phytochemical and pharmacological screening for

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 32(12): 122-131, 2020; Article no.JPRI.59279 ISSN: 2456-9119 (Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759)

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Screening for Antidiabetic Activity of Salvia aegyptiaca L.

Ethanolic Leaves Extract

Fazil Ahmad1*, Abeer Mohammed Al-Subaie2, Rasheed Ahemad Shaik3, J. Muthu Mohamed4 and Abdul Saleem Mohammad5

1Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam

Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 4030, Jubail, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam

Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University,

Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India. 5Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Nizam Institute of Pharmacy,

Hyderabad - 500004, Telangana, India.

Authors’ contributions

“This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author FA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

Authors AMAS and RAS managed the analyses of the study. Authors JMM and ASM managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i1230569

Editor(s): (1) Dr. R. Deveswaran, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, India.

Reviewers: (1) Chintem D. G. Williams D. G, Taraba State Polytechnic, Nigeria. (2) Khalid Mohammad Mahmoud Mohany, Assiut University, Egypt.

Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/59279

Received 09 May 2020 Accepted 14 July 2020

Published 30 July 2020

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, which results in high levels of glucose in the body after a meal or fasting. This disease is caused by the absence or reduction of insulin secretion. Accordingly, diabetes is usually classified into two types, Type 1(IDDM) and Type II (NIDDM). The aim of the present study is to carry the phytochemical analysis

Original Research Article

Ahmad et al.; JPRI, 32(12): 122-131, 2020; Article no.JPRI.59279

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and antidiabetic activity of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract. Phytochemical study was carried out by standard methods, shows the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, while saponins shown to be absent. Antidiabetic activity of Salvia aegyptiaca L were carried out in both normoglycemic and diabetic induced rats. Normoglycemic animal group were fed with ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiaca L at a dose of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg alone for 14days, showed decrease in blood glucose level. In diabetic animal group the rats were made diabetic by intraperitoneal(i.p) injection of 100 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate, then followed by administration of ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiaca (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg) and standard Tolbutamide (50mg/kg,p.o) for14 days. The results of the diabetic induced group also showed decrease in glucose levels. The results of the current investigation demonstrate that various phytochemical present in Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extracts, might be responsible for antidiabetic effect, due to its known antioxidant property.

Keywords: Salvia aegyptiaca L; ethanol; insulin; antioxidant; tolbutamide; diabetes mellitus.

1. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus may be a widespread epidemic disorder caused by hormone (insulin) deficiency, diminished secretion, or each of them. This illness is one of the regular metabolic issue that influences 8.2% of the total population and is predicted to reach 4.5% in 2025. The incidence of DM (Diabetes Mellitus) is tremendous increasing particularly in developing countries. The illness causes substantial morbidity, mortality and long complications like retinopathy, neuropathy and nephrosis. It is found to harm many elements of the body system, notably the veins and nerves [1]. Numerous medicative plants are used for years in way of life to treat ailment everywhere throughout the world. As per WHO, medicative plants are the best source to get variety of natural medications. The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals, with known antioxidant, anti-diabetic & antihyperlipidemic properties may be of vast importance in therapeutic treatment [2,3].

Natural medicines,

containing various active ingredients obtained as crude fractions, extracted from aerial and underground components of plant are widely utilized in healthcare or as dietary enhancements. One of the significant disadvantages of these medications is restricted bioavailability, being ineffectively ingested whenever taken orally [4-6]. More than 400 species of medicinal plants have anti-diabetic properties; however, the mechanism of their impact isn’t well outlined. Most medicinal herbs that have anti-diabetic effect are incorporate in the family of Asteraceae, Araliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Moraceae and Rosaceae. The antidiabetic activities of medicative plants are accredit to the presence of terpenoids,

polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins and different constituents which show decline in blood glucose levels.

Plants used to treat diabetes often affect their effects by increasing insulin secretion, increasing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat tissues, inhibiting liver glucose production and inhibiting intestinal retention of glucose. The main active components of diabetes are terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides, amino acids and mineral ions. Salvia species has about 900 species in the world, including several medicinal, ornamental and culinary species. Approximately 58 species of Salvia have been known in Iran, including S. mirzayanii, S. eremophila, S.macrosiphon and S. sahendica as endemic species [7]. Salvia species are used throughout the world in traditional medicine and are active in terms of medicine, because of their insecticidal [8], antifungal, antioxidant [9], anti-diabetes, anticholinesterase and memory enhancement of patients with Alzheime's disease [10]. Salvia species are rich sources of phenolic acids and flavonoids and quercetin. Flavonoids, in particular, have a positive effect on diabetes, by acting an inhibitory effect on the aldose reductase enzyme that may play a role in the complications of diabetes [11]. Quercetin reduces glucose and increases plasma insulin levels in STZ -induced diabetic rats [12]. Since glucose hemostasis is affected by several cases, in the current review, the hypoglycemic effects of Salvia species and molecular mechanisms of reduction blood glucose were studied separately. A few degenerative issues, such as cardiovascular (CV) and brain diseases, diabetes, arthritis, cancer and immune system decline involve cellular harm probably associated


