physical science review. lab procedures 1.dry hands, keep cords away from wet areas, and make sure...
TRANSCRIPT
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Physical Science Review
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Lab Procedures
1. Dry hands, keep cords away from wet areas, and make sure electrical equipment is in good condition
2. Graduated Cylinder
3. Bottom curved portion of a liquid
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Lab Procedures
4. You measure mass with a balance.5. Slide all riders back to zero. Use the
adjustment knob under the measurement tray to make sure the pointer is on zero.
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Graphing
1. The three types of graphs are:1. Bar graphs show relationships among groups. 2. Circle (or Pie) graphs shows percents.3. Line graphs show how one variable changes with
respect to another.
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Graphing
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Graphing
2. The independent variable is on the x-axis and the dependent variable is on the y-axis.
DRY MIX
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Distance vs. Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
5
10
15
20
25
Time (s)
Distance (m)
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Atoms
1.
2. The three hydrogens have different numbers of neutrons which make them isotopes.
3. Number of protons4. Average atomic mass of the element’s isotopes
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AtomsElement Atomic
Number# of Protons # of Electrons
(same as protons if atom
is neutral)
Mass Number
# of Neutrons(Mass # - Protons)
Mn 25 25 25 55 30
Zn 30 30 30 65 35
Ti 22 22 22 48 26
Ca 20 20 20 40 20
O 8 8 8 16 8
Ne 10 10 10 20 10
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Chemical Bonding
1. Electrons in the outermost energy shell2. Their outermost energy level is full3. Number of energy levels that electrons exists
in4. Number of valence electrons
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Chemical Bonding
H Li Cl Ne
H Li Cl Ne
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Density
1. Mass and volume
2. D = m/v D = 11 g/2 cm3 D = 5.5 g/cm3
3. V = m/d V = 15 g/3 g/cm3 V = 5 cm3
4. V = l x w x h V = 3 m x 2 m x 1m = 6 m3
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Naming Compounds
1. a. NaCl b. Li2O
c. Mg3N2
2. a. Hydrogen monochloride b. Carbon monoxide c. Carbon dioxide
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Naming Compounds3. The name of the metal is first, followed by
the nonmetal. The ending of the nonmetal is dropped and -ide is added.
4. Ionic bonds occur between a metal and a nonmetal. Covalent bonds occur between two nonmetals.
5. A cation has a positive charge because it lost electrons. An anion has a negative charge because it gained electrons.
Remember, cats make us happy!
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Chemical Reactions
1. Reactants are what you begin with and products are what is produced.
2. Conservation of mass; equal3. a. Unbalanced b. Balanced4. a. Decomposition b. Double replacement c. Single replacement d. Synthesis e. Single replacement
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Matter and Solubility
1. Solutes are dissolved in solvents.2. a. stirring b. heating c. crushing3. Contains the maximum amount of solute it
can hold at that temperature.4. Homogenous – coke
Heterogeneous – chicken noodle soup5. Substance
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Acids and Bases
1. Sour taste, produces H+ ions, ph < 7, and corrosive.2. Bitter taste, feels slippery, produces OH- ions, ph > 7.3. Acid4. Base5. Neutral6. Base7. Acid8. Weak Acid..6 Weak Base..89. React with a base
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Energy Transformations
1. Mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and nuclear.
2. Electrical; mechanical3. Conservation of Energy4. Light from the Sun is converted to electrical
energy by solar panels.5. Conduction, convection, and radiation6. a. radiation b. convection c. conduction
d. conduction e. radiation
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Force and Motion
1. Distance and time2. Velocity describes speed and direction3. D = vt D = (65 mph)(3.5 hr) D = 227.5 miles4. T = d/v T = 350 miles/72 mph T = 4.9 hrs5. Zero6. Change in velocity/time
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Force and Motion
7. Slowing down8. A car leaves a stop sign reaching a speed of
12 m/s in 10 sec. What is the acceleration? a = Vf – Vi/t a = 12 m/s – 0 m/s ÷ 10 sec a = 1.2 m/s2
9. a = Vf – Vi/t a = 8.94 m/s – 22.35 m/s ÷ 4 sec a= -3.35 m/s2
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Newton’s Laws
1. An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force.
2. Objects resistance to a change in motion.3. Mass; force4. Newton’s 3rd Law
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Newton’s Laws
5. Push or pull to change motion; newtons
6. F = ma F = (100 kg)(5 m/s2) F = 500 N
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Work and Machines
1. W = fd2. Joules3. W = fd W = (40 N)(3 m) W = 120 J4. Machine
a. Decreasing the input force b. Increasing the distance the resistance force moves c. Changing the direction of the input force
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Work and Machines
5. MA = foutput/finput finput
= foutput/MA finput = 100 N/2 finput = 50 N
6. Wheel & axle 10 m/5 m = 2 7. Pulley = 38. Inclined plane 12 m/3 m = 4
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Waves
Mechanical Electromagnetic
Require a medium Does not require a medium
2 types (transverse and compressional)
7 types (gamma, x-rays, uv, visible, infrared, microwaves,
and radio)Sound waves Light waves
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Waves
2. Longitudinal; solid; G3. Transverse; Gas; S4. Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, uv, x-rays,
and gamma5. UV, x-rays, and gamma6. Heat7. Roy G Biv
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Phases of Matter
1. Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma2. All matter is composed of particles and they
are in constant motion.3. Liquid4. Solid5. Gas6. Melting point7. Boiling Point8. Evaporation9. Condensation
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Phases of Matter
10. Energy is added to separate particles as ice melts; then the same amount is released as it freezes. Energy is absorbed when water vaporizes; the same amount is released when the vapor condenses.
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The Periodic Table
1. Mendeleev2. Periods; groups3. Metals – left of the stair step
metalloids – stair step nonmetals – right of the stair step
4. Alkali metals; they only have one electron in their outer energy level
5. Alkaline earth – they have two electrons in their outer energy level
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The Periodic Table
6. Halogens; one electron7. Nobel gases have a full outer energy level.8. They can conduct heat and electricity better
than nonmetals, but not as well as metals.