physiochemical characterization of starch from different sorghum varieties

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Physicochemical characteriza0on of starch from different sorghum varie0es Sarah Beazley, Lynsey Jones, Alexis Prillhart, Philipus Pangloli, Vermont P Dia Results Conclusions and Future Direc2ons Starch isolated from different varie2es of sorghum showed similar morphology as determined by polarized microscopy. The gela2niza2on temperature of sorghum starches ranged from 65.16 to 87.5 °C as measured by differen2al scanning calorimetry. Physicochemical and rheological proper2es of starch obtained from different sorghum varie2es are similar to each other. Our preliminary results provide the evidence for the poten2al applica2on of sorghum starch for food and food products. Tes2ng of sorghum starch in different food products must be carried out. References 1. de MoraisCardoso et al. (2015). Sorghum (sorghum bicolor l.): Nutrients, Bioac0ve Compounds, and Poten0al Impact on Human Health. Crit. Rev. Fd. Sci Nutr. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.887057. 2. ) Beta T, Chisi M, Monyo ES. 2004. Sorghum/harvest, storage, and transport. In: Wrigley CW, Corke H, Walker CE, editors. Encyclopedia of grain science. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 119–26. 3. Roemer, Earl. 2012, Food. United Sorghum Checkoff. http://sorghumcheckoff.com/food/ Acknowledgement Dr. Angela McClure for providing sorghum samples. Figure 1. Polarized microscope images of sorghum starch isolated from different varie2es of sorghum. All starch samples showed similar morphology under polarized light showing birefringent property of starch granules consistent with the appearance of other commercially available starches. Figure 4. Swelling power and solubility of sorghum starches are similar to each other. Significant differences were not detected in solubility and swelling power of starches obtained from different varie2es of sorghum (P > 0.05). A B D E C F 24 °C 41 °C 54 °C 68 °C 81 °C Figure 2. Changes in the appearance of sorghum starch variety B granules during hea2ng. Sorghum starch at room temperature shows the regular birefringent property common to all starches. Hea2ng in the presence of water shows that sorghum starch started to swell associated with water imbibi2on during hea2ng at 41 °C, starch granules con2nue to swell un2l 68 °C. At 81 °C, sorghum starch granules are completely disrupted indica2ng complete gela2niza2on. Sorghum Variety Onset of Gela2niza2on Temperature (°C) Peak Temperature (°C) End of Gela2niza2on Temperature (°C) Enthalpy of Gela2niza2on (J/g) A 65.16 69.89 85.5 87.4 87.0 87.5 86.9 84.9 4.145 3.438 3.422 2.835 3.767 3.576 B 65.8 69.71 C 66.34 66.93 66.7 66.0 70.76 71.48 70.96 70.28 D E F Table 1. Thermal proper2es of starch obtained from different varie2es of sorghum as determined by differen2al scanning calorimetry. Figure 3. Representa2ve differen2al scanning calorimetry curve for sorghum variety A. The curve was used to determine the different thermal proper2es for each sorghum starch as listed in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, thermal proper2es of sorghum starches are very similar to each other indica2ng uniformity of starch that can be obtained from sorghum. Abstract Sorghum is one of the most important crops in the United States. The objec0ve of this study is to characterized starch isolated from different varie0es of