physics chapter 10 p2

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CHAPTER 10: RADIOACTIVIT

1. Question 1: TrengganuA radioactive source emits twand Q is placed in front of anfield and the radioactive path i

in Diagram 1.

DIAGRAM 1

(a) Name the material of cont

.............................................

(b)(i) Complete this sentenceunderlining one correctthe box.Ray P is

(ii) Give the reason for yoin (a)(i).

.........................................

(c) Why the size of deflectiongreater than ray Q?

............................................

a n a l p h a p a r t i c le

a b e t a p a r t ic l e

a g a m m a r a y

07rays P

lectrics shown

iner X.

.............[ 1 m a r k ]

byphrase in

[1 m a r k ]r answer

.................

[1 m a r k ]

of ray P is

................[1 m a r k ]

2. Question 4: TrenA Polonium nucleus emitand gamma ray to becomnucleus.(a) Complete the decay e

Polonium nucleus byappropriate number in

provided.

(b) The Polonium nuclefront of electric fieldDiagram 4.1.

(i) Draw path of particle and gDiagram 4.1.

(ii) Explain why tthe path as yoDiagram 4.1

Alpha: ...........................

Gamma: .........................

(c) A sample of polo120 g has a half-lDetermine the mthat has decayedsecond.

ganu 08alpha particlesa Plumbum

uation for riting the

the boxes

[1 mark]

s is placed inas shown in

ay for alphamma ray in

[2 marks]e rays follow

u drawn in

..........................

.........................[2 marks]

nium of massife of 45 s.ss of poloniumafter 180

[2 marks]



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3. Question 3: MRSM 08Radioisotope uranium-238 debecome thorium-224 as showequation below.

(a)(i) What is meant by radioi

........................................

(a)(ii) What is radiation P?

.........................................

(b) If the mass defect in the aradioactive decay is 3.35calculate the energy relea

joule.(Speed of light, c = 3.0 x 1

(c) A radioactive source whicradiation P is placed near electric field as shown in

(i) On Diagram 3, draw theradiation P in the electri

(ii) Explain your answer in

.........................................

ays toin the

otope?

.................[1 mark]

.................[1 mark]

bove10-27 kg,ed in

8 m/s)

[2 marks]

emitsan

iagram 3.

path of c field.

[1 mark]

c)(i).

.................[1 mark]

4. Question 4: Mela(a) P, Q and R are th

of the main typesradiation.P: A fast moving

Q: Short wave leelectromagneR: A particle con

protons and tWhich lettered statemedescription of:

(i) An alpha parti(ii) A beta particl(iii) Gamma radiat

(b) Diagram 4 showsdetector to detecemissions.

Radon-220 is placed assource in this detector emitting alpha particleshalf-life of 52 s.

(i) State the nam

radioactive dDiagram 4.

........................

(ii) On Diagram 4misty track foalpha particle

a 07ree descriptions

of nuclear

electron

ngthtic radiationsisting of two

o neutrons.t is the

cle: .......: .........

ion: ......[3 marks]

a radioactiveradioactive

radioactivend it decays byand it has a

e of the

tector shown in

...........................[1 mark]

sketch themed by these.



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(c) The activity of a sampleRadon-220 is measuredcounts/s. Calculate thethe Radon-220 after 156

5. Question 2: Kelantan 07Diagram 3.1 shows the rate of radioactive substance, Iodine-

a). What is meant by ‘half

……………………………

b) Based on Diagram 3.1,half – life of Iodine?

……………………………

c) What happen to the actiIodine-131 after 24 days

……………………………

d) When Iodine-131 decayproduces a beta particlXenon-131(Xe).(i) What is beta part

……………………………

[1 mark]of to be 520activity of s.

[2 marks]

decay of 131.

life’?

…………[1m a r k ]

hat is the

…………[1m a r k ]

vity of ?

…………[1m a r k ]

, itand

icle?

…………

(ii) Complete the follequation for the d131.

6. Question 4: MelaDiagram 4.1 shows a Gconnected to a counter detect radioactive raysradioisotope P.

(a) (i) Name one radioacan be detect by

tube?

.............................

(ii) Explain how the r is detected by th

.............................

.............................

