physiology 6-external-respiration
TRANSCRIPT
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EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
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Processes in respiration
• (1) external respiration (pulmonary ventilation); • (2) exchange of gases in the lungs between
alveolar air and blood of lung capillaries; • (3) blood gas transport; • (4) exchange of gases in the tissues between
the blood in capillaries of systemic circulation and tissue cells;
• (5) internal respiration (biological oxidation on cell mitochondria).
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Changes in the position of diaphragm & chest during quiet
breathing.
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Diaphragm & thoracis cavity movements
inhalation exhalation
РAbdominal cavity
Р intrapleural-6 mm Hg
Р intrapleural-3 mm Hg
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Inspiratory muscles
• muscular part of the diaphragm • external intercostals & intercartilarginous
parts of the internal intercostal muscles • the scalenus, the major and minor
pectoralis , the serratus anterior, trapezius, rhomboidei & the levatores scapulae muscles.
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Mechanics of costal movements
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Expiratory muscles
• Peaceful expiration is passive• abdominal muscles & internal
intercostal muscles
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Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura Pleural cavity
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Intrapleural Pressure• At the end of a quiet expiration, the pleural
pressure (Ppl ,) approximates —3 cm H2O.
• The alveolar pressure (PA) is equal to atmospheric.
• The difference PA - Ppl = 3cm H2O is the transpulmonary pressure (PL).
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Factors forming negative pressure in the pleural cavity
• Hermeticized cavity (closed volume)• In embrio thorasic cavity grows faster than
lung parenhime• Sucking force of parietal & visceral pleura• Elastic recoil force
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Elastic recoil force of the lungs
• (1) surface tension in the alveolar fluid film lining the alveoli
• (2) tissue elasticity of the alveolar walls due to the elastic fiber`s.
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Surfactant effects
•Fats, mainly lecithin•Produced by pneumocytes of II type
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Surfactant effects
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Surfactant effects
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Lung volumes are measured by a spirometer. A cross-section of the spirometer is shownon the left. With inspiration, the pen shows an upward deflection on the spirogram, and with expiration, a downward deflection. On the right, a spirogram illustrating the different lung volumes is depicted. Note that the functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC) cannot be measured directly with a spirometer.
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Lung Volumes
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Lung Volumes• The volume of air breathed in and out during quiet breathing is
about 500 ml (from 300 to 800 ml) and is known as the tidal volume.
• The maximal volume of air that can be additionally inspired in deep inspiration is about 3000 ml. This is the inspiratory_reserve volume.
• The maximal volume of air that can be expired after quiet expiration is about 1300 ml and is called the expiratory reserve volume.
• The sum of these volumes is the vital capacity of the lungs (VC): 500 + 3000 + 1300 = 4800 ml The VC is slightly higher in the male (4000-5500 ml) than in the female (3000-4500 ml).
• A considerable volume of air (about 1200 ml) remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. It is called the residual volume.
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Pneumothorax
• closed pneumothorax is the presence of small volume of air within the pleural cavity
• In open pneumothorax the pleural cavity has a direct communication with atmospheric air (the thorax is open by wound or during intrathoracic operations)
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Resistance to respiration• ELASTIC (evaluated by – VC/PVC х
100%)• NON-ELASTIC
А) VISCOUSB) AERODYNAMIC(evaluated by Votchal-Tiffno index VFE/VC х 100%)
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DEAD SPACE
• ANATOMICAL (150 ml)
• PHYSIOLOGICAL
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Bronchial tree
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Functions of airconducting pathways
• Warm up the air• Cleanse the air• Air is becoming more humid
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