameha, Aruchi, Atisar, Jirnajwar and Kasa etc. [3]
The main chemical constituents of Acacia Catechu are catechin, epecatechin,
epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, phloroglucin, protocatechuic acid, quarcetin,
poriferasterol glucosides, lupenone, procyanidin, kaemferol,L-arabinose, D-galactose.D-
rhamnose and aldobiuronic acid, afzelchin gum, mineral and taxifolin. Heartwood
is used to yield concentrated aqueous extract i.e. Cutch and Katha. [4]
Table.2. Showing different pharmacological properties of Khadir.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 5
Antidiabetic 6-8
Antihypertensive 9
Antimicrobial 10-13
Protective role in dental diseases 14
Hepatoprotective 15
Wound healing 16
Immunomodulatory 17
HARITAKI
It is commonly called as Black myrobalan, Ink tree or chebulic myrobalan. It is extensively
used in Ayurvedic, unani, and homeopathic system of medicine. Terminalia chebula is a
popular traditional medicine not only used in India but also in other countries of Asia and
Africa. In Tibet, T. chebula is called as the ―King of Medicine‖. [18]
Haritaki is a very important drug described in Ayurveda. It is included under the category of
Rasayan (rejuvenation drugs). It is also included under Prajasthapan, Jwaraghna, Kasaghna &
Arshoghna Mahakashaya by Acharya Charaka and under Triphala, Amlakyadi and
Parushakadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Haritaki is being used traditionally in the
management of different ailements which include Kushtha, Visharpa, Santarpana janya roga,
Kasa, Shwas, Pratishyaya, Vatrakta, Swetapradara, Prameha, Hikka and Vishamajwar etc. [19]
Haritaki contain 14 components of hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, chebulic acid,
punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic, ellagic acid, chebulegic acid,
chebulinic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-Ogalloyl-ß-D-glucose, 1,6,-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose,
casuarinin, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose and terchebulin. The tannin content varies with the
geological variation. Flavonol glycosides, triterpenoids, coumarin conjugated with gallic
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acid called chebulin, as well as phenolic compounds were also isolated. In
addition, ethyl gallate luteolin were isolated from the fruit of Haritaki. It also consists of
nutrients such as vitamin C, protein, amino acids and minerals. Modified from. [20]
Table.3. Showing different pharmacological properties of Haritaki.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 21-23
Wound healing 24-27
Antidiabetic 28-30
Hypolipidemic 31-32
Antibacterial 33-37
Antifungal 38
Antiviral 39-40
Adoptogenic 41
Anti-inflammatory 42-43
Immunomodulatory 44-45
Purgative 46
Cardioprotective 47-48
Hepatoprotective 49
Anticarcinogenic 50-51
AMALAKI
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) belonging to family euphorbiaceae is an important drug widely
used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and believed to increase the defence against many
diseases. Emblica officinalis enjoys a hallowed position in Ayurvedic system of medicine.
The herbal medicine are in the great demand in the developed as well as developing countries
for primary health care because of their large biological activities, higher safety margin and
lesser cost. One of the common traditional herbal drug is Emblica officinalis. It grows in
tropical and subtropical parts of China, India, Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. Due to rich
in vitamin C, Amalaki is successfully use in the treatment of human scurvy.