(b) The radioisotope Premoved but therereading on the coumeter. What caus

[1m a r k ]

owingecay of Iodine-

[1 m a r k ]

a 08iger-Muller tube

rate meter tofrom a

ctive ray whicha Geiger-Muller

.............................[1 mark]

adioactive raystube.

.............................

.............................[2 marks]

has beenis still a smallnter rates this reading?



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.........................................

Diagram 4.2 shows a graph of radioactive activity, N, for radiP against time, t.

(c ) Determine the half life of radioisotope P.

(d) State one application of tradioisotope

...........................................

7. Question 5: MRSM 07Figure 5.1 and 5.2 represent tradioactive decay of radium-2carbon-14 respectively.

.................[1 mark]

oisotope

[2 marks]

e

..................[1 mark]

e6 and

(a)(i) Why does the par decay?

.............................

(ii) Compare the totalbefore and after tprocess.

.............................

(iii) Explain the reasoobservation 5(a)(ii

.............................

(iv) Write an equatiorelationship betdefect, m, speedenergy, E.

.............................

(v) State the relationsmass defect and treleased.

..................................

(d) The half-lifes of radcarbon-14 are 1 600years respectively.

(i) What is meant by h

.................................

ent nuclide

.............................[1 mark]

mass in a.m.u.e decay

.............................[1 mark]

n for the).

.............................[1 mark]

to shoween massof light, c and

.............................[1 mark]

ip between thee energy

............................[1 mark]

um-226 andyears and 5 600

alf-life?

.............................[1 mark]



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(ii) Which radioactive materiadecay at a faster rate? Exanswer.

.............................................

.............................................

8. Question 6: Kedah 09Diagram 6.1 shows the activitradioactive substance X and aradioactive substance Y beingmeasured by a Geiger-Muller tconnected to a rate meter.

Diagram 6.2 shows the decayobtained for radioactive subst

and radioactive substance Y.

l willlain your

.................

................[2 marks]

of a

ube

curvesance X

(a) What is the mean

……………………

(b) Based on the de

Diagram 6.2,(i) State the half-

radioactive suradioactive su

X: ...................

Y: ...................

(ii) For radioactiv

and radioactiwhat percentadecayed after

X: ...................

Y: ...................

(c) Based on the anand 6(b)(ii), com

rates of radioactiand radioactive sHence state the r between decay r

.............................

.............................

ing of half life?

…………………[1 mark]

ay curves in

life of bstance X andbstance Y.

..........

.......[2 marks]

e substance X

e substance Y,ge remains un10 minutes?

.........................

.........................[2 marks]

wers to 6(b)(i)are the decay

ve substance Xubstance Y.elationshipte and half life.

............................

............................[2 marks]



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(d) Give a reason why the r of the rate meters did nzero after radioactive sX and radioactive substwere removed.

.........................................

9. Question 8: SBP 07Diagram 8.1 is part of the decfor a sample of an α-emittingradioactive isotope.

(a) What is meant by isotope

.................................................

.................................................

(b) Based on Diagram 8.1:(i) Determine the half-life

isotope.

(ii) Complete the curve in8.1 as far as time = 20the exact correspondinof the percentage activtime.

eadingst drop tobstance

ance Y

.................[1 mark]

y curve

..................

.................[1 m a r k ]

f the

[2 m a r k s ]

iagramays. Plot

g valuesity and

[3 m a r k s ]

(c) In an experiment toα-particles in air, thDiagram 8.2 is set-

DiagramThe results of thishown in Table 8

Distance fromsource to detector

/cmc

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

(i) Name one suitadetect α-particle

...............................

(ii) State the causeat a distance of source.

.............................

(iii) Estimate the co

only due to thedistance of 2 c

……………………

find the range of e apparatus inp.

.2s experiment are.

Count rate /ount per minute

681

562

441

382

317

20

19

21

19

le detector tos in air.

...............................[1 m a r k ]

f the count rate9 cm from the

............................[1 m a r k ]

unt rate that is

ource at a.

…………………[1 m a r k ]



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(iv) Using Table 8, what imaximum distance α-can travel in air?

.......................................

(v) Justify your answer to

.........................................

........................................

10.Question 2: SBP 08A radioactive source and a deused to check the level of fruicarton. Cartons of fruit juice pbetween the detector and theradioactive source, as shoDiagram 2. The radioactive so

-particles.