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to free radicals [13]. Antioxidants may scale back oxidative damages of biomolecules by modulating reactive free radicals. Thus, the need of antioxidants in food and cosmetics is clear [14].

However, natural residues of vital oils production ought to constitute a with ease to be had supply of useful compounds. Thus, wastes of the hydro-distillation process of fragrant plants oils had been studied for their contents of a diversity of biologically active compounds which includes antioxidants such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. Polyphenolics represent a normal group of secondary metabolites which can be largely represented in species of the genus Salvia. The primary part of these compounds are phenolic acids, mainly those based totally on caffeic acid constructing block, anthocyanins and as flavones, flavanols and their glycosides [15]. along with phenolic abietane diterpenes and their derivatives in Salvia plants [16]. It should be stated that post-distilled process of Salvia Aegyptiaca showed lower concentrations of phenolics in comparison to non-treated plants [17]. Differences discovered in composition of the plant extracts of distilled and non-distilled material ought to derive from the extraction situations carried out, including exposure to excessive temperature in the course of the hydro-distillation method. From the previous study, it is presumed that the crude acetone and methanolic extracts of Salvia aegyptiaca have Central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect, manifested as antinociception and sedation. Both extracts have been reported with few anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties [18].

Salvia aegyptiaca L. belong to family Labiatae. In English, it is known as Egyptian sage and its Vernacular names are Shajarat al ghazal and Ghabeisha. It is a green colour dwarf shrub which grows in varied locations within the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Egypt, Israel, Islamic republic of Iran and Afghanistan [19,20]. It is normally utilized as local folks ‘medicinal practices and in cosmetics. The seeds are usually used as a demulcent for diarrhoea and piles [21]. while whole parts of plant are used in diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, hemorrhoids, eye diseases, antiseptic, antispasmodic and stomachic [22]. The plant is additionally utilized in neurological disorders, dizziness and trembling disorders [23].

Phytochemically, the entire plant consists of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins

[24]. Several flavonoids have been remoted from the plant, specifically, apigenin-7-glucoside, chrysoeriol-7-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucoside, 6,8-di-C-b-glucosyl luteolin and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside. Other parts isolated encompass lupeol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, b-amyrin, a-amyrin, and an essential oil. The roots had been reported to include diterpene quinones (aegyptinones A and B). Despite the vast phytochemical constituents on Salvia. aegyptiaca, there very few reports on the pharmacological activities and no toxicological studies had been reported. In normoglycemic rats, the blood glucose concentration claimed to be decreased to half, when given at the dose of 0.25 g, after oral administration of extract of S. aegyptiaca [25]. Till date no work has been done on antidiabetic effect of Salvia aegyptiaca L. The aim of the present study to analyzed the phytochemical constituents and antidiabetic activity of the ethanol leaves extracts Salvia aegyptiaca L.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Animals

Albino wistar rats’ weight about rodents 150grams to 200grams of both genders brought from Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, animal house located in Hyderabad. Before and at some stage in the experiment, rats were feeded with well-known diet. After randomization into different gatherings and before inception of investigation, the rats were acclimatized for a time of 7 days under standard ecological states of temperature, relative dampness, and dim/light cycle. Rats depicted as fasting were denied of food and water for 16 h ad libitum.

2.2 Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Salvia aegyptiaca L extract at the dose range of 100mg-2000mg/kg was administered orally to various group of rats comprising of 10 rats in each gathering. Mortality was seen after 72hours of administration. Acute toxicity studied were carried according to the procedure described by Litchfield and Wilcoxon [26].