In Ayurvedic system of medicine Amalaki described as one of the most important Rasayan
(rejuvenation drug). Acharya Charaka includes Amalaki under Vayasthapan &
Virechanopaga Mahakashaya and Acharya Sushruta includes it under Triphala and
Parushakadi Gana. Traditionally Amalaki used in the management of Kushtha, Visharpa
Prameha, Hridroga, Amlapita, Parinamshoola, Udavarta, Kasa, Shwas, Rajyaksama, Pittaja
Roga, etc. [52]
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Emblica officinalis contains phenolic constituents like gallic acid, L-malic acid 2-o-gallate,
Mucic acid 2-o-gallate, Corilagin Chebulagic acid, putrajivain A, elacocarpusin, mucic acid,
1-o-galloyl-β-D-glucose, Mucic acid 6-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 1,4- lactone 2-o-
gallate, Mucic acid 1-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 1, 4-
lactone 6-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, mucic acid 1, 4-lactone 3-o-gallate, mucic acid 1,4-lactone
3,5-di-o-gallate. It also contains higher amount of Vitamin C and considerably higher
concentrations of most minerals, protein and amino acids like Glutamic acid, proline, aspartic
acid, alanine, cystine and lysine. [53]
Table .4. Showing different pharmacological properties of Amalaki.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 54-55
Antidiabetic 56-57
Immunomodulatory 58-59
Adoptogenic 60
Hypolipidemic 61-62
Cardioprotective role 63
Protective role for skin 64
Hepatoprotective 65-66
Chemoprotective role 67-68
Antivenom effect 69
HARIDRA
Turmeric has a long history of use in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of
different conditions. It is one among the drugs used in the treatment of prameha. [70]
In
Ayurveda, turmeric has been well documented for its therapeutic potentials and is mentioned
in Kushthaghna, Lekhaniya, Kandughna & Vishaghna Mahakashaya (Dashemani),
Tiktaskandha and Shirovirechana group by Charaka. It has also been mentioned in Mustadi,
Haridradi and Sleshma samshaman Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionally the Haridra is
used in different diseases like Kushtha, Prameha, Aruchi, Bivandha, Kamala, Jalodar, Pandu
and Sheetpitta etc. [71]
Turmeric is extensively used as a spice and grown widely throughout Indian subcontinent.
The Indian subcontinent is enriched by a variety of flora, both aromatic and medicinal plants.
This extensive flora has been greatly utilised as a source of many drugs in the Indian
traditional system of medicine. The plant produces fleshy rhizomes of bright yellow to orange
colour in its root system, which are the source of the commercially available spice turmeric.
Dried Curcuma longa is the source of the spice turmeric, the ingredient that gives curry
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powder its characteristic yellow colour. In the form of root powder, turmeric is used for its
flavouring properties as a spice, food preservative and food-colouring agent. Turmeric
has a long history of therapeutic uses as it is credited with a variety of important beneficial
properties such as its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
digestive properties. [72]
Turmeric contains a wide variety of phytochemicals, including curcumin,
demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, zingiberene, curcumenol, curcumol, eugenol,
tetrahydrocurcumin, triethylcurcumin, turmerin, turmerones and turmeronols. Three main
chemical constituents of curcuma longa are curcumin (diferuloylmethane),
demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These are responsible for different type of
therapeutic uses of curcuma longa. [73]
Table.5- Showing different pharmacological properties of Haridra. Modified from. [72]
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Anti-inflammatory effect 74-81
Immunomodulatory effect 82-85
Hepatoprotective effect 86-90
Antidiabetic effect 91-92
Antimicrobial effect 93-96
Antioxidant effect 97-99
Antiallergic effect 100
Anti-carcinogenic property 101-106
Cardioprotective role 107-109
Protective role in skin diseases 110-111
Protective role in Alzheimer‘s disease 112-113
BHALLATAKA
Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) from Family Anacardiaceae is an important plant
well-known for its medicinal value in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The nut is commonly
known as ‗marking nut‘. It is also used for non-medicinal purpose like marking of cloth and
hair dye since ancient time. Bhallataka is distributed in sub-Himalayan region, tropical and
central parts of India. It has high priority and applicability in indigenous system of medicine.
[114]
In Ayurvedic system of medicine Bhallataka also described as an important Rasayan. It is
included under Kushthaghna, Depaniya and Mutrasangrahaniya Mahakashaya by Acharya
Charaka and under Nyagrodhadi & Mustadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionaly
Bhallataka has been used in the management of Bibandha, Agnimandhya, Apasamar,
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Amavata, Gridhrasi, Gulma, Udar roga, Arsha, Grahani roga, Kushtha, Shwitra, Vatrakta and
used externally in snake bite. [115]
The most significant components of the Bhallataka are bhilwanols, phenolic compounds,
4, 5 biflavonoids, 6 sterols and glycosides.