(a) What is a -particle?

...........................................

(b) State the suitable detecto

-particles in Diagram 2.

...........................................

(c)(i) What happened to the r the rate-meter when a f of juice goes past the d

.........................................

thearticles

.................[1 m a r k ]

c(iv).

.................

.................[2 m a r k s ]

ector are juice in a

ass

n inrce emits

.................[ 1 m a r k ]r to detect

..................[ 1 m a r k ]ading of ll cartontector.

................[ 1 m a r k ]

(ii)Give the reason f

.............................

(d) Explain why a sou

particles is not suias a radioactive so2.

........................................[ 1 m a r k ]

11.Question 8: TeknDiagram 8.1 shows a racan be used to control

paper as it is manufacttube reading at P, Q anas shown in table 8.2

DIAGRAM

Position of paper

Readings of G-Mtube/counts/min

3

TABLE

(a) What is meant by r source?

................................

................................

or your answer.

............................[ 1 m a r k ]

ce emmiting -

able to be useurce in Diagram

..................

ik 07dioactive sourcethe thickness of

ured. The G-MR are recorded

8.1

Q R

7 295

290

.2

adioactive

.............................

.............................



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[1 m a r k ](b) Base on Table 8.2, which part of

the paper is the thinnest? Giveyour reason.

.............................................................

.............................................................

.............................................................[2 m a r k s ]

(c) Table 8.3 shows the time taken todecay to 12.5 % from the originalvalue of the three isotopes withthe type of radiation given outduring the process.

Radioisotopes

Timetaken

todecay12.5%

Type of radiation

givenout

thorium-231 3

days Beta

Kobalt-60 15.9

years Gamma

Actinium-227 66

years

Beta

TABLE 8.3

Base on Table 8.3,

(i) Write the decay equation of

Radium-226 ( Ra226

88 ) to Radon

( Rn222

86 ).

[2 m a r k s ]

(ii) Determine the half life of eachradioisotopes

[4 m a r k s ](d) Based your answer in (c)(ii) and

Table 8.3, which one of theradioisotope would be the bestchoice as the radioactive source.Give two reason for your answer

.............................................................

.............................................................

.............................................................[3 m a r k s ]

12.Question 8: Trengganu 07Diagram 8.1 shows a method used todetect leakage of pipes laid

underground. A little radioisotopesubstance is dissolved in the water thatflows in the pipes. A Geiger Muller which connected to the ratemeter isthen moved over the pipes accordingto the layout plan of the undergroundpipes.

Table 8.1 shows the readings of theratemeter at the different location.

Locationof Geiger-Muller tube

A B C D E F

Readingof the

ratemeter / countsper minute

300 295 284 372 290 216

(a) What is meant by radioisotope?

.............................................................



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[1 m a r k ](b) Base on Table 8.1, state the

location on the pipe where theleakage takes place.State reason for your answer.

.............................................................

.............................................................[2 m a r k s ]

(c) Table 8.2 shows the time taken for radioisotope of Sodium-24, Cobalt-60 and Radium-226 to decay to12.5% from initial activity andradioactive emission.

Radioisotope

Timetaken todecay

to12.5%

Radioactiveemission

Sodium -24 45hours

Beta

Cobalt-60 15.9years

Gamma

Radium-226 4860

years

Alpha

Base on Table 8.2,(i) Write the decay equation for

Radium-226 ( 226

88Ra ) if it

decays to Radon ( 222

86 Rn ).

[2 m a r k s ](ii) calculate the half life for every

radioisotope.

[4 m a r k s ](d) Based on your answer in (c) (ii) and

Table 8.2, suggest the suitableradioisotope to detect the leakagesof pipes.

Give two reasons for your answer.

.............................................................

.............................................................

.............................................................[3 m a r k s ]

13.Question 8: Johor 09Diagram 8 shows an underground water

pipe that is leaking. The radioactive saltcontains radioisotope is used to detectthe leakage.

Table 8 shows four radioisotopes withtheir respective properties.