2.3 Experimental Design

2.3.1 Treatment pattern in normoglycemic animals

Five groups of animals, 6 animals in each group received the below treatment pattern Group I: Normal control Group II: Standard Tolbutamide (50mg/kg, p.o)


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Group III: Salvia aegyptiaca L (250mg/kg, p.o) Group IV: Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/kg, p.o)

The above study is undertaken in two different animals’ models. Wisters Rats of either sex weighing about 140- 160 gms were selected for study. The animal was divided into four groups of six each and fastened overnight. The first group taken as control group was given carboxymethyl cellulose 2 gms, dissolved in 5 ml of water for 14 days. The second group was given the standard drug Tolbutamide 50 mg/kg for 14 days. The rest of the groups were given Salvia aegyptiaca L in dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 14days respectively. The blood was collected from retroorbital plexus on 1st day, 7

th day and 14

th

day and glucose levels were estimated by glucometer. 2.3.2 Induction of diabetes in experimental

animals The experimental rats were made diabetic by a single dose intraperitoneal (i.p) infusion of alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) [27]. Alloxan were weighed separately for every rat as per the body weight and afterward solubilized with 0.2 ml solution of saline (154mM NaCl) only before infusion. Two days after alloxan infusion, animals with plasma glucose levels of >140 mg/dl were considered for the examination. Treatment with plant extracts was began 48 hours after alloxan infusion. 2.3.3 Treatment pattern in diabetes animals

Five groups of animals, 6 animals in each group received the following treatment pattern

Group I: Normal control Group II: Alloxan treated (100mg/kg.ip) Group III: Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Standard Tolbutamide (50mg/kg, p.o) Group IV: Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Salvia aegyptiaca L (250mg/kg, p.o). Group V: Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/kg,p.o)

It consists of observing the effect of the Salvia aegyptiaca L in albino rats treated with alloxan induced diabetic rats. Wisters Rats of either sex weighing about 140-160gms were selected for study. All the animals were kept on the standard diet throughout the study, and were kept on

fasting overnight before the study made next day. They were divided into five groups of six animal each. Salvia aegyptiaca L and standard drug Tolbutamide were administered with the assist of feeding cannula. Group I serve as normal control group, which received saline solution for 14 days. Group II to Group VI are diabetic rats (which previously received alloxan 100 mg/kg.ip) are given a fixed oral dose of Standard Tolbutamide 50 mg/kg, Salvia aegyptiaca L (250 mg/kg, per oral), and Salvia aegyptiaca L (500 mg/kg, per oral), for 14 consecutive days. 2.3.4 Collection of blood sample for blood

glucose determination

Blood samples had been drawn from animal at weekly durations till the end of 2 weeks. Estimation of fasting blood glucose and determination of body weight were executed on day 1, 7, and 14 day of the study. Estimation of blood glucose may be accomplished by glucose test strips (electronic glucometer using).

2.3.5 Histopathology of pancreas of rats

The entire pancreas from each animal were removed after sacrificing the animal and was amassed in 10% solution of formaldehyde, and quickly processed by the paraffin method. Sections of 5µ thickness had been reduce and stained via hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) for histological examination. Histopathology of rat liver was done with the aid of a modified Luna method (Luna LG., 1999) [28]. In short, the autopsied livers have been washed in regular saline and glued in 10% formalin for 2 days accompanied with bovine solution for 6 hours. Then the rat’s livers have been paraffin embedded and five µ thickness microtone sections were made [29]. The sections have been processed in alcohol-xylene series and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The histopathological slides were studied under a mild micro-scope for any histological damage/protection.

2.4 Statistical Analysis All the estimations were communicated as Mean± S.E.M(standard error of mean) and examine for ANOVA and as well as Dunnett’s t-test.


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3. RESULTS

The phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiaca L shows the presence of phenols, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, but saponins are absent are shown in Table 1.

The acute oral toxicity study of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract showed no mortality upto 2000 mg/kg. Hence extract found to be safe for animal dosing. The effect of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract in normoglycemic animals are shown in the Table 2 and Graph 1. Group II which received standard Tolbutamide (50 mg/kg) alone for 14 days showed reduction in blood glucose level, while Group III and IV received standard Salvia aegyptiaca L (250 mg/ kg, p.o) and Salvia aegyptiaca L (500 mg/ kg, p.o) alone for 14days also showed decrease in blood glucose level, indicates that Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract can be used to treat diabetes. The effect of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract in alloxan fed animals are shown in the Table 3 and Graph 2. Group II which received standard Tolbutamide (50 mg/kg) + Alloxan (100 mg/kg.ip) for 14 days showed reduction in blood glucose level, while Group III

and IV received Salvia aegyptiaca L (250 mg/ kg, p.o) + Alloxan (100 mg/kg.ip) and Salvia aegyptiaca L (500 mg/ kg, p.o)+ Alloxan (100 mg/kg.ip) for 14days also showed decrease in blood glucose level, indicating effectiveness of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leaves extract in treating diabetes. Histopathology of rats pancreas shows no damage to islet cells of pancreas in alloxan treated groups, indicating antidiabetic activity of Salvia aegyptiaca L (Figs. 1-5).