sorghum in order to explore the poten0al food applica0ons of sorghum starch. Starch from presoaked sorghum was extracted by blending with water followed by sieving, standing and centrifuga0on. A\er centrifuga0on, the pellet was dried under vacuum and the dried material, starch, was ground to fine par0cles. The starch was characterized for their gela0niza0on, solubility, swelling power and gela0on proper0es. Morphology of starch granules was visualized using polarized microscope. Preliminary data indicate that onset of gela0niza0on ranged from 65.2 to 66.9 °C, gela0niza0on temperature of 69.7 to 71.5 °C and end of gela0niza0on of 85.6 to 87.5 °C. The enthalpy associated with starch gela0niza0on ranged from 2.8 to 4.1 J/g. Our results will provide preliminary evidence to support the use of sorghum starch for food and food products. 0 5 10 15 20 A B C D E F Swelling Power Sorghum Variety A 0 10 20 30 40 A B C D E F Percentage Solubility Sorghum Variety B A B D E C F Figure 5. Least gela2on concentra2on of sorghum starches ranged from 3.2%(varii2es A, D, E and F) to 6.4% (varie2es B and C) as indicated by an arrow. Least gela2on concentra2on refers to the lowest concentra2on of starch that will lead to forma2on of a threedimensional network called gel. Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 379964591, USA Introduc2on Sorghum is the fi\h most produced cereal in the world and contains bioac0ves with poten0al healthpromo0ng proper0es 1 . Plays a cri0cal role in food security for some semiarid areas of Asia, Africa, and La0n America 2 Sorghum is a good wheat subs0tute for those who cannot tolerate gluten. Sorghum is an excellent source of energy, containing about 75% complex carbohydrates. It is also a good source of iron and zinc and is rich in B complex vitamins. It provides phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and phytosterols 2 . Objec2ve The objec0ve of this study was: To characterize starch isolated from different varie0es of sorghum in order to explore the poten0al food applica0ons of sorghum starch Materials & Methods Extrac2on of starch Morphology of starch granules Starch was observed under a polarizing microscope Determina2on of changes in starch granule morphology as affected by hea2ng Samples were heated using a hot stage and changes in the morphology of starch granules were observed during hea2ng. Determina2on of thermal proper2es The samples were analyzed using differen2al scanning calorimetry; onset of gela2niza2on, peak temperature, end of gela2niza2on, and enthalpy of gela2niza2on were recorded Determina2on of solubility and swelling power Solubility was calculated as the weight of soluble dry powder divided by weight of ini2al sample Swelling power was calculated as the weight of wet sediment divided by the weight of ini2al sample Determina2on of least gela2on concentra2on Starch concentra2ons of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4% were placed in plas2c tubes. Aeer gela2niza2on and cooling, the lowest concentra2on at which the starch gel did not slip was the least gela2on concentra2on 100g of each of the 6 samples was soaked in 0.1% sodium bisulfite solu2on for 24 hours Blended using a Waring Blender Mixture was sieved using a 100 mesh sieve and the filtrate was allowed to segle overnight. The precipitate was repeatedly washed with water aeer centrifuga2on three 2mes. The precipitate was vacuum dried, ground and called sorghum starch.