Table.6. Showing different pharmacological properties of Bhallataka.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 116
Immunomodulatory 117-118
Hypolipidemic 119
Anti-inflammatory 120
Anti-arthritic 121
Antimicrobial 122
Anti-carcinogenic 123
Spermicidal 124-125
Precaution during use
Since Bhallataka is extremely hot and sharp in its attributes, it should be used with caution.
Individuals showing allergic reactions to it should stop and avoid the usage of Bhallataka. It
should not be used in small children, very old persons, pregnant women and individuals of
predominant pitta constitution. The use of the same should be restricted in summer season.
For its allergic reactions like rash, itching and swelling, the antidotes used externally are
coconut oil, rala ointment, ghee, coriander leaves pulp or butter mixed with musta (Cyperus
rotundus). The salt and spices should be strictly restricted during Bhallataka treatment. It is
also recommended to avoid exposure to sun, heat and excessive sex. [126]
Toxicity
Nephropathy is associated with exposure to toxins of plant origin. It was noted that toxins
from Bhallataka lead to acute renal failure due to hemodynamic effects. [127]
SAPTAPARNA
Herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the management of
different diseases, Alstonia scholaris is one of them. This evergreen tree is native to the
Indian subcontinent and South-east Asian countries. The plant grows throughout the
humid regions of India, especially in West Bengal and west-coast forests of south India.
In Ayurvedic system of medicine, Saptaparna traditionally been used in the management of
Kushtha roga, Vishamjwar, Kapha-Pittaja roga, Agnimandhya, Shoola, Pravahika, Kasa,
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Shwas,Hridroga, Raktavikar etc. Saptaparna included under Kushthaghna, Udardaprashaman,
Shirovirechan Mahakashaya & Tiktaskandha and Kashayaskandha group by Acharya
Charaka and included under Aragavadhadi, Lakshadi and Adhobhagahar Gana by Acharya
Sushruta. [128]
Herbal drugs or medicinal plants, their extracts and their isolated compound exhibits
spectrum of biological activities. The plant, Alstonia scholaris invites attention of the
researchers worldwide for its different pharmacological activities.
The Alstonia species are rich in alkaloids, steroids, flavanoids and triterpenoids. [129]
Table.7. Showing different pharmacological properties of Saptaparna.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 130
Immunomodulatory 131
Antidiabetic 132-133
Antimicrobial 134-135
Wound healing 136
Anticarcinogenic 137-139
Hepatoprotective 140
Antistress 141
ARAGAVADHA
Aragvadha (Cassia fistula) is one of the important drugs described in the Ayurvedic system of
medicine. This plant is also known as Indian Laburnum, Yellow shower because of its
characteristic yellow flowers in pendulous raceme and with typical branches. It is a native
of Tropical Asia. It is widely cultivated in South Africa, Mexico, East Africa and Brazil.
In Ayurvedic system of medicine, Aragavadha especially used as an agent for inducing
Virechan (therapeutic purgation). It is included under Kushthaghna & Kandughna
Mahakashaya, Virechan & Tiktaskandha group by Acharya Charaka and included under
Aragavadhadi, Shyamadi and Adhobhagahar Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionally it is
used for the management of Kushtha, Aruchi, Bibandha, Shuska Kasa, Hridroga, Raktapitta,
Shoola, Kamala etc. [142]
Cassia fistula Linn is used extensively in various parts of the world against a wide
range of ailments. The synergistic action of its metabolite production being most
probably responsible for the plant‘s beneficial effects.
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Table.8. Showing different pharmacological properties of Aragavadha.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
As laxative 143
Hypoglycaemic 144
Hypolipidemic 145
Antioxidant 146-147
Anti-inflammatory 148
Antipyretic & analgesic 149
Wound healing 150
Antimicrobial 151
Hepatoprotective 152-153
KARVEER
Karveer (Nerium indicum Mill.) is an evergreen plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae.
Nerium oleander is synonymus to nerium indicum. [154]
It is also a well-known ornamental
plant. All parts of the plant are reputed as therapeutic agent and have been used in folklore
in a variety of ailments. The plant originates from the Mediterranean region and is
indigenous to Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
Karveer is an important drug belonging to Ayurvedic system of medicine. Acharya Charak
included it under Kushthaghna Mahakashaya & Tiktaskandha group and Acharya Sushruta
included it under Lakshadi and Shirovirechan Gana. It is used traditionally for the
management of Kushtha, Agnimandhya, Hridroga, Shotha etc., it also used externally over
the wounds of Upadansa and Firanga roga. [155]
The root of Nerium indicum contains glycosides, neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin.
