physics of sound. logarithms do you know how to use your calculator? find the following functions +,...
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![Page 1: Physics of Sound. Logarithms Do you know how to use your calculator? Find the following functions +, -, x, /, ^, log The log is the exponent to which](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cba5503460f94982bfe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physics of Sound
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Logarithms
• Do you know how to use your calculator?
Find the following functions
+ , - , x , / , ^ , log
The log is the exponent to which 10 is raised, representing a number
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Antilogarithm
The antilog is 10 raised to the x power, or 10x
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Logarithms
• Solve the following together:– Log (20) = ___________
– Log (400) = ____________
• Solve on your own:– Log (0.5) = ____________
– Log 2 = _____________
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Antilogarithms
• Solve the following together:– X = 2 => _______________
– X = 4.3 => _______________
• Solve on your own:– X = 8.5 => _____________
– X = 9.0 => _____________
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What is sound?
• Any change in air pressure– The molecules in the air exerts a pressure of
over 1 ton per square foot on our ears– Must be a rapid change in sound pressure to
be heard, a small rapid change will create noise
• Travels as sound waves
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Frequency of Sound
• Rate at which complete high and low pressure regions are produced by the sound source.
• 1000 cycles per second is 1000 high and low pressure regions passing a point in one second. This is called 1000 Hertz (Hz) or 1 kHz.
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Speech frequencies
• Speech frequencies: generally regarded to be 500 to 3000 hertz
• Frequency range of perceivable sound: 20 Hz to 15,000 to 20,000 Hertz.
• Tuning forks
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Tone and Noise
• Tuning fork – pure tone and related frequencies– We cannot see the tines
moving back and forth because they are moving back and for the too quickly. Two-hundred cycles a second is too fast to see.
• Noise – random frequencies
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Noise travels through a medium
• A vibrating object creates a disturbance that travels through a medium– A train’s noise can travel through the steel
tracks by creating sound waves– The vibrations of a speaker creates sound
waves
• Frequency is the number of complete back and forth vibrations per second
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Noise travel
• Vibrational motion of the medium is set up by the object.– The vibrations set the molecule of the medium
into motion.– The motion of the molecule in the medium
sets the molecule next to it, in motion.– The transfer of energy continues as the
vibration of one molecule sets the next molecule into motion.
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Sound wave is a pressure wave
• Thus an instrument can be used to measure the oscillations of high and low pressure variations in the pressure.
• These oscillations are shown as the typical sine wave that you may have seen
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Wavelength• Distance which a disturbance travels along
the medium in one complete wave cycle.– Measured from one wave trough or crest to
the next wave trough or crest, in a transverse wave. It is from one wave compression to the next wave compression in a longitudinal wave
• With a pressure wave it is from one high pressure region to the next high pressure region
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Speed of Sound
• Sound waves are pressure disturbances traveling through a medium by means of particle interaction– How fast the disturbance is passed from
particle to particle determines the speed of sound.
– How easily the medium transfers the disturbance determines the speed, which is measured in feet per second (ft/sec)
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Speed of Sound
• Speed is equal to distance traveled per unit time.– Speed = distance/time
• If a sound waves travels 2,300 feet in 2 seconds the sound is traveling at 1,150 ft/sec
• Examples of sound travel would be the time it takes for thunder to reach the observer and an echo
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Speed of Sound
• The speed depends on the properties of the medium, the elastic properties are much greater than are the inertial properties.– Thus longitudinal sound waves will travel
faster in solids than in liquids, and longitudinal sound waves will travel faster in liquids than in gases
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Speed of Sound in air
• The speed of sound in air will depend on temperature and pressure of the air. The relationship is:
C = 1054 f/s + (1.07 f/s/oF)xT
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Speed of Sound• At 72 oF, the speed of sound is 1,130 f/s
• The delay between lightning and thunder.– Light travels 980,000,000 f/s or reaches the
observer in almost no time.
• The time delay of an echo is the same phenomenon, the distance of a reflecting surface can be determined by the time it takes for the echo to return
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Speed of Sound
• The speed of sound in different mediums at standard conditions:– In air : the velocity is 1,130 f/s– In water: the velocity is 4,700 f/s– In wood: the velocity is 13,000 f/s– In steel: the velocity is 16,500 f/s
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Speed, frequency and wavelength
• The mathematical relationship between the three is:
C = λ x f
The speed is a constant based on the properties of the medium. The length of a wave will vary with the frequency.
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Speed, frequency and wavelength
At standard conditions, the speed of sound is 1,130 f/s. Say we have a 440 hertz frequency pure tone sound, what is the wavelength of the sound?
C = λ x f
λ = C / f
λ = 1,130 / 440
λ = 2.57 feet
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Speed, frequency and wavelength
• How about air at 1,000 oF as part of an exhaust stream?
• Find the speed of sound traveling through the exhaust?
C = 1,054 f/s + (1.07 f/s)x oF
C = 1,054 + 1.07*1,000
C = 1,054 + 1070 = 2,124 f/s
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Speed, frequency and wavelength
• Engine rotating at 3,000 rpm and has 4 cylinders
3,000 * 4 = 12,000 rounds per minute
Which equals 200 rounds per second (Hz)
What is the frequency of this sound?
λ = C / f
λ = 2,124 / 200
λ = 10.62 ft
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Speed, frequency and wavelength
• What is the wavelength of the following frequencies? (at standard conditions)– λ 20 hz = ________ remember: λ = C/f
– λ 1000 hz = ________
– λ 16000 hz = ________
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Period
• The period is the time for one complete cycle of pressure transition. It is the reciprocal of the frequency.