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Page 1: Physiochemical characterization of starch from different sorghum varieties

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

   

 

 

 

 

 

Physicochemical  characteriza0on  of  starch  from  different  sorghum  varie0es  

Sarah Beazley, Lynsey Jones, Alexis Prillhart, Philipus Pangloli, Vermont P Dia

Results  

Conclusions  and  Future  Direc2ons  •   Starch  isolated  from  different  varie2es  of  sorghum  showed  similar  morphology  as  determined  by  polarized  microscopy.  •   The  gela2niza2on  temperature  of  sorghum  starches  ranged  from  65.16  to  87.5  °C  as  measured  by  differen2al  scanning  calorimetry.  •   Physicochemical  and  rheological  proper2es  of  starch  obtained  from  different  sorghum  varie2es  are  similar  to  each  other.  •   Our  preliminary  results  provide  the  evidence  for  the  poten2al  applica2on  of  sorghum  starch  for  food  and  food  products.  •   Tes2ng  of  sorghum  starch  in  different  food  products  must  be  carried  out.  

References  1.  de  MoraisCardoso  et  al.  (2015).  Sorghum  (sorghum  bicolor  l.):  Nutrients,  Bioac0ve  Compounds,  and  Poten0al  Impact  on  Human  Health.  Crit.  Rev.  Fd.  Sci  Nutr.  DOI:  10.1080/10408398.2014.887057.  2. ) Beta T, Chisi M, Monyo ES. 2004. Sorghum/harvest, storage, and transport. In: Wrigley CW, Corke H, Walker CE, editors. Encyclopedia of grain science. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 119–26.  3.  Roemer, Earl. 2012, Food. United Sorghum Checkoff. http://sorghumcheckoff.com/food/

Acknowledgement  Dr.  Angela  McClure  for  providing  sorghum  samples.    

Figure  1.  Polarized  microscope  images  of  sorghum  starch  isolated  from  different  varie2es  of  sorghum.  All  starch  samples  showed  similar  morphology  under  polarized  light  showing  birefringent  property  of  starch  granules  consistent  with  the  appearance  of  other  commercially  available  starches.    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

   

 

 

 

 

 

Figure  4.  Swelling  power  and  solubility  of  sorghum  starches  are  similar  to  each  other.  Significant  differences  were  not  detected  in  solubility  and  swelling  power  of  starches  obtained  from  different  varie2es  of  sorghum  (P  >  0.05).    

A   B  

D   E  

C  

F  

24  °C   41  °C   54  °C   68  °C   81  °C  

Figure  2.  Changes  in  the  appearance  of  sorghum  starch  variety  B  granules  during  hea2ng.  Sorghum  starch  at  room  temperature  shows  the  regular  birefringent  property  common  to  all  starches.  Hea2ng  in  the  presence  of  water  shows  that  sorghum  starch  started  to  swell  associated  with  water  imbibi2on  during  hea2ng  at  41  °C,  starch  granules  con2nue  to  swell  un2l  68  °C.  At  81  °C,  sorghum  starch  granules  are  completely  disrupted  indica2ng  complete  gela2niza2on.  

Sorghum  Variety  

Onset  of  Gela2niza2on  

Temperature  (°C)  

Peak  Temperature  (°C)   End  of  Gela2niza2on  Temperature  (°C)  

Enthalpy  of  Gela2niza2on  (J/g)  

A   65.16   69.89   85.5  87.4  87.0  87.5  86.9  84.9  

4.145  3.438  3.422  2.835  3.767  3.576  

B   65.8   69.71  C   66.34  

66.93  66.7  66.0  

70.76  71.48  70.96  70.28  

D  E  F  

Table  1.  Thermal  proper2es  of  starch  obtained  from  different  varie2es  of  sorghum  as  determined  by  differen2al  scanning  calorimetry.                                      

Figure  3.  Representa2ve  differen2al  scanning  calorimetry  curve  for  sorghum  variety  A.  The  curve  was  used  to  determine  the  different  thermal  proper2es  for  each  sorghum  starch  as  listed  in  Table  1.  As  shown  in  Table  1,  thermal  proper2es  of  sorghum  starches  are  very  similar  to  each  other  indica2ng  uniformity  of  starch  that  can  be  obtained  from  sorghum.  

Abstract  Sorghum  is  one  of  the  most  important  crops  in  the  United  States.  The  objec0ve  of  this  study  is  to  characterized  starch  isolated  from  different  varie0es  of  sorghum  in  order  to  explore  the  poten0al  food  applica0ons  of  sorghum  starch.  Starch  from  pre-­‐soaked  sorghum  was  extracted  by  blending  with  water  followed  by  sieving,  standing  and  centrifuga0on.  A\er  centrifuga0on,  the  pellet  was  dried  under  vacuum  and  the  dried  material,  starch,  was  ground  to  fine  par0cles.  The  starch  was  characterized  for  their  gela0niza0on,  solubility,  swelling  power  and  gela0on  proper0es.  Morphology  of  starch  granules  was  visualized  using  polarized  microscope.  Preliminary  data  indicate  that  onset  of  gela0niza0on  ranged  from  65.2  to  66.9  °C,  gela0niza0on  temperature  of  69.7  to  71.5  °C  and  end  of  gela0niza0on  of  85.6  to  87.5  °C.  The  enthalpy  associated  with  starch  gela0niza0on  ranged  from  2.8  to  4.1  J/g.  Our  results  will  provide  preliminary  evidence  to  support  the  use  of  sorghum  starch  for  food  and  food  products.  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