Table 1. Results of phytochemical

constituents of ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiaca L

Phytochemical compounds

Present/Absent

Phenols + Flavonoids + Steroids + Proteins + Glycosides + Carbohydrates + Lipids + Alkaloids + Tannins + Terpenoids + Saponins -

+= Present -=Absent

Table 2. Effect of Salvia aegyptiaca L. on basal blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats

Groups Treatment Blood glucose level (mg/dl) Day 1 Day 7 Day 14

Groups I Normal control 83.2±2.4 82.6±3.2 81.4±4.1 Groups II Standard Tolbutamide (50mg/kg) 84.6±8.1 75.2±6.4** 62.6±6.2** Groups III Salvia aegyptiaca L (250mg/ kg, p.o) 86.4±6.3 80.4±5.7* 74.2±6.4* Groups IV Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/ kg,p.o) 81.1±3.8 75.2±5.4** 66.6±4.8**

Values are mean ± SEM (n=6) one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test, Where, * represents significant at <0.05, * * represents significant at < 0.01,

and *** represents very significant at p<0.001. All values are compared with normal control

Table 3. Effect of Salvia aegyptiaca L. on blood glucose in alloxan treated rats

Groups Treatment Blood glucose level (mg/dl) Day 1 Day 7 Day 14

Groups I Normal control 81.4±1.4 80.8±2.4 80.1±1.2 Groups II Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) 212.4±3.4 232.4±6.6 252±3.6 Groups III Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Standard

Tolbutamide (50mg/kg,p.o) 210.2±5.2 142.8±2.2** 68.6±5.3**

Groups IV Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Salvia aegyptiaca L (250mg/ kg,p.o)

215.3±2.4 168.5±3.2* 83.6±1.2*

Groups V Alloxan (100mg/kg,i.p) + Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/kg, p.o)

220.6±2.5 156.4±2.6** 81.2±2.6**

Values are mean ± SEM (n=6) one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test, Where, * represents significant at <0.05, * * represents significant at < 0.01,

and *** represents very significant at p<0.001. All values are compared with toxicant

Graph 1. Effect of Salvia aegyptiaca

Graph 2. Effect of Salvia

3.1 Histopathology of Diabetic Rats Pancreas

Fig. 1. Group I-Shows normal pancreas

0

20

40

60

80

100

Normal control Tolbutamide

Blo

od

glu

co

se

lev

el

(mg

/dl)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Normal control Alloxan (100mg/kg.ip) B

loo

d g

luco

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ev

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(mg

/dl)

Ahmad et al.; JPRI, 32(12): 122-131, 2020; Article no.

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Salvia aegyptiaca L. on basal blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats

Salvia aegyptiaca L. on blood glucose in alloxan treated rats

Diabetic Rats Pancreas

Shows normal pancreas Fig. 2. Group II-Shows decrease number of

Islet and damage of Acini

Standard Tolbutamide

(50mg/kg)

Salvia aegyptiaca L (250mg/ kg, p.o)

Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/ kg,p.o)

Treatment groups

Alloxan (100mg/kg.ip)

Alloxan (100mg/kg.ip)+

Standard Tolbutamide

(50mg/kg,p.o)

Alloxan (100mg/kg.ip) +

Salvia aegyptiaca L(250mg/ kg, p.o)


Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/ kg,

p.o)

Treatment groups

; Article no.JPRI.59279

on basal blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats

on blood glucose in alloxan treated rats

Shows decrease number of Islet and damage of Acini

Salvia aegyptiaca L


Salvia aegyptiaca L (500mg/ kg,

Fig. 3. Group III-Shows normal structures of pancreas

Fig. 5. Group V

4. DISCUSSION In preliminary screening of ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiaca L shows the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, but sareported to be absent. The acute toxicity of ethanolic leaves extract of Salvia aegyptiacawere tested, its shows that high doses of extract were tolerated without significant over mortality or signs of toxicity. The relatively high dose of thextract used in the current pharmacological experiments may represent the low concentration of the active constituents present in the extract. In the previous study, it has reported that crude extract methanol and acetone of S. aegyptiacahave central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect, manifested as sedation and antinociception. Both extracts had also reported with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity [30]. It has previously reported that atropine inhibits the hypotensive and spactions of Salvia aegyptiaca [31].

The recent study also reported that phytochemical screening of Salvia shows the presence of many compounds

Ahmad et al.; JPRI, 32(12): 122-131, 2020; Article no.