T (sec) = 1/f
The period of a 1000 Hz sound wave is:
T = 1/f = 1/1000 = 0.001 seconds
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Period
• What is the period of a 20 Hz and a 16,000 Hz wave?
T20 Hz = 1/f =
T16000 Hz = 1/f =
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Period
• Below 20 Hz – infrasound• Above 20,000 Hz – ultrasound
– Dogs – 50 Hz to 45,000 Hz– Cats – 45 Hz to 85,000 Hz– Bats – to 120,000 Hz– Dolphins – 200,000 Hz– Elephant – down to 5 Hz and up to 10,000 Hz
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Sound Waves
• A pure tone (tuning fork) sound introduced into the room will create a change in the molecules in the room. – At 440 Hz the molecules will bunch up every 3
feet– Also there will be a net drift of molecules from
the bunched up section to the section where the molecules are further apart.
– The wave is moving toward me at 1,130 f/s
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Sound Waves
• The sound wave is traveling toward me however, the molecules are not moving toward me.– An example would be a garden hose, when I
shake it a snaky wave travels away, however, the hose is not moving only the wave energy is moving along it.
– Other examples would include: sound, water, and football fans
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Sound Waves
• Mechanical waves – they require a medium to transfer energy. So sound will not transfer through a vacuum.
• Slinky demo– Pulse and a wave – moves one coil at a time
• Medium is the slinky. In water it is the water, at a concert it is the air, at a football game it’s the fans in the stadium
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Intensity
• The amount of energy which is transported past a given area of the medium per unit time– Intensity = energy / (time x area)
• Since power is energy per unit time, it can also be written as:– Intensity = power / area
• Typical units are Watts/meter2
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Intensity
• Inverse square relationship– The mathematical relationship of intensity and
the distance from the source
– As you move away from the source (larger distance) the area gets larger and the intensity will decrease.
• If the distance from a source doubles the intensity will decrease by a factor of 4.
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Threshold of Hearing
• Humans can detect sound of very low intensity. The faintest sound which the ear can detect has an intensity of 1x10-12 W/m2.
• At this level sound will displace particles of air by a mere one-billionth of a centimeter.
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Loudness
• Loudness of a noise is a more subjective response. Factors that affect the perception of loudness includes age and frequency
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Sound Intensity
• The average rate at which sound energy is flowing through a unit area
• Intensity can be measured by means of a twin microphone probe, with signal processing by a microprocessor controlled cross correlation spectrum analyzer
• Measurement of intensity is very useful in industrial noise situations
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Decibels
• The decibel scale is a logarithmic scale. The logarithmic scale is based on multiples of 10.
• A sound which is 10 times more intense is assigned a sound level of 10 dB.
• A sound which is 100 times more intense is assigned a sound level of 20 dB.
• A sound which is 1000 times more intense is assigned a sound level of 30 dB.
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Decibels
• Threshold of hearing 0 dB• Whisper 20 dB• Normal conversation 60 dB• Street traffic 70 dB• Vacuum cleaner 80 dB• Walkman at max setting 100 dB• Threshold of Pain 130 dB• Military Jet Takeoff 140 dB
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Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
• Sound pressure is the root mean square (rms) value of the pressure changes above and below atmospheric when used to measure steady state noise.
• The sound pressure level is the ratio expressed in decibels (dB) of the rms pressure to a reference rms pressure.
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Sound Pressure Level
• Sound pressure level (Lp) is:
Lp = 10 log (P / Po)2
= 20 log (P / Po)
Where : Po= the reference sound pressure of 2 x 10-5 N/m2
Lp = sound pressure level in dB P = rms sound pressure in N/m2
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Sound Pressure Level
For a sound source having a sound pressure of 1 N/m2, what is the sound pressure level in dB?
Lp = 20 log (P/Po)
= 20 log ((1 N/m2)/(2x10-5 N/m2)
= 20 log (0.5 x 105) = 94 dB
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Sound Pressure Level
If the sound source has a sound pressure of 2x10-3 N/m2, what is the sound pressure level in dB?
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Sound Pressure Level
If the sound source has a sound pressure of 2x10-3 N/m2, what is the sound pressure level in dB?
Lp = 20 log (P/Po)
= 20 log ((2x10-3 N/m2)/(2x10-5 N/m2)
= 20 log (1 x 102) = 40 dB
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Sound Pressure Level
Weighted sound levels Fletcher-Munson curves.
Ear is most sensitive around 2 to 5 kHz
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Decibel Addition
To add individual sound levels the equation to add these is:
LT = 10log(10L1/10+10L2/10+10L3/10+…+ 10Ln/10)
Example: Two machines each operate at 93 dB at a given location. What is the sound pressure level if both machines are on?
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Decibel Addition
Add to sound pressure levels of 93 dB together
LT = 10log(10L1/10 + 10L2/10)
LT = 10log(1093/10 + 1093/10)
LT = 10log(2 x 109.3) = 96 dB
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Decibel Addition
Exercise: Three machines have the following sound pressure levels at a given measurement location: 95, 96, 100 dB
What is the resulting sound pressure level if all three machines are on?
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Decibel AdditionRule of thumb (can only be used when a limited
number of sources are added together)
0 dB difference add 3 dB to the higher value
1-1.5 dB difference add 2.5 dB
2-3 dB difference add 2 dB
3.5 to 4.5 dB add 1.5 dB
5 to 7 dB add 1 dB
7.5 to 13 dB add 0.5 dB
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Decibel Addition
• Using the rule of thumb in the previous exercise, find the total sound pressure level:
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Sound Pressure Level in decibels of common sources of noise
See page 38 and 39 in your manual
Examples: refrigerator 50 dB
rainfall 50 dB
doorbell 80 dB