Radioisotope Type of radiation

Half-life

Physicalstate

Cobalt-60 Gamma 5.27years

Solid

Strontium-90 Beta 28.5years

Solid

Sodium-24 Gamma 15hours Liquid

Phosphorus-32

Beta 14.3days

Liquid

(a) What is meant by half-life?(b) Based on the Table 8, state the

suitable properties of theradioisotope to detect the



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leakage. Give reason for thesuitability of the properties.

(i) Type of radiation

....................................................

Reason

....................................................[2 marks]

(ii) Half-life

....................................................

Reason

....................................................

[2 marks](iii) Physical state

....................................................

Reason

...................................................[2 mark]

(c) Determine the most suitableradioisotope that can be used todetect the leakage.

…………………………………………[1 mark]

(d) The radioisotope in 8(c) has aninitial count rate of 1600 countsper minute. Calculate the timetaken for the radioisotope in thewater to become 100 count per minute.

[2 marks](e) Cobalt-60 emits gamma ray.

(i) State one property of thegamma ray.

……………………………………….[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the speed of gammaray and speed of light in thevacuum.

.......................................................14.Conceptual: Johor 07

Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 showthe graph of radioactivity for twodifference sources .

(a) Using Diagram 10.1 andDiagram 10.2, compare timeelapsed, radioactivity decayand initial activity for the twosources.

[3 m a r k s ]

(b) State the relationship betweenthe fraction of radioactivesource that remains and thetime elapsed to deduce arelevant physics concept.

[2 m a r k s ]



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15.Understanding: Johor 07The proton number of uranium (U) is 92.Uranium-236, one of the uranium

radioisotopes, decay to thorium (Th) byemitting an alpha particle.(i) Write the nuclear equation

expressing the alpha decay of U236

92

(ii) Briefly describe the change whichoccurs in the nucleus of uranium-236 during the decay.

[4 m a r k s ]

16.Understanding: Perak 07X, Y and Z are three different radioactivesubstances. It is known that one of them emits only α particles another oneemits only β particles, and the thirdemits only γ particles. You are requiredto carry out investigation to identify thetype of radiation emitted by the threetypes of substances.

(i) Draw a diagram to show howyou carry out theinvestigation.

(ii) Describe the procedures andexplain how you arrived at theconclusion.

[7 marks]

17.Understanding: Kedah 07What is nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Explain how these two nuclear

reactions are able to release energy?

[4 m a r k s ]

18.Qualitative problems: Kedah 07Diagram 10.3 shows an underground water pipe which has a leak.

(i) Explain how a radioactive substancecan be used to detect the location of the leakage.

[4 m a r k s ]

(ii) Radioactive substances arehazardous and must be used withcare. In using a radioactivesubstance to detect the leakage,

suggest how the substance shouldbe chosen by considering thefollowing aspects:- the half-life of the substance,- the types of radiation emitted by

the substance,- the type of detector to be used.

[6 m a r k s ]

19.Qualitative problems: Johor 07A doctor wants to detect the presence

of blockages in the blood vessels. Byinjecting a suitable radioisotope astracer into the blood stream of thepatient, a doctor should able to identifythe part of body that not receivingenough blood.

Using your knowledge on radioactivityand Diagram 10.3, explain on thefollowing aspect:



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(i) what radioactiveand equipment cto monitor the blthe patient.

(ii) how the equipmassembled.

(iii) how the system

20.Making Decision: PerakThe water supply to your scha large storage tank situated ischool compound. There is adrop in the water pressure at tyour school. You suspect thatcould be due to a big leak in t

underground water pipes. Tabgives the list of materials andequipment that could be usedthe leak.

Radioactivesource

Radiationemitted

P α 1

Q β 2

R β 1

S γ 40

Detector

Spark counter Cloud chamber

Geiger-Muller tube

Radiationbadge

(i) What is meant by thlife?

(ii) Explain the suitabiliradioactive source,detector and the cobe used to locate thto detect the radiatiand justify your cho

materialn be usedod flow in

nt is

orks.[10 m a r k s ]

07ol is from

theudden

he taps inthise

le 12

to locate

alf-life

hours

0 days

hours

minutes

Counter

Scaler atemeter

e half-[1 mark]

ty of thethe

nter toe leak and

n emittedice.[10 marks]

21.Section B: MaraAs a researcher, you ar investigate the charactradioactive substanceshal-lives to be used for cancer. Diagram 12.1 s

radioactive rays directecancer cells in a patien

(a) What is meant b

(b) Sketch a graph otime to illustratea radioactive subyour graph to ex

half-life is deter

Table 12.1 shows the pradioactive substancesRadio-activesource

Type of radiation

Half-life

J Beta 1620years

K Gamma 6hour

L Gamma 5.27years

M Beta 15days

(c)(i) Based on Table 12explain the suitab

8e assigned toristics of with differentthe treatment of hows

d towards the’s brain.

half-life?[1 mark]

activity againsthe decay rate of stance. Uselain how the

ined. [4 marks]

operties of four J, K, L and M.