A   B   C   D   E   F  

Swellin

g  Po

wer  

Sorghum  Variety  

A  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

A   B   C   D   E   F  Percen

tage  Solub

ility  

Sorghum  Variety  

B  

A   B  

D   E  

C  

F  

Figure  5.  Least  gela2on  concentra2on  of  sorghum  starches  ranged  from  3.2%(varii2es  A,  D,  E  and  F)  to  6.4%  (varie2es  B  and  C)  as  indicated  by  an  arrow.  Least  gela2on  concentra2on  refers  to  the  lowest  concentra2on  of  starch  that  will  lead  to  forma2on  of  a  three-­‐dimensional  network  called  gel.  

Department  of  Food  Science  and  Technology,  The  University  of  Tennessee,  2510  River  Drive,  Knoxville,  TN  37996-­‐4591,  USA  

Introduc2on  •  Sorghum  is  the  fi\h  most  produced  cereal  in  the  

world  and  contains  bioac0ves  with  poten0al  health-­‐promo0ng  proper0es1.  

•  Plays  a  cri0cal  role  in  food  security  for  some  semiarid  areas  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  La0n  America2  

•  Sorghum  is  a  good  wheat  subs0tute  for  those  who  cannot  tolerate  gluten.    

•  Sorghum  is  an  excellent  source  of  energy,  containing  about  75%  complex  carbohydrates.  It  is  also  a  good  source  of  iron  and  zinc  and  is  rich  in  B  complex  vitamins.  It  provides  phytochemicals  such  as  phenolic  acids,  anthocyanins,  and  phytosterols2.  

Objec2ve  The  objec0ve  of  this  study  was:  •  To  characterize  starch  isolated  from  different  

varie0es  of  sorghum  in  order  to  explore  the  poten0al  food  applica0ons  of  sorghum  starch  

Materials  &  Methods  •  Extrac2on  of  starch  

     

   •  Morphology  of  starch  granules  Starch  was  observed  under  a  polarizing  microscope  

•  Determina2on  of  changes  in  starch  granule  morphology  as  affected  by  hea2ng  

Samples  were  heated  using  a  hot  stage  and  changes  in  the  morphology  of  starch  granules  were  observed  during  hea2ng.  

•  Determina2on  of  thermal  proper2es  The  samples  were  analyzed  using  differen2al  scanning  calorimetry;  onset  of  gela2niza2on,  peak  temperature,  end  of  gela2niza2on,  and  enthalpy  of  gela2niza2on  were  recorded  

•  Determina2on  of  solubility  and  swelling  power  Solubility  was  calculated  as  the  weight  of  soluble  dry  powder  divided  by  weight  of  ini2al  sample  Swelling  power  was  calculated  as  the  weight  of  wet  sediment  divided  by  the  weight  of  ini2al  sample  

•  Determina2on  of  least  gela2on  concentra2on  Starch  concentra2ons  of    0.2,  0.4,  0.8,  1.6,  3.2  and  6.4%  were  placed  in  plas2c  tubes.  Aeer  gela2niza2on  and  cooling,  the  lowest  concentra2on  at  which  the  starch  gel  did  not  slip  was  the  least  gela2on  concentra2on  

100g  of  each  of  the  6  samples  was  soaked  in  0.1%  sodium  bisulfite  solu2on  for  24  hours  Blended  using  a  Waring  Blender  Mixture  was  sieved  using  a  100  mesh  sieve  and  the  filtrate  was  allowed  to  segle    overnight.  The  precipitate  was  repeatedly  washed  with  water  aeer  centrifuga2on  three  2mes.  The  precipitate  was  vacuum  dried,  ground  and  called  sorghum  starch.