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PHYSIOLOGY: an Introduction
Mark Louie D. LopezDepartment of BiologyCollege of SciencePolytechnic University of the Philippines
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PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of how living organisms work.
• It is always interested in function and integration—how
things work together at various levels of organization and, most importantly, in the entire organism.
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PHYSIOLOGY
“After carrying out an analysis of phenomena, we
must always reconstruct our physiologicalsynthesis, so as to see the joint action of all theparts we have isolated . . . .”
Bernard Claude
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INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY
Biology
ChemistryPhysics
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Process Physical/Chemical Principle Involve
Nerve electrical conduction Ohm’s law
Gas exchange Boyle’s law
Animal locomotion: blood flow Gravity and Inertia
Muscle contraction and relaxation Kinetic and Potential Energy
Anabolic and catabolic metabolism Law of Thermodynamics
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SUBDISCIPLINES
PHYSIOLOGYEvolutionary
Comparative
Environmental
Developmental
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SUBDISCIPLINE OF PHYSIOLOGY
Sub-discipline Focus
Comparative Physiology Comparison of physiological and evolutionary patterns
Environmental Physiology Evolutionary adaptation
Evolutionary Physiology Evolution of animals in physiological point of view
Developmental Physiology Physiological processes duringdevelopment
Cell Physiology Vital information in cell, and tissue physiology
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WHY DO WE STUDY ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Scientific curiosityCommercial and Agricultural Applications
Insight to Human Physiology
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CENTRAL THEME IN ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Acclimatization and Acclimation
HomeostatisStructure /Function
Relationship
Feedback Control Systems
Conformity and
RegulationAdaptation
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ANATOMY VS PHYSIOLOGY
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ANATOMY VS PHYSIOLOGY
FUNCTIONSTRUCTURE
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LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
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LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• Chemical level• Atoms, molecules, macromolecules
• Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
• Cellular level• Cell
• The functional and structural unit of life
• Basic and specialized functions
• Specialized function requires differentiation
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LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• Tissue level• Cells of similar shape and specialized function
• Muscle Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
• Nerve Tissue
• Connective Tissue
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LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• Tissue level• Cells of similar shape and specialized function
• Muscle Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
• Nerve Tissue
• Connective Tissue
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TYPES OF TISSUES
•Muscle Tissue• facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls
• found on:• muscles attached to bones
• muscle layer in digestive tract
• muscle layer in heart
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TYPES OF TISSUES
• Epithelial Tissue• covers surfaces
• lines insides of organs and body cavities
• found on:
• epidermis of skin
• inner lining of the digestive tract
• inner lining of the urinary bladder
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TYPES OF TISSUES
•Nervous Tissue• controls activities or processes
information• found on:
• brain and spinal cord
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TYPES OF TISSUES
• Connective Tissue• protects, binds together and
• supports organs
• found on:• dermis of skin
• ligaments and tendons
• blood
• fat in body
• nose and articular cartilage in some joints
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LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• Organ level• Composed of two or more tissues that perform a
common function
• Organs system level• Composed of two or more organs that work to perform a
common functions that is essential to survival
• Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular
• Human body contains 11 systems
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ORGANISM
• Collection of body systems working together to maintain life.
• Strive to maintain an internal balance• Homeostasis
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PHYSIOLOGY LITERATURES
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HOMEOSTASIS
Maintain – keep up.
Constant – the same.
Internal – inside the body.
Environment – surroundings of the body.
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HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a constant environment in the body is called
Homeostasis
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HOMEOSTASIS
The internal environment is made up of the extra cellular fluid or ECF
Cells that are isolated from the external environment can still exchange materials with the ECF
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INTERNAL COMPONENTS OFHOMEOSTASIS
All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properlyTemperature
pH of the internal environment
Concentration of nutrients and waste products
Concentration of salt and other electrolytes
Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
Hormonal ControlLectu
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CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE
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CONTROL OF WASTES
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CONTROL OF SALTS AND IONS
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CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION
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HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL SYSTEM
Network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level
Local (intrinsic) controlsInherent, or built into a particular organ
Systemic (extrinsic) controlsOutside of an organInvolves neural and endocrine regulation
Coordinates various organs and systemsLe
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LOCAL CONTROL
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SYSTEMIC CONTROL
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ORGAN SYSTEM COORDINATION
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FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN HOMOESTASIS
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FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN HOMOESTASIS
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
• Negative feedback control mechanisms are called negative because the information caused by the feedback causes a reverse of the response.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
• Positive feedback control occurs when information produced by the feedback increases and accelerates the response.
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
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POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
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