Stateof matter

Ionizingpower

Solid High

Liquid Low

Solid Low

Liquid high

.1 above,le properties of



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the radioactive substancto kill cancer cells in a p

(ii) Determine which radioacsubstance is the most suthe treatment of cancer cpatient and give your rea

(d) Diagram 12.2 shows a radecay series for Rn-222 nPb-210

(i) Decsribe what happnucleus when it undradioactive decay.

(ii) Write an equation tothe radioactive decaRn-222 to Pb-210 in

12.2(iii) State the number of

particles and beta pproduced in the dec

22.Section B: Kedah 08Diagram 10.1 shows a G-M tuconnected to a ratemeter placradioactive source consistingisotopes of aluminium, Al-29.

ratemeter shows a reading. Atime, the chemical test of theshows that the mass of the is29 has decreased.

e for usetient.

iveitable for

lls in aons.

10 marks]

ioactiveucleus to

ns to argoes a

representseries of iagram

lpharticlesy.[5 marks]

e that isd near a

of heThe

ter someourcetope Al-

(a) what is meant by ielement?

(b) What is the use of (i) The G-M tube(ii) The ratemeter

(c) From the observatiabove, describedhappened to the isstate the name of thas occured to the

(d) What is nuclear fisfusion? Explain honuclear reactions

release energy.

(e) iagram 10.2 showsof radioactive subtagriculture in studfertilizer by plants.

otopes of an

[1 mark]

[2 marks]ons mentionedhat has

otopes Al-29 andhe process thatisotopes.

[3 marks]

sion and nuclear w these twore able to

[4 marks]an application

ances ining the intake of



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(i) Explain how the study isout.

[

(ii) Radioactive substanceshazardous and must be ucare. In using a radioactisubstance to study the infertilizer, suggest how thsubstance and the detectbe chosen by considerinfollowing aspects:- The half life of the sub- The type of radiation

the substance- The type of detector t

23.Section C: Kelantan 08Radioactive material has somimportant uses in the field of such as to study the effectivefertilizers and control the poppests.

(a) A researcher conducteinvestigation using posto study the absorptionmovement of fertilizersplant. Diagram 12.1 shoradioisotope posphoruinjected to the stem of tThe half-life of posphor 14 days and emits β-pa

carried

4 marks]

resed withvetake of

or shouldthe

stancemitted by

be used.[6 marks]

gricultureess of lation of

anhorus-32andin the

s how-32 is

he plant.s-32 is

ticles.

Based on the informatiradioactivity and Diagr

(i) What is mean

(ii) What is β-part

(iii) Name the modetector couldetect β-parti

(b) The initial posphis 800 counts per Calculate the timphosphorus-32 adecrease to 50 csecond.

(c) The population ocontrolled usingradioactive sour

You are assignecharacteristics oradioisotopes thsuitable for use ipopulation of peTable 12.2 shows

characteristics oradioisotopes.

Radioisotope

Chara

Stateof

matter

n onm 12.1 :by half life?

[1 mark]

icles. [1 mark]t suitablebe used to

les.[1 mark]

rus-32 activitysecond.

taken for thectivity tounts per

[2 marks]

pests can beradiation frome.to study thesome

t arecontrolling the

ts.the

four

rateristics of dioisotope

Typesof ray

Half-life



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Iodine-131 Liquid Gamma 8days

Xenon-133 Solid Beta 5days

Cobalt-60 Solid Gamma 5years

Strontium-90 Liquid Beta 8years

Explain the suitability of thecharacteristics of the radioisotope to beused in the controlling the population of pests based on the following aspects:- State of matter - Types of ray- Half-lifeDetermine the most suitable

radioisotope to be used and give thereason for your choice.