128

Shows normal structures of Fig. 4. Group IV-Shows no damage to pancreas

Fig. 5. Group V-shown normal structures of pancreas

In preliminary screening of ethanolic leaves L shows the

presence of various phytochemical compounds such as, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, but saponins are reported to be absent. The acute toxicity of

Salvia aegyptiaca L were tested, its shows that high doses of extract were tolerated without significant over mortality or signs of toxicity. The relatively high dose of the extract used in the current pharmacological experiments may represent the low concentration of the active constituents present in the extract.

In the previous study, it has reported that crude extract methanol and acetone of S. aegyptiaca have central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect, manifested as sedation and antinociception. Both extracts had also reported

inflammatory and antipyretic activity [30]. It has previously reported that atropine inhibits the hypotensive and spasmogenic

The recent study also reported that Salvia species

shows the presence of many compounds

belonging mainly to the group of phenolic acids, coumarins, polysaccharides, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, anthocyanins and essential oils [32]. Numerous mechanisms of actions have been suggested for Salvia A few theories identify with their impacts on the movement of pancreatic beta cells, increment in the inhibitory impact against the insulinase protein, increment insulin affectability or the insulin like impact of the plant extracts. Different numerous mechanisms additionally be included, for example, enhanced peripheral usage of glucose, expanding the synthesis of hepatic glycogen or decline of glycogenolysis, hindrance of intestinal retention of glucose, decrease in glycemic index of starches and decrease in the impact of glutathione.

It has reported that methanol extracts of aegyptiaca showed a phenolic description, composed of 14 recognize phenolic compounds. Polyphenolics of Salvia aegyptiaca4 phenolic acids (ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid), 3 phenolic diterpenes (carnosol, methylcarnosic acid),5flavones(cirsimaritin,genkwanin, luteolin and salvigenin) and 2 flavone glycosides (luteolin-7-Oglucoside and apigenin7-glucoside). Many of the Salvia species conformed to be rich in phenolic compounds,

; Article no.JPRI.59279

Shows no damage to

belonging mainly to the group of phenolic acids, coumarins, polysaccharides, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, anthocyanins and essential oils [32]. Numerous mechanisms of

Salvia species. dentify with their impacts on the

movement of pancreatic beta cells, increment in the inhibitory impact against the insulinase protein, increment insulin affectability or the insulin like impact of the plant extracts. Different

ally be included, for example, enhanced peripheral usage of glucose, expanding the synthesis of hepatic glycogen or decline of glycogenolysis, hindrance of intestinal retention of glucose, decrease in

index of starches and decrease in the

It has reported that methanol extracts of Salvia showed a phenolic description,

composed of 14 recognize phenolic compounds. Salvia aegyptiaca composed of

hydroxybenzoic ffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid), 3

carnosol, methyl carnosate, carnosic acid),5flavones(cirsimaritin, apigenin,

salvigenin) and 2 flavone Oglucoside and apigenin-

Salvia species conformed to be rich in phenolic compounds,


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specially; rosmarinic acid was highly enormously represented in the genus [33-36]. A huge spectrum of natural activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral activities, antitumor and antibacterial were related to the bioactive compounds of Salvia species, for example, predominantly polyphenolics. Previously it was defined that good antioxidant activity was linked to the highest amount of rosmarinic acid. It is also stated that numerous biological effects of rosmarinic acid including hinder the HIV-1, preventing the blood clots, antitumor, anti-inflammation, antihepatitis and securing the liver. Data published within the literature confirmed that the influence of the distillation method on polyphenolic contents in several species Salvia of the Lamiaceae family.

5. CONCLUSION In this research article phytochemical and antidiabetic activity of Salvia aegyptiaca L extract were studied. The phytochemical screening of Salvia aegyptiaca L ethanolic leave extracts showed the various phytochemical constituents. This study also showed that the leaves extracts of Salvia aegyptiaca L (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) significantly decreases the glucose level in both normoglycemic and alloxan induced diabetics rats, when compared with standard Tolbutamide group. Previous literature had reported that, polyphenolics are the important phytochemical responsible for various pharmacological properties and as well as antioxidant activities. Further research is expected to decide the specific mechanism(s) of activity of the different constituents in the extract concentrates. It is conceivable that the extract contains numerous compound that exerts more than one activity by means of various mechanisms.

CONSENT It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL Animal ethic committee approval has been collected and preserved by the author all animal analyse was done as per the rules of cpcsea and research study was endorsed by the iaec (institutional animal ethical committee) nizam institute of pharmacy, hyderabad, india, with registration number (1330/ac/10/cpcsea).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank to all staffs of College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for helping me in each step to carrying this research successfully.

COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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