The bark contains scopoletin, scopolin. Besides this it contains tannins, red colouring matter,
an aromatic oil, wax and flobefin and a yellow coloured stable oil. The roots contain
bitter glycosides fenolinic acid and aromatic oil. It also possesses potassium salts in excess.
[156]
Table.9. Showing different pharmacological properties of Karveer.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antioxidant 157
Antihyperlipidemic 158
Antiulcer 159
Antibacterial 160
Anti-inflammatory 161
Analgesic 162
Hepatoprotective 163
Cardioprotective & cardiotonic
effect
164-165
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VIDANGA
India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant based drugs having many
potential pharmacological activities, Embelia ribes is one amongst them. Embelia ribes has
been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage as folklore
medicine.
It is an Indo-Malaysian species, mainly found in India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and Malaysia.
In India it is found in central and lower Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bengal,
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in majority. [166]
Embelia ribes is traditionally used in Ayurveda for treatment of various ailments viz. Krimi
roga (as vermifuge), Agnimandhya, Vatvyadhi, Aadhaman, Ajeerna, skin diseases,
Gandamala, Mutrakrichchha etc. It is one of the plants used as Krimighna (as vermifuge). It
is included in Krimighna, Kushthaghna, Triptighna Mahakashaya (Dashemani) by Acharya
Charaka and Sursadi and Pippalyadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. [167]
E. ribes fruits contain a quinone derivative, embelin, an alkaloid christembine, a volatile oil
and vilangin. Among them, embelin is the major bioactive constituents and marker compound
in E. ribes berries. Embelin (2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) has a wide
spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility and antimicrobial. [168]
Table.10- Showing different pharmacological properties of Vidanga. Mdified from. [169]
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Antidiabetic effect 170-172
Antioxidant effect 173-174
Cardioprotective effect 175
Wound healing property 176
Anthelmintic activity 177-179
Antimicrobial effect 180-184
Antispermatozoal activity 185-186
Antihyperlipidemic activity 187-188
Anticonvulsant activity 189
JATI
Jati (Jasminum officinale) is one of the important medicinal plants used by different
traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different disorders. Plant products are
pioneer for new drug discovery and development. In spite of the overwhelming influences
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and our dependence on modern medicines and tremendous advances in synthetic drugs, a
large segment of the world population still likes drugs of plants origin, Jati is one of them. In
the wild this grown from Persia, across north India to southwest China, but it has been
grown in Britain since Tudor times.
In Ayurveda Jati is used traditionally for the management of Kushtha roga, Shirshoola,
Bhrama, Pakshaghat, eye diseses, Udavarta, Anaha, Raktavikar etc. It also used externally for
the management of Mukha Vrana (apthous ulcers), erectile dysfunction, itching and Kushtha
roga. [190]
Its chemical constituents include, salicylic acid and an alkaloid named jasminine.
Aromatherapy
Jasminum officinale is also used as an essential oil in aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is a form
of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils and other
aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person's mind, mood, cognitive function or
health.
Table.11- Showing different pharmacological properties of Jati.
Pharmacological properties Reference No.
Used in aromatherapy 191
Antibacterial 192
Antifertility 193
Anti-viral 194
Analgesic & antispasmodic 195
CONCLUSION
Kushthaghna Mahakashaya contains 10 drugs. These drugs possess various medicinal
properties and hence used in the treatment of various disorders especially skin disorders.
These are also good source of various biologically active phytoconstituents. These
phytoconstituents used directly as therapeutic agents as well as starting materials for the
synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. In the present review an attempt has been
made to provide a collective knowledge on therapeutic, pharmacological and medicinal
applications of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya and its constituent drugs. This collective
knowledge on these drugs would motivate to researchers and provide lead to further
exploration of pharmacological activities of these ingredients as the demand for Ayurvedic
products is growing exponentially due to its fewer side effects as compare to other systems of
medicine.
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