[8 m a r k s ]

(d) The following equation shows afission reaction of Uranium-235.

(i) What is meant by a nuclear fission?

[1 m a r k ]

(ii) Nuclear fission produces achain reaction. Describe howthe chain reaction occurs in anuclear fission of an atom of Uranium- 235.

[4 marks](iii) The nuclear energy produced

in the fission reaction of uranium-235 is 2.9 x 10-11 J.Calculate the total loss of mass in the reaction.[ c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1]

[2 marks]

24.Section C: Kelantan 09As a researcher, you are assigned toinvestigate the characteristics of acertain radioactive i s o t o p e that could beused to detect the thickness of paper inpaper factory.

(a) What is meant by radioi s o t o p e ?

(b) Table 12 below shows thecharacteristics of fiveradioisotopes.

Radioisotope

Characteristics of IsotopeStateof matter

Emittedradiation

Half-life

Power of penetra-tion

Strontium-90

Solid Beta 28years

medium

Cobalt-60 Solid Gamma 5years

High

Xenon-133 Gas Beta 5days

High

Water H-3 Liquid Beta 12years

Medium

Polonium-210

Solid Alpha 140days

Low

Based on the table above;(i) Explain the suitable characteristics

of the radioisotopes so that it canbe used to detect the thickness of paper in a paper factory.

(ii) Determine the most suitableradioisotope to be used and giveyour reason for your choice.

[10 marks]

(c) Explain the arrangement of thepaper thickness detector apparatusand state how radioactivity is used

to detect the thickness of the paper.[4 marks]

(d) Sketch a graph of activity againsttime to illustrate how radioactivematerials decay. Use your graph toexplain how the half-life isdetermined.



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[3 marks]

(e) The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5 years.Calculate the time taken for theactivity of this isotope to decay to12.5% of its initial value.

[2 marks]

25.Section C: Melaka 09Diagram 11 shows how a doctor usedradioisotope to detect the blood flow in

patient’s leg. The radioisotope is takeninto the patient’s body before undergothe treatment.

(a) The patient in Diagram 11 isbeing diagnosis with a present of radioactive in his blood stream.Describe how the radioisotopeget into his body and how thedoctor diagnosis his disease byusing this method.

[4 marks]

(b) Table 11.1 shows the characteristicsof five radioisotopes, P, Q, R, S andT.

Radio-Isotope

P Q R S T

Half-life 5 min 8 6 5.27 7

days hours years hour

Ionizingpower

Low High Low Medium High

Penetrationpower

High Low High High Low

Radia

tion ray

gama alfa gama eta alfa

State of matter

iquid Solid iquid Solid liquid

As a medical officer, you are required tochoose the most suitable radioisotopeas a raditherapy treatment for a braintumor. Study the characterictics of allthe five radioisotope based on thefollowing aspects:

- Half-life

- The ionizing power

- The radioactive radiation- The states of matter

Explain the suitablity of the aspects.Justify your choice.

[10 marks]

26.Section C: SBP 09

Diagram 12.1 shows a system used in afactory to ensure the volume of guava

juice in a bottle is uniform.

The radioactive source, radiationdetector and counter are used to detectthe volume of guava juice. The radioactive sourcecontains a radioisotope.

(a) What is meant by a radioisotope?



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[1 mark](b) Table 12.2 shows the

characteristics of fiveradioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.

As a factory engineer, you are requiredto determine the most suitableradioisotope that can be used by thesystem to ensure the volume of guava

juice is uniform. Study thecharacteristics of all 5 radioisotopesand explain the suitability of theaspects. Determine the most suitableradioisotope and give the reason for your choice.

[10 marks]

(c) Table 12.3 shows the reading of therate meter for 6 bottles throughdetector and radioactive source.

Bottle Rate meter reading /Count per minute

A 464

B 468

C 467

D 462

E 568

F 470

(i) State one detector that is

suitable to be used for thispurpose.

[1 mark](ii) Based on table 12.3, which

bottle shows the least volumeof juice and state the reasonfor your answer.

[3 marks]

(d) In a radioactive decay series,Uranium-238 decays to becomeRadium-226 by emitting alfa andbeta.

Determine the values of X and Y?[5 marks]

physics chapter 10 p2

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