physiological psychology. explanation of behaviour that refer to the body systems – cells,...
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PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Explanation of behaviour that refer to the body systems – cells, muscles, blood, hormones and the
nervous system.
Miranda
Psychology
Physiological Psychology
STRESS
Section 1
Stress as a bodily response
Section 2
Sources of stress
Section 3
Critical Issues: Stress management
What is stress?
Pressures, demands (stressors),exert force on the body, stress isthe body’s response to this.
A stress response is an innate,defensive and adaptive reaction
Stress levels also depend onwhether the person feels that theycan cope with demands placed onthem or not
SNAP
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Stress Definition
Stress is a state of psychological and physical tension produced when an individual perceives that they are unable to cope with the demands imposed on them by a stressor.
The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress)
Effects of stress
STRESSORS
Family Relations
Disagreements
Money Worries
Need to Succeed
Exams
Friends
Decisions
New Situations
FLIGHT
FIGHT
RETURN TO NORMAL
COPING
COPING STRATEGIES
RELAXATION
NOT COPING
POSSIBLE DISEASE OR MENTAL ILLNESS
EXHAUSTION
POOR DIET
NO EXERCISE
NEGATIVE THOUGHT
IRRITABILITY
The Biology Of StressPHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL :
Walter Cannon(1932) The response to stress
Stress and the nervous system
Neurons
Neurotransmitters
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Automatically responds to stressor
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GLANDS
HORMONES
Contrasting Communication Systems
Nervous Endocrine
Consists of nerve cells
Acts by transmitting nerve impulses
Acts rapidly
Direct control
Specified localised effects of neurotransmitters
Short lived effects
Consists of ductless glands
Acts by releasing hormones
Acts slowly
Indirect control
Hormones spread around body
Hormones remain in blood for some time
Homeostasis
The process of maintaining a reasonable constant internal environment in the body.
98.6 F or
37 ºC
Work together to control stress response
SAM
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System
HPA
-Hypothalamic
-Pituitary
-Adrenal - axis
Effects of SAM activity
• Heightened activity of SAM prepares us for Fight or Flight.
Increase in energyIncreased alertnessIncreased blood flow to the musclesIncreased heart and respiration rateReduced activity in digestive systemIncreased release of clotting factors in the bloodAdrenaline and Noradrenaline increase the output
of the heart ,which can cause increase in Blood Pressure.
Effects of HPA activity
+ Cortisol is important for coping with long term stress,it maintains a steady supply of fuel.
+Glucocorticoids conserve glucos for neural tissues, elevate or stabilise blood glucose levels,mobilise protein reserves, conserve salts and water.
+Cortisol helps reverse bodies initial stress responses and helps body to revert to a stable state.
Effects of HPA activity
- The blood has elevated levels of glucose (for energy) and hormones (ACTH and adrenaline) so the body continues to use its resources fast.
- The anti inflammatory action of glucocorticoids slows wound healing
- Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system which protects the body against viruses and bacteria.(so we are more likely to pick up infection.)
General Adaptation Syndrome
G . A . S
Hans Selye(1936) - ‘STRESS’ research PIONEER
Rats showed same symptoms in response to all of
Stimuli.
General state of ‘stress’
STAGE 1 . ALARM:
STAGE 2. RESISTANCE
STAGE 3. EXHAUSTION
Evaluation of GAS
+ Pioneering research into stress+ Alerted medicine to the importance of stress in disease- Not much attention paid to SAM , the relationship
between SAM and HPA not fully appreciated- Stress does not always produce the same physiological
patterns. Mason (1975)different patterns of adrenaline/noradrenaline and cortisol for different stressors.
- Criticised for use of non human animals- Suggestion that people respond in a passive way to
stress. Mason.
How does stress cause physical illness?
DIRECTLY INDIRECTLY
SUPPRESSING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Leucocytes (white blood cells)
Lymphocytes (B Cells or T Cells)
Anti bodies
Natural killer cells
Endorphins
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Hypertension
CHD
Strokes
Changes in health practices that will increase risk of illness
Smoking
Drinking
Drugs
Sleeplessness
Exercise less
What sorts of illness does stress cause?
Ulcers
Brady
CHD
Friedman & Rosenman
Hypertension
Cobb & Rose
Monkey
Business Man
Air Traffic Controller
Sources of Stress
Lesson objectives:
Identifying sources of stress
Theory-Assessing own stress levels using SRRS, a way of identifying a link with life events, sources of stress and illness.
Evidence for SRRS
Evaluating this approach
Checking knowledge.
SOURCES OF STRESS
Transactional Model Cox (1978)
LIFE EVENTS
as stressors
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Holmes and Rahe
Key Study : Rahe et al
stress of life events
Correlationstress related illness
De Longis et al
DAILY HASSLES & UPLIFTS
e.g. rising prices
home maintenance
crime
physical appearance (bad hair day?)
weight
recreation
relations with friends / family
good weather
job promotion
Work Place Stress
Pressures of work Work environment
Key Study : Marmot et al
‘Workplace Stressors’
BURNOUT
NOISE (Glass et al)
Predictability Controllability
Higher Stress?
Control Lack of Control
Langer and Rodin
‘Old Peoples Homes’
Individual DifferencesCan be innate or learned
Weg
Anderson
Cooper et al
Bailey & Dua
Personality – Friedman & Rosenman
Gender
Culture
Hardiness - KobasaTaylorFranken HouserHastrup et alOgdenGyton & Hall
STRESS !
Critical Issue
STRESS MANAGEMENT
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Physiological Approaches Psychological Approaches
Bio feedback Cognitive therapies
.Stress inoculation
training
Anti Anxiety Drugs .Hardiness training
Beta Blockers
Benzodiazepines Social Support
MULTIDIMENTIONAL COPING INVENTORY
Coping strategies that different people use to handle
stressful situation
• Task orientated strategy• Emotional orientated strategy• Avoidance orientated strategy